The Shoulder Distraction Force in Cricket Fast Bowling
|
|
- Annice Dorsey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2010, 26, Human Kinetics, Inc. The Shoulder Distraction Force in Cricket Fast Bowling Max C. Stuelcken, René E.D. Ferdinands, Karen A. Ginn, and Peter J. Sinclair This preliminary study aimed to quantify the magnitude of the peak shoulder distraction force during the bowling action of female cricket fast bowlers. An eight camera Vicon motion analysis system operating at 120 Hz recorded the fast bowling actions of 18 Australian female fast bowlers. A three segment inverse solution model of the bowling arm was used to calculate the shoulder distraction force. A large peak shoulder distraction force was recorded during the early stages of the follow-through of the bowling action. When normalized for body weight, the distraction force was within the range of values reported for baseball and softball pitchers, who are considered to be at high risk of shoulder injury. Therefore, the relative importance of the peak shoulder distraction force in the fast bowling action for the development of shoulder pain in female cricket fast bowlers warrants further investigation. Keywords: women s cricket, fast bowling, shoulder, kinetics Studies have identified the peak shoulder distraction force as an important consideration in the development of shoulder injuries in baseball and softball pitchers (Barrentine et al., 1998; Werner et al., 2001). This is because considerable muscular support is required to dynamically stabilize the shoulder joint against distraction during the performance of these skills (Blevins, 1997). A history of shoulder pain is also a common problem in female cricket fast bowlers (Stuelcken et al., 2008) and anecdotal evidence based on clinical files indicates that this pain may be attributable to rotator cuff and long head of biceps brachii injuries. Fast bowlers are required to both bowl and throw and it has been suggested that shoulder injuries tend to result from throwing rather than bowling (Myers & O Brien, 2001). This may be because unlike throwing, the bowling action does not have a cocking phase. Therefore, the bowling arm does not get positioned in abduction and forced external rotation and the capsular ligaments are not subjected to forces that may lead to anterior instability (Myers & O Brien, 2001). The bowling shoulder, however, may be vulnerable to distraction forces. A high circumduction velocity of the bowling arm is important for the generation of fast ball release speeds in male fast bowling (Salter et al., 2007). Furthermore, due to strict Max C. Stuelcken (Corresponding Author) is with the Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia. René E.D. Ferdinands is with the Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia. Karen A. Ginn is with the Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney., Lidcombe, NSW, Australia. Peter J. Sinclair is with the Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia. laws relating to the amount of elbow extension that can occur from when the bowling arm is parallel to the ground and behind the bowler through to ball release, much of the circumduction motion of the bowling arm is performed with the elbow close to full extension. The combined effect of these two factors will necessitate a greater centripetal force to prevent distraction at the shoulder joint. The aim of this preliminary study is to quantify the magnitude of the peak shoulder distraction force in the fast bowling action. The number of balls bowled by a fast bowler is likely to greatly exceed the number thrown by that player. Therefore, if the bowling action does produce a high shoulder distraction force, this could be a potential mechanism in the development of shoulder pain in female cricket fast bowlers that would warrant further investigation in the future. Methods Eighteen female fast bowlers (mean age 23.8 ± 4.7 years, height ± 5.4 cm, mass 67.0 ± 7.4 kg) who were identified as elite by the Australian women s cricket coach consented to participate in the study. Thirteen bowlers were right-handed and five were left-handed and all were assessed during the first month of the competitive season using a protocol that was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Sydney. Three-dimensional video data were collected using an eight camera VICON 370 motion analysis system (Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK). Eight infrared-sensitive cameras (12.5 mm lens, NAC Inc., Japan) operating at 120 Hz were positioned around a capture volume that was 4 m (long) 1.5 m (wide) 3 m (high). Calibration of all eight cameras was completed before each session of data collection. Across all testing sessions the mean residual for each of the cameras was < 1.1 mm and the mean static reproducibility was < 1%. 373
2 374 Stuelcken et al. Thirty-four retro-reflective markers were attached to anatomical landmarks on each bowler according to the Plug-in-Gait model (Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK). This model has been used in previous analyses of the arm in overhead sporting skills (Sachlikidis and Salter, 2007; Trewartha et al., 2008). Reflective tape was also placed on the ball, which was a standard women s Kookaburra cricket ball. After retro-reflective markers were attached, a static trial was obtained with each bowler standing in an anatomical position with arms abducted. Bowlers then performed their own warm-up as for a match and bowled as many deliveries as required to become familiar with the testing environment. The laboratory allowed bowlers to use their normal length run-up and bowl at a set of stumps positioned at the end of a synthetic pitch surface. Due to the positioning of the head and upper limbs in relation to the trunk at various stages of the bowling action it was often difficult to obtain complete trials where no markers were occluded by body segments. This study was embedded within a larger investigation of fast bowling technique that required the full bowling action to be captured. Therefore, maximum-effort deliveries were collected for each bowler. The marker data for between one and three deliveries for each bowler in the current study were considered to be of sufficient quality to warrant modeling. Data were filtered using a zero phase lag fourth-order Butterworth filter. A cut-off frequency of 12 Hz was selected after a detailed residual analysis (Winter, 2005) and visual inspection of the acceleration curves. A local coordinate axis system was established at the shoulder. The positive y-direction was directed along the long axis of the upper arm segment, the positive z-direction was the cross product of the y-axis and a line connecting the lateral humeral epicondyle and elbow joint center, and the positive x-direction was the cross product of the y and z-axes. Angular kinematics were calculated with respect to an orthogonal joint coordinate system at the bowling arm that was based on the definition of general Euler angles (Ferdinands, 2004; Grood & Suntay, 1983). A Z-Y-X Euler angle decomposition sequence was used to define the orientation of the joint coordinate system of the bowling arm with respect to the global coordinate system. The resultant force at the shoulder joint was then calculated using a three segment inverse solution model of the bowling arm (Ferdinands, 2004) that was developed using the Mechanical Systems Package within Mathematica 5.2 (Wolfram Research Inc.). The software is designed for the analysis of spatial rigid body mechanisms, and uses an iterative Newton- Lagrange multiplier method to generate the dynamic equations of motion (Haug, 1989). Segment masses and moments of inertia were determined using the equations of De Leva (1996). The ball was added to the model by constraining the distance of the center of mass of the ball from the center of mass of the hand. In effect, the mass of the ball was added to the mass of the hand. The ball was removed from the model at release, which was defined as the first video image when the ball was not in contact with the hand. The resultant force at the shoulder joint was transformed into the local coordinate axis system and the compressive-distractive component was determined. Forces were expressed in absolute units and normalized for body weight. The angle of the bowling arm was projected onto the sagittal plane and defined as indicated in Figure 1. Data were investigated within the 180 arc of the bowling arm depicted in Figure 2. Preliminary investigations of the data for the eleven bowlers with at least two available trials revealed there was little difference (0.002%) in the mean peak shoulder distraction force for this subset of bowlers irrespective of whether one or two trials were used for each bowler. Given the descriptive nature of this preliminary study, it was therefore decided that a representative value for the population of female fast bowlers would be provided by including data for one trial for all 18 bowlers. For bowlers with more than one available delivery, the trial with the highest ball speed at release was used. It is acknowledged that the use of one trial for each bowler, rather than the average of multiple trials, may be a limitation of the current study. Results The peak shoulder distraction force for the female fast bowlers is presented in Table 1. The peak shoulder distraction force of 599 N ± 111 occurred at a mean bowling arm angle of 27 ± 15 past the vertical. As the mean bowling arm angle at ball release was 15 ± 5 past the vertical, the shoulder distraction force generally peaked during the early stages of the follow-through. The mean ball speed at release was 26 m s 1 ± 1. Shoulder distraction force curves for two bowlers with ball release speeds at the low and high end of the recorded range are displayed in Figure 3. 0 Figure 1 Definition of the bowling arm angle. θ 90
3 Shoulder Distraction Force in Cricket 375 Figure 2 The 180 arc of the bowling arm in which data were investigated. Figure 3 Shoulder distraction force curves for two bowlers with different ball release speeds. Bowler A had a ball release speed of 25.6 m s 1 and had a peak distraction force of N at a bowling arm angle of Bowler B had a ball release speed of 29.0 m s 1 and had a peak distraction force of N at a bowling arm angle of The vertical line at 0 s indicates ball release. Discussion A large distraction force was recorded at the shoulder joint during the early stages of the follow-through of the bowling action. When normalized for body weight, the average peak distraction force (0.92) was similar to values reported for male baseball pitchers (1.08) (Werner et al., 2001), female baseball pitchers (0.73) (Chu et al., 2009), and female softball pitchers (0.80) (Werner et al., 2006). Due to the limitations of inverse dynamics analyses the potential relationship between joint forces and injury can only be discussed in theory (Fleisig et al., 1999). However, if the shoulder distraction force is considered to play an important role in the development of shoulder injuries in baseball and softball pitchers (Barrentine et al., 1998; Werner et al., 2001), then the shoulder distraction
4 376 Stuelcken et al. Table 1 A comparison of the peak shoulder distraction forces between fast bowling, softball pitching, and baseball pitching in female athletes; mean (SD) Parameter Fast Bowling Softball Pitching a Baseball Pitching b Peak shoulder distraction force (N) 599 (111) 566 (190) 510 (108) Range (N) Peak shoulder distraction force (BW) 0.92 (0.15) 0.80 (0.22) 0.73 (0.25) Range (BW) Ball speed at release (m s 1 ) 26 (1) 27 (2) 26.8 (2) Note. N = newtons, BW = body weights. a Data from Werner et al. (2006). b Data from Chu et al. (2009). force in the bowling action should also be considered as a contributing factor in the development of shoulder pain in female fast bowlers. The main mechanism to resist the distraction force at the shoulder joint is provided by the muscles of the rotator cuff which dynamically stabilize the joint by creating a compressive force that centers the humeral head within the glenoid cavity (Blevins, 1997). Active tension within the long head of biceps tendon may also assist in providing a compressive force at the shoulder (Fleisig et al., 1995) because the biceps brachii is likely to be contracting throughout the circumduction motion of the bowling arm to control elbow extension. The repetition of the large distraction forces recorded in this study may be sufficient to cause overload of the rotator cuff (Belling Sørensen & Jørgensen, 2000). This may be especially the case if the rotator cuff is weakened or fatigued. Previous research has indicated that the ratio of eccentric external to concentric internal rotation strength in the bowling shoulder of elite female fast bowlers is well below a level considered necessary for appropriate muscle balance to maintain adequate dynamic stability at the shoulder joint (Stuelcken et al., 2008). A sudden increase in training workload or frequency of matches may further stress the muscles of the rotator cuff beyond their ability to adapt and repair (Blevins, 1997) and this may explain why support staff often treat more cases of shoulder pain in members of the Australian women s cricket squad during an overseas tour (Ross, 2000). Dysfunction of the rotator cuff or capsular ligaments could increase the role of biceps brachii in providing dynamic shoulder stability (Pagnani et al., 1996) and may render the biceps labrum complex susceptible to overuse injury (Barrentine et al., 1998). It has been suggested that shoulder injuries in bowlers tend to result from throwing rather than bowling (Myers & O Brien, 2001). The current study, however, indicates that the peak shoulder distraction force in the fast bowling action was of similar magnitude to recorded values in baseball and softball pitching. Given that the number of balls bowled by a fast bowler is likely to greatly exceed the number thrown by that player, this suggests that the forces in the bowling action are likely to be large enough to contribute to the development of shoulder pain due to rotator cuff and long head of biceps brachii injuries. To gain a better understanding of injury mechanisms, musculoskeletal modeling of the shoulder complex needs to be undertaken so that forces within anatomical structures can be assessed. Acknowledgments This study was supported by funds from Cricket Australia. The authors would like to acknowledge Marc Portus, Craig Salter, Andy Greene, Ellie Peters and Damien O Meara for their contribution to this study. References Barrentine, S.W., Fleisig, G.S., Whiteside, J.A., Escamilla, R.F., & Andrews, J.R. (1998). Biomechanics of windmill softball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms at the shoulder and elbow. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 28, Belling Sørensen, A.K., & Jørgensen, U. (2000). Secondary impingement in the shoulder. An improved terminology in impingement. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 10, Blevins, F.T. (1997). Rotator cuff pathology in athletes. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 24, Chu, Y., Fleisig, G.S., Simpson, K.J., & Andrews, J.R. (2009). Biomechanical comparison between elite female and male baseball pitchers. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 25, De Leva, P. (1996). Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov s segment inertia parameters. Journal of Biomechanics, 29, Ferdinands, R.E.D. (2004). Three-dimensional biomechanical analysis of fast bowling in cricket. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Waikato, Waikato, New Zealand. Fleisig, G.S., Andrews, J.R., Dillman, C.J., & Escamilla, R.F. (1995). Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 23,
5 Shoulder Distraction Force in Cricket 377 Fleisig, G.S., Barrentine, S.W., Zheng, N., Escamilla, R.F., & Andrews, J.R. (1999). Kinematic and kinetic comparison of baseball pitching among various levels of development. Journal of Biomechanics, 32, Grood, E.S., & Suntay, W.J. (1983). A joint coordinate system for the clinical description of three-dimensional motions: Application to the knee. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 105A, Haug, E.J. (1989). Computer aided kinematics and dynamics of mechanical systems.: Vol. 1. Basic methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Myers, P., & O Brien, B.S. (2001). Cricket: Injuries, rehabilitation and training. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 9, Pagnani, M.J., Deng, X-H., Warren, R.F., Torzilli, P.A., & O Brien, S.J. (1996). Role of the long head of biceps brachii in glenohumeral stability: A biomechanical study in cadavera. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 5, Ross L. (2000). Physiotherapy WCA tour report world cup Sachlikidis, A., & Salter, C. (2007). A biomechanical comparison of dominant and non-dominant arm throws for speed and accuracy. Sports Biomechanics, 6, Salter, C.W., Sinclair, P.J., & Portus, M.R. (2007). The associations between fast bowling technique and ball release speed: A pilot study of the within-bowler and betweenbowler approaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25, Stuelcken, M.C., Ginn, K.A., & Sinclair, P.J. (2008). Shoulder strength and range of motion in elite female cricket fast bowlers with and without a history of shoulder pain. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11, Trewartha, G., Casanova, R., & Wilson, C. (2008). A kinematic analysis of rugby lineout throwing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, Werner, S.L., Gill, T.J., Murray, T.A., Cook, T.D., & Hawkins, R.J. (2001). Relationship between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in professional baseball pitchers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 29, Werner, S.L., Jones, D.G., Guido, J.A., Jr., & Brunet, M.E. (2006). Kinematics and kinetics of elite windmill softball pitching. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34, Winter, D.A. (2005). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.
PROPER PITCHING MECHANICS
PROPER PITCHING MECHANICS While each pitcher is a different person and can display some individuality in his mechanics, everyone has similar anatomy (the same muscles, bones and ligaments in the same locations)
More informationA Three-Dimensional Analysis of Overarm Throwing in Experienced Handball Players
Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2007; 23:12-19. 2007 Human Kinetics, Inc. A Three-Dimensional Analysis of Overarm Throwing in Experienced Handball Players Roland van den Tillaar and Gertjan Ettema Norwegian
More informationImpact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer
Proceedings Impact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer Kaoru Kimachi 1, *, Sungchan Hong 2, Shuji Shimonagata 3 and Takeshi Asai 2 1 Doctoral Program of Coaching Science, University of Tsukuba,
More informationBiceps Activity During Windmill Softball Pitching
Biceps Activity During Windmill Softball Pitching Injury Implications and Comparison With Overhand Throwing Idubijes L. Rojas,* LCDR Matthew T. Provencher,1 MD, MC, USN, Sanjeev Bhatia, Kharma C. Foucher,*
More informationINTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING
INTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING Joseph P. Hunter 1, Robert N. Marshall 1,, and Peter J. McNair 3 1 Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland,
More informationMechanical Analysis of Overhead Throwing in Cricket
ISSN 1750-9823 (print) International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering Vol. 05 (2011) No. 03, pp. 163-168 Mechanical Analysis of Overhead Throwing in Cricket Ikram Hussain 1 and Mohd. Arshad Bari
More informationComparison of Endpoint Data Treatment Methods for the Estimation of Kinematics and Kinetics Near Impact During the Tennis Serve
Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2012, 28, 93-98 2012 Human Kinetics, Inc. Comparison of Endpoint Data Treatment Methods for the Estimation of Kinematics and Kinetics Near Impact During the Tennis Serve
More informationComparison of Kinematics and Kinetics During Drop and Drop Jump Performance
schouweiler, hess UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research XIII (21) Comparison of Kinematics and Kinetics During Drop and Drop Jump Performance Ryan Schouweiler, Karina Hess Faculty Sponsor: Thomas Kernozek,
More informationDenny Wells, Jacqueline Alderson, Kane Middleton and Cyril Donnelly
11:45 am-12:00 pm Denny Wells. Assessing the accuracy of inverse kinematics in OpenSim to estimate elbow flexionextension during cricket bowling: Maintaining the rigid linked assumption. (201) ASSESSING
More informationKinetic Comparison Among the Fastball, Curveball, Change-up, and Slider in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers
Kinetic Comparison Among the Fastball, Curveball, Change-up, and Slider in Collegiate Baseball Pitchers Glenn S. Fleisig,* PhD, David S. Kingsley, Jeremy W. Loftice, Kenneth P. Dinnen, MS, Rajiv Ranganathan,
More informationAdolescent Pitching Mechanics and Pitch Counts
Adolescent Pitching Mechanics and Pitch Counts Peter N. Chalmers, MD Division of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Team Physician, AAA Bees (Angels Affiliate) University of Utah
More informationKinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball
Proceedings Kinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball Hiroki Okubo 1, * and Mont Hubbard 2 1 Department of Advanced Robotics, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma,
More informationBiomechanical analysis of the penalty-corner drag-flick of elite male and female hockey players
Biomechanical analysis of the penalty-corner drag-flick of elite male and female hockey players CRISTINA LÓPEZ DE SUBIJANA 1, DANIEL JUÁREZ 2, JAVIER MALLO 2, & ENRIQUE NAVARRO 2 1 Social Sciences Applied
More informationA Comparison of Age Level on Baseball Hitting Kinematics
Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2009, 25, 210-218 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc. A Comparison of Age Level on Baseball Hitting Kinematics Rafael F. Escamilla, 1,2 Glenn S. Fleisig, 3 Coop DeRenne, 4 Marcus
More informationA Pilot Study on Electromyographic Analysis of Single and Double Revolution Jumps in Figure Skating
Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, Vol. 5, No. 1: 14-19, 2009 A Pilot Study on Electromyographic Analysis of Single and Double Revolution Jumps in Figure Skating Taylor¹, C. L. and Psycharakis²,
More informationBiomechanical Comparison Between Elite Female and Male Baseball Pitchers
Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2009, 25, 22-31 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc. Biomechanical Comparison Between Elite Female and Male Baseball Pitchers Yungchien Chu, 1 Glenn S. Fleisig, 2 Kathy J. Simpson,
More informationThe effect of marker placement around the elbow on calculated elbow extension during bowling in cricket
Loughborough University Institutional Repository The effect of marker placement around the elbow on calculated elbow extension during bowling in cricket This item was submitted to Loughborough University's
More informationAustralia, Australia
A4-6 ID44 THE FEMALE TENNIS SERVE: AN ANALAGOUS VERSION OF THE MALE SERVE? Bruce Elliott 1, David Whiteside 1, Brendan Lay 1, Machar Reid 1,2 1 School of Sport Science, Exercise & Health, The University
More informationEquine Trust Summer Scholarship
Development of 3D gait model Student: Nicola Wichtel Supervisor: Dr Robert Colborne Equine Trust Summer Scholarship In 2015, The Equine Trust funded the purchase of a 6-camera infrared kinematic system
More informationTHE ANKLE-HIP TRANSVERSE PLANE COUPLING DURING THE STANCE PHASE OF NORMAL WALKING
THE ANKLE-HIP TRANSVERSE PLANE COUPLING DURING THE STANCE PHASE OF NORMAL WALKING Thales R. Souza, Rafael Z. Pinto, Renato G. Trede, Nadja C. Pereira, Renata N. Kirkwood and Sérgio T. Fonseca. Movement
More informationArtifacts Due to Filtering Mismatch in Drop Landing Moment Data
Camenga et al. UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research XVI (213) Artifacts Due to Filtering Mismatch in Drop Landing Moment Data Elizabeth T. Camenga, Casey J. Rutten, Brendan D. Gould, Jillian T. Asmus,
More informationA COMPARISON OF SELECTED BIOMECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF FRONT ROW SPIKE BETWEEN SHORT SET AND HIGH SET BALL
A COMPARISON OF SELECTED BIOMECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF FRONT ROW SPIKE BETWEEN SHORT SET AND HIGH SET BALL PAPAN MONDAL a AND SUDARSAN BHOWMICK b,* a Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education,
More informationAn Examination of the Differences in the Angles Created in the Lower and Upper Extremities During Tennis Serves by Male and Female Players
An Examination of the Differences in the Angles Created in the Lower and Upper Extremities During Tennis Serves by and Players Ayhan GOKTEPE* a, Hakan KARABORK b, Engin KOCAMAN a a Selcuk University, Technical
More informationMutual and asynchronous anticipation and action in sports as globally competitive
1 Supplementary Materials Mutual and asynchronous anticipation and action in sports as globally competitive and locally coordinative dynamics Keisuke Fujii, Tadao Isaka, Motoki Kouzaki and Yuji Yamamoto.
More informationEffect of the Grip Angle on Off-Spin Bowling Performance Parameters, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball
Proceedings Effect of the Grip Angle on Off-Spin Bowling Performance Parameters, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball Franz Konstantin Fuss 1, *, Batdelger Doljin 1 and René E. D. Ferdinands 2 1 Smart Equipment
More informationThe Influence of Load Carrying Modes on Gait variables of Healthy Indian Women
The Influence of Load Carrying Modes on Gait variables of Healthy Indian Women *Guha Thakurta A, Iqbal R and De A National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Powai, Vihar Lake, Mumbai-400087, India,
More informationYOUNG PITCHERS AT RISK FOR SERIOUS INJURIES
YOUNG PITCHERS AT RISK FOR SERIOUS INJURIES Baseball experiences great popularity both for the enjoyment of participation and for the low risk of significant injury. Approximately nine million players
More informationHip Abduction Strength and Its Relationship with Sequential Movement and Ball Velocity in Softball Players
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Health, Human Performance and Recreation Undergraduate Honors Theses Health, Human Performance and Recreation 5-2012 Hip Abduction Strength and Its
More informationPalacký Univerzity in Olomouc Faculty of Physical Culture
Project: Sophisticated biomechanic diagnostics of human movement Registration number: CZ.1.07/2.3.00/09.0209 Palacký Univerzity in Olomouc Faculty of Physical Culture Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským
More informationAssociation Between Pelvic Motion and Hand Velocity in College-Aged Baseball Pitchers
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 5-2014 Association Between Pelvic Motion and Hand Velocity in College-Aged Baseball Pitchers William Temlin
More informationBiomechanics and Models of Locomotion
Physics-Based Models for People Tracking: Biomechanics and Models of Locomotion Marcus Brubaker 1 Leonid Sigal 1,2 David J Fleet 1 1 University of Toronto 2 Disney Research, Pittsburgh Biomechanics Biomechanics
More informationThe effect of elbow hyperextension on ball speed in cricket fast bowling
Loughborough University Institutional Repository The effect of elbow hyperextension on ball speed in cricket fast bowling This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by
More informationPosture influences ground reaction force: implications for crouch gait
University of Tennessee, Knoxville From the SelectedWorks of Jeffrey A. Reinbolt July 14, 2010 Posture influences ground reaction force: implications for crouch gait H. X. Hoang Jeffrey A. Reinbolt, University
More informationDoes isolated hip abductor fatigue lead to biomechanical changes of trunk, pelvis and lower leg during single-leg landing?
Does isolated hip abductor fatigue lead to biomechanical changes of trunk, pelvis and lower leg during single-leg landing? Yu Iwama 1, Kengo Harato 1, Satoshi Imai 2, Aiko Sakurai 1, Yutaro Morishige 1,
More informationTowards determining absolute velocity of freestyle swimming using 3-axis accelerometers
Towards determining absolute velocity of freestyle swimming using 3-axis accelerometers Author Stamm, Andy, Thiel, David, Burkett, Brendan, James, Daniel Published 2011 Journal Title Procedia Engineering
More informationEffect on Bowling Performance Parameters When Intentionally Increasing the Spin Rate, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball
Proceedings Effect on Bowling Performance Parameters When Intentionally Increasing the Spin Rate, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball Franz Konstantin Fuss 1, *, Batdelger Doljin 1 and René E. D. Ferdinands
More informationREPORT. A comparative study of the mechanical and biomechanical behaviour of natural turf and hybrid turf for the practise of sports
REPORT A comparative study of the mechanical and biomechanical behaviour of natural turf and hybrid turf for the practise of sports Addressed to: PSF - PALAU TURF Date: May 2015 Table of Contents SHEET
More informationDIFFERENCES IN GLENOHUMERAL INTERNAL ROTATION DEFICIT BETWEEN FEMALE AND MALE COLLEGE ATHLETES
Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit 13 DIFFERENCES IN GLENOHUMERAL INTERNAL ROTATION DEFICIT BETWEEN FEMALE AND MALE COLLEGE ATHLETES ERIKA WORTHLEY 1, J.P. BARFIELD 1 1 Sports Medicine Program, Department
More informationServe the only stroke in which the player has full control over its outcome. Bahamonde (2000) The higher the velocity, the smaller the margin of
Lower Extremity Performance of Tennis Serve Reporter: Chin-Fu Hsu Adviser: Lin-Hwa Wang OUTLINE Introduction Kinetic Chain Serve Types Lower Extremity Movement Summary Future Work INTRODUCTION Serve the
More informationDIFFERENCE BETWEEN TAEKWONDO ROUNDHOUSE KICK EXECUTED BY THE FRONT AND BACK LEG - A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY
268 Isas 2000! Hong Kong DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TAEKWONDO ROUNDHOUSE KICK EXECUTED BY THE FRONT AND BACK LEG - A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY Pui-Wah Kong, Tze-Chung Luk and Youlian Hong The Chinese University of Hong
More informationCHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Subjects A total of twelve, male, students, and studying sport at the University of Wales, Institute Cardiff (UWIC), and members of the university cricket squad participated in
More informationAn investigation of kinematic and kinetic variables for the description of prosthetic gait using the ENOCH system
An investigation of kinematic and kinetic variables for the description of prosthetic gait using the ENOCH system K. OBERG and H. LANSHAMMAR* Amputee Training and Research Unit, University Hospital, Fack,
More informationInterval Sport Programs: Guidelines for Baseball, Tennis, and Golf
Interval Sport Programs: Guidelines for Baseball, Tennis, and Golf Michael M. Reinold, PT 1,2 Kevin E. Wilk, PT 1,2,3 Jamie Reed, ATC 4 Ken Crenshaw, ATC 4 James R. Andrews, MD 5,6 TECHNICAL NOTE Journal
More informationUvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Hip and groin pain in athletes Tak, I.J.R. Link to publication
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Hip and groin pain in athletes Tak, I.J.R. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Tak, I. J. R. (2017). Hip and groin pain in athletes: Morphology,
More informationGROUND REACTION FORCE DOMINANT VERSUS NON-DOMINANT SINGLE LEG STEP OFF
GROUND REACTION FORCE DOMINANT VERSUS NON-DOMINANT SINGLE LEG STEP OFF Sara Gharabaghli, Rebecca Krogstad, Sara Lynch, Sofia Saavedra, and Tamara Wright California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos,
More informationKey words: biomechanics, injury, technique, measurement, strength, evaluation
Becker, T., & Havriluk, R. (2006). Bilateral and anterior-posterior muscular imbalances in swimmers. In J. P. Vilas-Boas, F. Alves, A. Marques (Eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X. Portuguese
More informationKASAMATSU VERSUS TSUKAHARA VAULT
KASAMATSU VERSUS TSUKAHARA VAULT Yoshie Motoshima 1, Akira Maeda 2 1 Graduate School of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Japan 2 National Institute of Fitness and
More informationThe Swimmer s Shoulder
The Swimmer s Shoulder Corey Kunzer PT, DPT, SCS ATC, CSCS Becca Gsumer, PT, DPT Mayo Clinic 26 th Annual Symposium on Sports Medicine November 12 th, 2016 2016 MFMER slide-1 Disclosures No relevant financial
More informationPREVIEW ONLY SWIMMING FAST SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA PHYSIOTHERAPY ASSESSMENT OF SWIMMERS. Cameron Elliott. These notes are a preview. Slides are limited.
Be sure to convert to your own time zone at Cameron Elliott B.App.Sc (Physio) PHYSIOTHERAPY ASSESSMENT OF SWIMMERS Cameron Elliott SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA Over 160,000 adults participate in organised swimming
More informationBiomechanics Sample Problems
Biomechanics Sample Problems Forces 1) A 90 kg ice hockey player collides head on with an 80 kg ice hockey player. If the first person exerts a force of 450 N on the second player, how much force does
More informationCOMPARISON OF BIOMECHANICAL DATA OF A SPRINT CYCLIST IN THE VELODROME AND IN THE LABORATORY
COMPARISON OF BIOMECHANICAL DATA OF A SPRINT CYCLIST IN THE VELODROME AND IN THE LABORATORY Louise Burnie 1,2, Paul Barratt 3, Keith Davids 1, Paul Worsfold 2,4, Jon Wheat 1 Centre for Sports Engineering
More informationTuesday, 18 July 2006 TUA2-4: 12:00-12:15
Tuesday, 18 July 2006 TUA2-4: 12:00-12:15 KINETIC LINK - DOES IT EXISTS IN THE KUDA AND SILA SERVE KICKING TECHNIQUE OF SEPAK-TAKRAW? Ian Harris Sujae, Michael Koh, Teik Hin Physical Education and Sports
More informationAllinaHealthSystem 1
THROWING PAINS.IS IT MECHANICAL? PHYSICAL? OR BOTH? Disclosure Nothing to Disclose at this time Jeffrey Lahti, PT/Partner Viverant Adam Barta Owner- Blizzard Baseball Academy July 7 th 2017 Objectives
More informationWrist kinematics during the golf drive from a bilaterally anatomical perspective
Wrist kinematics during the golf drive from a bilaterally anatomical perspective Author Sweeney, Matthew, Mills, Peter, Mankad, Aditi, Elliott, Bruce, Alderson, Jacqueline Published 2012 Conference Title
More informationTHE BACKSPIN BACKHAND DRIVE IN TENNIS TO BALLS OF VARYING HEIGHT. B. Elliott and M. Christmass
THE BACKSPIN BACKHAND DRIVE IN TENNIS TO BALLS OF VARYING HEIGHT B. Elliott and M. Christmass The Department of Human Movement The University of Western Australia Nedlands, Australia INTRODUCfION Modem
More informationDIFFERENT TYPES ARM SWING USED IN INDIAN VOLLEYBALL AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
DIFFERENT TYPES ARM SWING USED IN INDIAN VOLLEYBALL AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1 Amritpal Singh Sidhu 1 Physical Education Teacher, Govt. Model Sen. Sec. School,Sheron (Sunam) Sangrur PB, India ABSTRACT
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 112 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 112 (2015 ) 196 201 7th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, APCST 2015 Dynamics of spin bowling: the normalized precession
More informationUlnar Collateral Ligament Injury Epidemic: Causes and Prevention
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Epidemic: Causes and Prevention Peter N. Chalmers, MD Division of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Team Physician, AAA Bees (Angels Affiliate)
More informationABCA Research Committee
ABCA Research Committee Title: What the Best in Baseball Do A longitudinal / cross-sectional biomechanical study of the best hitters and pitchers in the game of baseball. Purpose: The purpose of this study
More information+ t1 t2 moment-time curves
Part 6 - Angular Kinematics / Angular Impulse 1. While jumping over a hurdle, an athlete s hip angle was measured to be 2.41 radians. Within 0.15 seconds, the hurdler s hip angle changed to be 3.29 radians.
More informationDevelopment of an end-effector to simulate the foot to ball interaction of an instep kick in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 284 289 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Development of an end-effector to simulate the
More informationSCHEINWORKS Measuring and Analysis Systems by
Pressure Measurement Systems for standing and walking analysis Germany since 1879 Pressure Measurement Systems for standing and walking analysis Documentation of Gait image Stance Symmetry of all parameters
More informationRUNNING SHOE STIFFNESS: THE EFFECT ON WALKING GAIT
RUNNING SHOE STIFFNESS: THE EFFECT ON WALKING GAIT Stephen N Stanley, Peter J M c Nair, Angela G Walker, & Robert N Marshall Auckland Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand University of Auckland,
More informationSteffen Willwacher, Katina Fischer, Gert Peter Brüggemann Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
P01-3 ID126 SURFACE STIFFNESS AFFECTS JOINT LOADING IN RUNNING Steffen Willwacher, Katina Fischer, Gert Peter Brüggemann Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
More informationSupplementary Figure S1
Supplementary Figure S1: Anterior and posterior views of the marker set used in the running gait trials. Forty-six markers were attached to the subject (15 markers on each leg, 4 markers on each arm, and
More informationA QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH RACQUET POSITION BACKHAND DRIVE OF AN ELITE RACQUETBALL PLAYER
A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH RACQUET POSITION BACKHAND DRIVE OF AN ELITE RACQUETBALL PLAYER John R. Stevenson Wayne P. Hollander Since 1950, when Joe Sobek put strings on his paddleball paddle, the
More informationModelling the stance leg in 2D analyses of sprinting: inclusion of the MTP joint affects joint
1 Technical Note 2 3 4 5 Title: Modelling the stance leg in 2D analyses of sprinting: inclusion of the MTP joint affects joint kinetics (corrected version) 6 7 8 9 10 11 Authors: Neil E. Bezodis a,b, Aki
More informationHuman Movement Science
Human Movement Science 31 (2012) 1191 1199 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Human Movement Science journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/humov Shoulder kinematics during pitching:
More informationBiomechanics of Windmill Softball Pitching With Implications About Injury Mechanisms at the Shoulder and Elbow
Biomechanics of Windmill Softball Pitching With Implications About Injury Mechanisms at the Shoulder and Elbow Steven W. Barrentine, MS ' Glenn S. Fleisig, Ph D * james A. Whiteside, M D Rafael F. Escamilla,
More informationAalborg Universitet. Published in: Sensors. DOI (link to publication from Publisher): /s Creative Commons License CC BY 4.
Aalborg Universitet Estimation of ground reaction forces and moments during gait using only inertial motion capture Karatsidis, Angelos; Bellusci, Giovanni; Schepers, H. Martin; de Zee, Mark; Andersen,
More informationArticle Title: Relationships Between Fast Bowling Technique and Ball Release Speed in Cricket
Note. This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of the. The article appears here in its accepted, peer-reviewed form, as it was provided by the submitting author. It has not been copyedited,
More informationGround Forces Impact on Release of Rotational Shot Put Technique
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2014-12-01 Ground Forces Impact on Release of Rotational Shot Put Technique Niklas B. Arrhenius Brigham Young University - Provo
More informationA study on the effect of limb length and arm strength on the ball release velocity in cricket
2016; 3(6): 389-393 P-ISSN: 2394-1685 E-ISSN: 2394-1693 Impact Factor (ISRA): 5.38 IJPESH 2016; 3(6): 389-393 2016 IJPESH www.kheljournal.com Received: 07-09-2016 Accepted: 08-10-2016 Neptune Ghosh M.P.Ed,
More informationDelft University of Technology. Ball velocity and elbow loading in fastball pitching
Delft University of Technology Ball velocity and elbow loading in fastball pitching Gasparutto, Xavier; van der Graaff, E; Veeger, DirkJan; van der Helm, Frans Publication date 2016 Document Version Publisher's
More informationCharacteristics of ball impact on curve shot in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 60 (2013 ) 249 254 6 th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology (APCST) Characteristics of ball impact on curve shot in soccer Sungchan
More informationAdolescent & HS Sports Medicine Outreach Program 01/26/2013. Prevention of Overuse Throwing Injuries
Adolescent & HS Sports Medicine Outreach Program 01/26/2013 Prevention of Overuse Throwing Injuries Jason L Zaremski, MD Assistant Professor Divisions of Sports Medicine and PM&R Department of Orthopaedics
More informationEFFECTS OF EXTENDED PITCH COUNT ON SHOULDER KINEMATICS IN INTERCOLLEGIATE BASEBALL PITCHERS. Elizabeth A. Kohlmeyer, ATC
EFFECTS OF EXTENDED PITCH COUNT ON SHOULDER KINEMATICS IN INTERCOLLEGIATE BASEBALL PITCHERS by Elizabeth A. Kohlmeyer, ATC Bachelor of Science, Waynesburg College, 2002 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty
More informationPutting Report Details: Key and Diagrams: This section provides a visual diagram of the. information is saved in the client s database
Quintic Putting Report Information Guide Putting Report Details: Enter personal details of the client or individual who is being analysed; name, email address, date, mass, height and handicap. This information
More informationAPPLICATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL ACCELEROMETRY TO HUMAN MOTION ANALYSIS
APPLICATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL ACCELEROMETRY TO HUMAN MOTION ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION Ken'ichi Egawa, T. Tsuboi, T. Satoh, and M. Miyazaki Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University Three dimensional
More informationKINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF BASKETBALL JUMP SHOTS PROJECTED FROM VARYING DISTANCES. M. N. Satern. Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA
313 KINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF BASKETBALL JUMP SHOTS PROJECTED FROM VARYING DISTANCES M. N. Satern Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA INTRODUCTION The ability to score points is critical to a
More informationInvestigative Study: Movement Analysis
Investigative Study: Movement Analysis SAMPLE M Background Research Biomechanics can simply be described as the physics of sports. Biomechanics is the study of human motion. (Miller, Biomechanical Analysis
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 76 (2015 ) 257 263 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS 2015) Walking-Assisted Gait
More informationLoughborough University Institutional Repository. forces. forces. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(4), pp
Loughborough University Institutional Repository The influence of cricket fast bowlers' front leg technique on peak ground reaction forces This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional
More information2) Jensen, R. Comparison of ground-reaction forces while kicking a stationary and non-stationary soccer ball
Northern Michigan University The Commons Conference Papers in Published Proceedings 2001 2) Jensen, R. Comparison of ground-reaction forces while kicking a stationary and non-stationary soccer ball Randall
More informationSimplified marker sets for the calculation of centre of mass location during bend sprinting
Simplified marker sets for the calculation of centre of mass location during bend sprinting JUDSON, Laura, CHURCHILL, Sarah , BARNES, Andrew ,
More informationGender Differences in Hip Joint Kinematics and Kinetics During Side-Step Cutting Maneuver
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Gender Differences in Hip Joint Kinematics and Kinetics During Side-Step Cutting Maneuver Christine D. Pollard, PhD, PT, Susan M. Sigward, PhD, PT, and Christopher M. Powers, PhD, PT
More informationLoad dynamics of joints in Nordic walking
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 11 (2011) 544 551 5 th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology (APCST) Load dynamics of joints in Nordic walking Takayuki Koizumi a*, Nobutaka
More informationCHAPTER IV FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE KNEE JOINT WITHOUT A MEDICAL IMPLANT
39 CHAPTER IV FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE KNEE JOINT WITHOUT A MEDICAL IMPLANT 4.1 Modeling in Biomechanics The human body, apart of all its other functions is a mechanical mechanism and a structure,
More informationRELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED KINEMATIC VARIABLES WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE HANDEDBACKHAND IN TENNIS. Rajesh Kumar, M.P.Ed,
RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED KINEMATIC VARIABLES WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE HANDEDBACKHAND IN TENNIS Rajesh Kumar, M.P.Ed, Department of Sports Biomechanics, LNIPE, Gwalior (M.P.), India Dr.Y.S.Rajpoot,
More informationKINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SHOT PUT IN ELITE ATHLETES A CASE STUDY
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SHOT PUT IN ELITE ATHLETES A CASE STUDY Weimin Liu and Mingxuan Wang Jiangsu Research Institute of Sports Science, Nanjing, People's Republic of China This paper presented the application
More informationThe Effect of a Seven Week Exercise Program on Golf Swing Performance and Musculoskeletal Screening Scores
The Effect of a Seven Week Exercise Program on Golf Swing Performance and Musculoskeletal Screening Scores 2017 Mico Hannes Olivier Bachelor of Sport Science Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond
More informationTHREE DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS OF THE DIRECT FREE KICK IN SOCCER WHEN OPPOSED BY A DEFENSIVE WALL
THREE DMENSONAL KNEMATCS OF THE DRECT FREE KCK N SOCCER WHEN OPPOSED BY A DEFENSVE WALL E. W. Brown l, D. J. Wilson l, B. R. Mason l, J. Baker lyouth Sports nstitute Michigan State University East Lansing,
More informationRunning injuries - what are the most important factors
Created as a free resource by Clinical Edge Based on Physio Edge podcast 59 with Greg Lehman, Tom Goom and Dr Christian Barton Get your free trial of online Physio education at Why do runners get injured?
More informationFriction properties of the face of a hand-held tennis racket
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 544 549 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Friction properties of the face of a hand-held
More informationA Biomechanical Approach to Javelin. Blake Vajgrt. Concordia University. December 5 th, 2012
A Biomechanical Approach to Javelin Blake Vajgrt Concordia University December 5 th, 2012 The Biomechanical Approach to Javelin 2 The Biomechanical Approach to Javelin Javelin is one of the four throwing
More informationEffects of Non-throwing Arm on Trunk and Throwing Arm Movements in Baseball Pitching
Paper : Biomechanics Effects of Non-throwing Arm in Baseball Pitching Effects of Non-throwing Arm on Trunk and Throwing Arm Movements in Baseball Pitching Kazuyuki Ishida * and Yuichi Hirano ** * Department
More informationCricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and. Amateur Fast Bowling Techniques. original research ABSTRACT. Cricket Biomechanics. Bowling Action Types
jpmer Jpmer original research Cricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1171 Amateur Fast Bowling Techniques Cricket Biomechanics Analysis of Skilled and Amateur Fast Bowling
More informationThe Examination of Upper Limb Ambidexterity in Wrestling Snap Down Technique
Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Movement Arts, Health Promotion and Leisure Studies Faculty Publications Movement Arts, Health Promotion and Leisure Studies
More informationGait analysis for the development of the biped robot foot structure
Preprints of the 9th World Congress The International Federation of Automatic Control Cape Town, South Africa. August 4-9, 4 Gait analysis for the development of the biped robot foot structure Yusuke OGAWA
More informationStudy conducted by University of North Carolina Department of Exercise and Sports Science,
THE LEARNING CURVE Little League Seeks to Address Concerns, Answer Questions about Curveballs & Overuse Study conducted by University of North Carolina Department of Exercise and Sports Science, Table
More information