Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 13, No 3A, (2012)
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1 Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 13, No 3A, (2012) Romanian Marine Fisheries and Natura 2000 Network Marine ecology legislation T. Zaharia*, V. Maximov, D. Micu, V. Nita, M. Nedelcu, G. Ganea, C. M. Ursache, M. Golumbeanu, M. Nenciu NIRDEP Grigore Antipa National Institute for Marine Research and Development, 300 Mamaia Blvd., Constanta, Romania Abstract. The European ecological network Natura 2000 includes Special Protected Areas (SPAs) classified under the Birds Directive 79/409/EEC and Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) designated under the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC. In accordance with these directives, on the Romanian coast, there are: the marine site ROSPA0076 Black Sea, ROSCI0269 Vama Veche 2 Mai, ROSCI0094 Underwater Sulphur Springs from Mangalia, ROSCI0197 Submerged Beach of Eforie Nord Eforie Sud, ROSCI0273 Marine Area of the Cape Tuzla, ROSCI0237 Metanogene Underwater Structures of Sfantu Gheorghe and ROSCI0066 the Danube Delta marine zone. As in all these 7 sites marine fishery is a traditional activity and the inclusion of a site in the Natura 2000 Network does not exclude à priori the future economic utilisation, the present paper aims to examine how the fisheries interact with the marine environment on the Romanian coast in the new network of marine protected areas. Keywords: marine protected areas, Natura 2000 network, fisheries, Romanian littoral. aims and background The increase of human activity in the Romanian coastal area deepened the pressure on marine ecosystems, making the evaluation of the impact of antropic activities on the marine environment a necessity. Fishery is one of the human activities with a high impact on the marine environment. Its effects on marine ecosystems are quantified by: the removal of target species, the by-catch of dolphins, fish and seabirds, the discarding of by-catch 1. Two EU directives (Birds Directive 79/409/EEC and Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC) aim the protection of biodiversity on its territory, contributing to the implementation of the Biological Diversity Convention (UN, 1992) and creating a coherent ecological network called Natura After Romania and Bulgaria admission into the EU, the waters of the Black Sea became community waters. Thus, the necessity of creating a coherent marine protected areas network, in a new bio-geographical area, emerged 2. * For correspondence. 1792
2 The European ecological network Natura 2000 includes Special Protected Areas (SPAs) classified under the Birds Directive and Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) designated under the Habitats Directive. In accordance with the Birds Directive, on the Romanian coast, the marine site ROSPA0076 Black Sea was designated (down to the 20 m isobath) (Fig. 1). The responsibility for proposing the Sites of Community Importance under the Habitats Directive (SCIs) charged Romania as an EU member. Thus till 2010, the following marine SCIs were designated on the Romanian coast (Fig. 2): ROSCI0269 Vama Veche 2 Mai, ROSCI0094 Underwater Sulphur Springs from Mangalia, ROSCI0197 Submerged Beach of Eforie Nord Eforie Sud, ROSCI0273 Marine area of the Cape Tuzla, ROSCI0237 Metanogene Underwater Structures of Sfantu Gheorghe, and ROSCI0066 the Danube Delta Marine Zone. Fig. 1. ROSPA0076 the Black Sea 1793
3 Fig. 2. Romanian marine SCIs areas As in all these 7 sites, marine fishery is a traditional activity and the inclusion of a site in the Natura 2000 does not exclude à priori the future economic utilisation, the present paper aims to examine how the fisheries interact with the marine environment of the Romanian coast in the new network of marine protected areas; the analysis regards the fishery activities in the Romanian marine area in correlation with the existing Natura 2000 sites, with the view to emphasise the impact of these activities on the biodiversity, as well as the need to elaborate management measures meant to be applied in order to reduce the conflicts of interests in these areas. These measures must be added in the already existing management plans 3,4. Results and discussion The present common policy in the field of fishery allows a better integration of the environmental protection requirements in the management of fishing. Thus, it contributes directives to meeting the objectives of both Birds and Habitats Directives. In addition, it stipulates a system for protecting the marine habitats and 1794
4 species from the harmful effects of fishery activities, even when the Natura 2000 dispositions do not apply. The preservation measures that will be applied in the marine sites will aim the conservation or rehabilitation of the species and the habitat for which the site was designated up to an adequate preservation state. The preservation state of a natural habitat, according to the Habitats Directive, is considered to be the effect of a number of factors that influence a natural habitat and the species present here, which can affect the area on natural extension of a habitat on the long-term, its structure and functions, as well as the long-term survival of the species. It will be considered adequate under these circumstances: its natural extension area and the territories within this area are stable or increasing; its structure and specific functions, needed for the long-term preservation, are present and will probably exist in the predictable future, and the state of preservation of the species is adequate. The data provided by the control and monitoring programmes should allow Romania to identify the state of preservation of the species and habitats present in the sites. Romania will also need to identify the possible pressures. Consequently, they will define the appropriate maintenance and/or preservation measures, in order to guarantee and adequate preservation state. In March 2001, the European Commission issued COM (2001) 143 final 5 to the European Council and Parliament, which presented the relevant elements of a Strategy regarding the integration of requirements in the field of environmental protection in the common policy of fishery. This document illustrates the way in which the various fishery activities, including aquaculture, interact with the marine environment: directly, through the elimination of the species had in view, as well as of the species present in accidental stocks, fact that could determine an inappropriate preservation state of some species, which could cause their reduction of extinction at the local level; indirectly, through the modification of the energy flow in the food chain, which could affect the preservation state of other species in the ecosystem (for example, the elimination of predators might cause preservation problems in the conservation of their species); directly (for example, the sea bottom trawling, despite the fact that is forbidden on the Romanian littoral) or indirectly (for example sediments or waste coming from aquaculture devices), through the alteration of the physical environment and the threats on various habitats, which, in their turn, might influence their capacity of sheltering commercial, as well as non-commercial species; ecological modifications due to either natural causes, or human intervention, which, in their turn, affect the productivity of marine ecosystems and, as a 1795
5 follow up, fishery. Various examples of this type of effects indicate the need of a complete integration of environmental issues in the fishery management. Besides the juridical obligation stemming from the treaty, there is also an ethical one, of taking measures in order for these effects not to worsen, becoming impossible to manage or irreversible. In the Romanian fishery sector, along the Romanian littoral there is a series of private companies using motorboats and various fishing equipments (trap nets, gill nets, beach seines). Also, further away from the 20 m isobath, fishing vessels B-410, Baltica and T.C.M.N. types, equipped with pelagic trawl and gill nets 6 carry out their activity. Out of the 28 fishing points, 18 carry out their activity within the SCIs and all are located within the only marine SPA, SPA0076. out of the total boats registered, about 65% operate within the Natura 2000 marine sites. Their activity must not be neglected, even though, year by year, is has become gradually reduced. Thus, in 2008, out of the 22 vessels registered in the Fishing Boats and Ships Register, only 6 were active, only 2 of them carrying out sporadically sprat or other pelagic species fishing and 4 specialised turbot fishing 6. In 2009, only 3 vessels were active in the area: Meduza 2, Meduza 4, Dragonul 1. According to the stipulations of the national legislation (Order of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development No 449/2008), in the Romanian zone of the Black Sea, pelagic trawling is allowed only further the 20 m isobath, and fishing boats must operate having installed a satellite-based vessel monitoring system (VMS) (Order of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development No 7/2010), system that provides detailed information on where fishing vessels operate, in addition to the catch data reported. Even though trawling is forbidden in the marine area of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (which overlaps ROSCI0066), the satellite monitoring system showed that trawlers often operate in this area (Fig. 3 the vessels Meduza 2, Meduza 4, Dragonul 1 and the fishing points using trap nets, gill nets and beach seine). We appreciate that, on the Romanian littoral, the fishery activity has an impact on the Natura 2000 marine sites through: the deterioration of specific habitats: the prioritary types of habitats, sandbanks (1110) and reefs (1170), have important ecological functions, offering protection for rare and threatened species, being breeding, nursery, feeding and resting 1 habitats. The use of improper equipment may lead to the deterioration of these habitats; by-catch of dolphins: phenomenon registered annually, during the turbot fishing period, along the entire littoral inside and outside the Natura 2000 sites. The use of adequate equipment (pingers) may lead to the decrease of this impact; 1796
6 Fig. 3. Fisheries activities and Natura 2000 marine sites removal of target species: leads to changed abundance and altered structure of these populations. Shifts in population structure affects the composition of the ecosystem, with a decrease in abundance of larger individuals, a shift in population age, as older individuals are removed; discarding of by-catch: Such discard of unwanted catch is a food-source made available at an unusual place and time to scavengers and opportunist predators. This can cause temporary modifications in the structure of species in the Natura 2000 sites; by-catch of sea-birds: we have no data referring to the by-catch of seabirds in the Romanian Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) of the Black Sea. Yet, based on the spatial and temporal overlapping of the feeding and migration of birds and gillnets fishing activities, we appreciate that there is possible a series on conflicts in the Natura 2000 sites. In order to estimate the impact these activities have on the Natura 2000 sites, it is required to carry out the evaluation of the preservation state of the community interest habitats and species, to elaborate management measures for their conservation in a satisfactory preservation state, in accordance with the requirements of the European directives, measures included in the management plans of the respective sites. Analyses of the critical level regarding the impact that fishery may have on the Natura 2000 Romanian sites are required, in cooperation with the representa 1797
7 tives of fishermen and the National Fishery and Aquaculture Agency, in order to clarify the obscurities, errors and lacks in the fishery data available. They will be extremely important in the development of the management plans in finding viable co-management solutions. CONCLUSIONS The extension of the Natura 2000 European ecological network on the marine Romanian territory (in 2010: 1 site according to the Birds Directive requirements and 6 sites according to the Habitats Directive requirements) might cause conflicts between the Romanian marine fishery and these sites. In order to minimise these conflicts, the evaluation of the interaction between fishery and the preservation objectives of the Natura 2000 sites is compulsory and extremely important. The evaluation of the environmental impact is a key tool of the EU environmental legislation, which is used in evaluating the effect of human activities on the ecosystem. In addition, the involvement of all interested factors in the development of fishery on the Romanian littoral and in environmental protection will represent the key of success in finding viable co-management solutions in the Natura 2000 sites. REFERENCES 1. A. P. SØREN, H. FOCK, J. KRAUSE, C. PUSCH, A. L. SELL, U. BÖTTCHER, S. I. ROG ERS, M. SKÖLD, H. SKOV, M. PODOLSKA, G. J. PIET, J. C. RICE: Natura 2000 Sites and Fisheries in German Offshore Waters. ICES J. of Marine Science, 66 (1), 155 (2009). 2. T. TRAYANOV, V. RAYKOV, V. MARINOVA, V. MICHNEVA, T. ZAHARIA, V. MAXIMOV, M. YANKOVA, M. GOLUMBEANU: Marine Protected Areas in the Northern Part of the Bulgarian Black Sea Shelf. J Environ Prot Ecol, 8 (3), 574 (2007). 3. T. ZAHARIA, V. MAXIMOV, D. MICU, M. GOLUMBEANU, V. St.RAYKOV: Measures for the Implementing the Management Plan for the Romanian Marine Reserve Vama Veche 2 Mai. J Environ Prot Ecol, 8 (3), 679 (2007). 4. T. ZAHARIA, S. NICOLAEV, V. MAXIMOV, D. MICU, V. NITA: Measures and Actions for the Protection of the Biodiversity from the Marine Reserve 2 Mai Vama Veche. Otlenia Studies and Assays in Natural Sciences, XXIV, 230 (2008). 5. COM/2001/0143 Final: Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament Elements of a Strategy for the Integration of Environmental Protection Requirements into the Common Fisheries Policy/**: (2001). 6. V. MAXIMOV, I. STAICU: Evolution of Demersal Fish Species Catches from the Romanian Marine Area between 2000 and Cercetari marine, 38, 305 (2007). Received 10 June 2010 Revised 25 September
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