Index. Baseball, 141, ]53t, 214-2]5, 216t,232 Basketball, 18, 109, 110, 114, 121,232 Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate,

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1 A Absorption of Cr, 5-6 Adenine translocator (ANT), 178f Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) rephosphorylation,47 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 25 Huntington's disease, 188 intramuscular synthesis PCr, 28f MPT, ] synthesis, 28f ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) AGAT. See Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) Agility training creatine supplementation, 40 Aging, ] ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), ,180,181, ,229 Anaerobic exercise, 117t Anaerobic thresholds, Anaerobic working capacity (AWC), Anoxic depolarization cell death, ANT. See Adenine translocator (ANT) Apoptosis, 176, 179f. See also Cell death Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT),2-4 deficiency, 4 Arm flexor strength training long-term Cr supplementation, Athletes. See also Women athletes; specific sport endurance, 232 ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Average work and peak power Cr supplementation, AWe. see Anaerobic working capacity (AWe) B Baseball, 141, ]53t, 214-2]5, 216t,232 Basketball, 18, 109, 110, 114, 121,232 Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, 223 Bicycling short-term Cr supplementation, 36 Biosynthesis of creatine, 3f Body mass, 233 Brain, c Carbohydrate, 222 Cr loading, ]9-20 muscle-cr, ]2-13 supplements, 232 Carcinogenic amino-imidazo-azaarene formation induction, Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic, 197 Cardiopulmonary diseases, clinical applications, Carnosine, 223 Cell death, , 179f 241

2 242 anoxic depolarization, clinical applications, Cr response, glutamate, 18lf glutamate excitotoxicity, mitochondria, 180t MPT,I China, 217 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 198 Cinnamon, 224 CinnulinPF, 224 CK. See Creatine kinase (CK) Clinical applications, aging, cardiopulmonary diseases, cell death, CrlCr phosphatelcr kinase system, metabolic and muscular diseases, neurological diseases, rehabilitation, safety, 201 Competitive athletics creatine supplementation, COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, 184 Creatine (Cr) absorption, transport, and uptake, 5-6 biosynthesis, 3f brain, cellular effects, 176t deficiency syndromes, 191 degradation, 155f degradation and elimination, 7 dietary,8f discovery, 1, 45 dosage protocols, endogenous synthesis, 2-3, 8f exogenous, 4 facts and future, food sources, 5t future research, inborn errors of biosynthesis, 4 ingestion strategies, 22lt literature review, 2-3, facts, fallacies, safety, metabolism, 1-20 muscle concentrations, 6-7 muscle fiber type, 13 muscular strength and power, practical applications, quality, purity, and formulation, structure, 2f urinary excretion, 158f Creatine chelate, 225 Creatine kinase (CK), 7-8, 28 exercise, 8f system, Creatine loading, 1, 11, carbohydrate, muscle-cr content, 38 PCr,28f Creatine monohydrate, 225 Creatine phosphate (CrP), , 225 antioxidants, clinical applications, energy system, 45 membrane stabilization, 176 ph buffer, 176 spatial energy buffer, temporal energy buffer, Creatine shuttle, Creatine supplementation adverse effects, carcinogenicity, 154 combinations, competitive athletics, cycling protocols, 220 detrimental effects, enhancement, 48-49

3 anaerobic thresholds, average work and peak power, delimitations, 79 measures, studies, 51 t-78t endurance sports, methods, ergogenic benefits, excreted vs. oral doses, 148t gastrointestinal complaints, 141 GFR, , 149t in health, body mass, 130t-132t body water distribution, 136t FFM, , 133t modifications induced, muscle volume changes, 135t protein muscle mass, skeletal muscle mass, 134 total body mass, water distribution in muscle tissue, 134 human nephropathies, kidney impairments, liver dysfunction, liver enzymes, 142t long-term performance effects, methylamine and formaldehyde production, muscle-cr, 10-12, 11 f muscle cramp incidences, muscle markers, 145 muscle strength and power, mutagenicity, 154 NCAA division I female athletes, I 14 performance and body composition, 117t-120t plasma measurements, 144t plasma PCK, 145t practical applications, renal dysfunction, 153t resistance training myogenin, 34f, 35f safety, 18-19, 113, 128, 160, short-term performance effects, side effects, 113 strength-power sports, increase bioenergetic mechanisms, increase hypertrophic mechanisms, urine measurements, 147t, 156t women athletes, aerobic exercise, I I I-I 12 anaerobic exercise, Cr loading muscle TCr and PCr, dosing strategies, menstrual cycle, I practical applications, prevalence, I responders physiological profiles, sport performance, I I strength performance, Creatine transporter (CRT), 5-6, 27 muscle-cr uptake regulation Creatinine (Crn), I clearance, 27f degradation, 155f structure, 7f urinary excretion, 158f CREST-HD,189 Crn. See Creatinine (Crn) CrP. See Creatine phosphate (CrP) CRT. See Creatine transporter (CRT) Cyclists creatine supplementation enhancement studies, 52t, 62t,76t protocols, 220

4 244 D Deficiency syndromes, 191 Degradation, 7 Dehydration, 233 DEXA. See Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) Dextrose, 222 Diabetes, 160 Dietary creatine, 4, 8f Dilated cardiomyopathy, 197 DMl. See Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DMl) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA),106 Dystrophin, E Elimination, 7 Endogenous synthesis, 2-3, 8f Endurance athletes, 232 Endurance performance enhancement creatine supplementation, anaerobic thresholds, average work and peak power, cyclists, 62t, 76t delimitations, 79 kayak,63t measures, rowers, 54t-55t, nt, 75t running, 55t skis,63t soccer,66t studies, 5lt-78t surf,63t swimmers, 75t time-to-exhaustion, triath1etes, 58t, 62t weight lifting, 61 t Endurance sports creatine supplementation, Energetic theory, 14 Energy CrP,45 muscle transport, system, 45 Ergogenic benefits creatine supplementation, Estrogen AGAT,4 Exercise anaerobic, 117t CK,8f Cr supplementation, 117t-120t muscle-cr, 13 Exogenous creatine, 4 F Female athletes. See also Women athletes Cr supplementation, 114 lacrosse players, 106 soccer players, 106 FFM. See Free-fat mass (FPM) Field hockey players, 109 Food and Drug Administration website, 127 Food sources, 5t Football, 40-41, BOt. 141, 144t, 149t, , 214t. 215t, 232 creatine supplementation, 26, 40 injury rates, 214t, 215t, 216t Formaldehyde production creatine supplementation, Foundational creatine ergogenic efficacy literature review, Free-fat mass (FFM), , 133t Fruit juice, 219 G GAA. See Guanidinoacetate (GAA) GAMT. See Guanidinoacetate methy1transferase (GAMT) Gender muscle-cr, 14

5 GES. See Glucose electrolyte solution (GES) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 160 creatine supplementation, , 149t Glucose electrolyte solution (GES), 233 Glutamate, 180 cell death, 18If Glutamate excitotoxicity cell death, Glutamine, 225 Glycogen storage muscle-cr, 15 Graded exercise test (GXT), 11 I-I 12 Growth hormone AGAT,4 Guanidinoacetate (GAA), 3 Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), 3, 191 GXT. See Graded exercise test (GXT) Gyrate atrophy, 196 H HCA. See Heterocyclic arnines (HCA) Heart failure, Heterocyclic amines (HCA), HIY. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIY) HMB. See Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIY),229 Human nephropathies creatine supplementation, Huntington's disease, , 180, ATP,188 Hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB),223 Hypertension, 160 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 197 I Ice hockey creatine supplementation, 26, Inborn errors of biosynthesis, 4 Inorganic phosphate (Pi), 8 Huntington's disease, 188 Insulin muscle-cr, International Society of Sport Nutrition (lssn), 234 Interstitial nephritis, 152 Intramuscular adenosine triphosphate synthesis, 28f Intramuscular Cr uptake, 27f, 29f ISSN. See International Society of Sport Nutrition (ISSN) K Kayaking, 63t Kidney impairments, 146-I47 L 245 Lacrosse players, 106 Lactate concentration creatine supplementation, L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase, 2-4 deficiency, 4 Law of mass action, 46 Lean body mass (LBM), Lean muscle mass, 233 Liver dysfunction, enzymes, 142t Long-term creatine supplementation arm flexor strength training, muscle-cr content, 38 Long-term performance effects creatine supplementation, M Mass action effect, 46

6 246 Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC),17 McArdle's disease, Membrane stabilization, Menstrual cycle, Men vs. women TCr,lOl Meta-analyses, 49 Metabolic diseases, Metabolic role, 9 Methylamine, Methylamine production creatine supplementation, Methylguanidino acetic acid. see Creatine (Cr) Methyl-4-phenyl tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 178 Parkinson's disease, 187 MIB. See Mitochondrial inclusion bodies (MIB) Microalbuminuria, 150 Mitochondria cell death, 180t Mitochondrial creatine kinase (mtck),175 MPT, Mitochondrial cytopathies, Mitochondrial inclusion bodies (MIB), 191 Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPT) ATP,I cell death, components, 178f Parkinson's disease, 187 pore, 178f, 179f MPT. See Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPT) MPTP. See Methyl-4-phenyl-I tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) MRF. See Myogenic regulatory factor (MRF)-4 mtck. See Mitochondrial creatine kinase (mtck) Multiple sclerosis, 229 Muscle concentrations, 6-7 fatigue, 226 fiber type, 13 relaxation time, 15 strength and power, Muscle creatine carbohydrate, gender, 14 insulin, LBM,15-16 mechanisms of action, 14 muscle relaxation time, 15 supplementation, 10-12, Ilf training, 13 Muscular diseases, Muscular dystrophy, ,229 Mutagenic amino-imidazo-azaarene formation induction, MVC. See Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) Myasthenia gravis, 190 Myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) 4, 34f, 230 Myosin heavy chain isoform mrna, 230 Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DMl), 194 N National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), 114,228. See also specific sport banned substances, 228 division 1 athletes, 109, , 236 division IA football players, 40, 213 division I athletes, 125, 170 division I female athletes, 106, 114 division III swimmers, 119 lacrosse players, 106

7 requirements, 233 soccer players, 106 Necrosis, , 179f Neurological diseases, N-guanidinoacetate methyitransferase,3 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA), 180, 18H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, o One-repetition maximum (IRM), Oxygen consumption, p Parkinson's disease, 187 PCK. See Phosphocreatine kinase (PCK) PCr. See Phosphocreatine (PCr) Peak power, Performance enhancement. See Endurance performance enhancement PFK. See Phosphofructokinase (PFK) ph buffer muscle-cr, 14 Phosphate, 226 Phosphocreatine (PCr), I, 226 degradation and elimination, 7 energy shuttle, 9 metabolic role, 9 muscle fiber type, 13 shuttle, 47 sprinting, 27 Phosphocreatine kinase (PCK), 137 Cr supplementation, 145t Phosphofructokinase (PFK), Physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWCFf) test, 112 Pi. See Inorganic phosphate (Pi) 31 P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Protein muscle mass, Protein supplements, 232 PubMed,49-50 PWCFf. See Physical working capacity at fatigue threshold (PWCFf) test R 247 RE. See Relative effects (RE) Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Rehabilitation, Relative effects (RE), 50 Resistance training creatine supplementation, 40 MRF-4, 34f, 35f myogenin, 34f, 35f short-term, 36 Riluzone, 184 RM. See One-repetition maximum (lrm) RNS. See Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) ROS. See Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Rowers creatine supplementation, enhancement studies, 69t, 72t, 75t Running enhancement studies, 55t s S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM), 2 Safety, 201, , Cr supplementation, 18-19, 113, 128, 160, 221, 229 SAM. See S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) Sarcosine, 156 Satellite cells (SC), 16-17

8 248 Short-term Cr supplementation, 36 Short-term performance effects creatine supplementation, Skating creatine supplementation, Skeletal muscles Cr,6 PCr,6 Skiing enhancement studies, 63t Soccer, 232 creatine supplementation, 110, 114 enhancement studies, 66t women exercise performance, 119t NCAA, 106 SODl. See Superoxide dismutase (SOD1) Sodium bicarbonate, Softball, Spinal cord injury, Sprinting, 30, 36, 39, 59t, 232 creatine supplementation, 26, 40-41,109 short-term Cr supplementation, 36 Strength-power sports creatine supplementation, Strength training arm flexor, long-term Cr supplementation, Stroke, 180, Superoxide dismutase (SODl), 184 Surfing enhancement studies, 63t Swimmers, 232 creatine supplementation, 110 enhancement studies, 75t women exercise performance and body composition, 119t-120t NCAA, 119 Systematic reviews, 49 T TBI. See Traumatic brain injury (TBI) TCr. See Total muscle creatine (TCr) Tennis, 121 Cr supplementation, 110, 113 Testosterone, 4 Thyroid hormone, 4 Time-to-exhaustion, Timing, 232 Total muscle creatine (TCr) women vs. men, 101 Track and field athletes creatine supplementation, 40, 109, 110, 113 Training, 13 Transport, 5-6 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 183 Triathletes enhancement studies, 58t, 62t u Uptake creatine, 5-6 Urine albumin excretion rate, 151t Urine measurements creatine supplementation, 147t, 156t v VDAC. See Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) Vegetarians, 6 Volleyball, 232 Cr supplementation, 110 Voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC), 178f W Water, 233 Weight lifting, 41 creatine supplementation, 26

9 enhancement studies, 61 t Women athletes creatine supplementation, aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise pertormance, dosing strategies, loading muscle TCr and PCr, menstrual cycle, practical applications, prevalence, responders physiological profiles, 10I-I02 strength performance, Women exercise performance and body composition Cr supplementation, l17t-120t Women VS. men TCr, 101 Work enhancement, Wrestlers, 109 z Zinc superoxide dismutase,

Dietary supplements and nutrition in sports and exercices performance

Dietary supplements and nutrition in sports and exercices performance Nutrition for endurance sports The most likely contributors to fatigue during an endurance exercise are dehydration and carbohydrates