The Effect of Shoe Forefoot Stiffness On The Windlass Mechanism In Running

Transcription

1 Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate College 2011 The Effect of Shoe Forefoot Stiffness On The Windlass Mechanism In Running Eric Gerard Sterner Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Kinesiology Commons Recommended Citation Sterner, Eric Gerard, The Effect of Shoe Forefoot Stiffness On The Windlass Mechanism In Running (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact

2 The effect of shoe forefoot stiffness on the windlass mechanism in running by Eric Gerard Sterner A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Kinesiology (Biological Basis of Physical Activity) Program of Study Committee: Timothy R. Derrick, Major Professor Jason Gillette Gary Mirka Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2011 Copyright Eric Gerard Sterner, All rights reserved.!!

3 !! #$%&!'(!)'*+&*+,! CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 5 RUNNING BIOMECHANICS AND FOOTWEAR... 5 ASSESSMENT OF FOOTWEAR EFFECTS ON GAIT... 7 EFFECT OF FOOTWEAR ON THE WINDLASS MECHANISM IN RUNNING... 9 WINDLASS MECHANISM IN RUNNING FACTORS AFFECTING PLANTAR FASCIA INJURY CHAPTER 3. THE EFFECTS OF SHOE FOREFOOT STIFFNESS ON THE WINDLASS MECHANISM IN RUNNING ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES TABLES FIGURES... 29!

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13 #A )*54,-(9!&&*&'(8(%9!%7+&!22%(++*2-1%%!%7+'*(+:$%),0)10,&!%7&'(+&!22%(++6&'( 8(%9!%75*5(%&!+9!/!9(98=&'(,%70(*220(;!*%>?&(2,%=+'=%LN!776#SS_B:Y+&'( 5,;!5158(%9!%75*5(%&,%95,;!515,%70(*220(;!*%*))1-,&&'(+,5(4*!%&!% +&,%)(6&'(,1&'*-++177(+&&'(-(!+,+&-*%7,)&!/()*54*%(%&&*DOGe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

16 #\ /,-!,%)(!%40,%&,-2,+)!,+&-(++91-!%7&'(+&,%)(4',+(*2-1%%!%7)*1098(,))*1%&(9 2*-8=,-)''(!7'&,%9!%)-(,+(9-(,-2**&(/(-+!*%:C-&'*&!)9(/!)(+9(+!7%(9&*-(91)( 40,%&,-2,+)!,+&-(++,-(9*)15(%&(9&*8(5*+&(22()&!/(3'(%&'(=+144*-&&'(8*%= +&-1)&1-(+*2&'(5(9!,00*%7!&19!%,0,-)'>a*70(-6?*0*5*%!9!+6LG,106#SSMB:P= 4'=+!),00=0!5!&!%7&'(9!+&,%)(&'(,-)'),%&-,/(06&'(+&-,!%40,)(9*%&'(40,%&,- 2,+)!,!+-(91)(96-(0!(/!%74,!%),1+(98=40,%&,-2,+)!!&!+: O'(-*0(*2&'(40,%&,-2,+)!,8()*5(+5*-()*540(;3'(%)*%+!9(-!%7&',&!&!+ )*%%()&(9,&&'(8,+(*2&'(),0),%(1+:P(),1+(&'(Y)'!00(+&(%9*%,0+*!%+(-&+*%&'( ),0),%(1+6&'(40,%&,-2,+)!,!+)*140(93!&'40,%&,-20(;*-51+)10,&1-(!%&'(),02:H'(% &(%+!0(2*-)(!%)-(,+(+!%&'(Y)'!00(+&(%9*%6+&-,!%!%&'(40,%&,-2,+)!,!%)-(,+(+ 5(&,&,-+*4',0,%7(,0F*!%&>DOGeB!%)-(,+(+6&'(40,%&(-2,+)!,+&!22(%+:O'!+6!%&1-%6!%)-(,+(+&'(&(%+!0(2*-)(,440!(98=&'(Y)'!00(+&(%9*%: 2*F4/G!! K1%%!%7!%F1-!(+,-(5*+&*2&(%)0,++!2!(9!%&(-5+*2,f+&-(++g*-f2,&!71(g&=4(!%F1-=:O'(5()',%!+52*-&'(+(!%F1-!(+!+&'()1510,&!/((22()&*2&'(-(4(&!&!/( 0*,9!%7&'(8*9=(;4(-!(%)(+3'!0(-1%%!%7>H'!&!%7L^(-%!)R(6#SS_B: G0,%&,-2,+)!!&!+6*-&'(!%20,55,&!*%*2&'(40,%&,-2,+)!,6!+,/(-=)*55*%!%F1-=:Y44-*;!5,&(0=#AI*2-1%%(-+,-(,22()&(98=&'!+)*%9!&!*%>X',%90(-La!80(-6 #SS\B:O'(5()',%!+5*2&'(!%F1-=!+%*&(%&!-(0=1%9(-+&**9681&!&!+9!-()&0=-(0,&(9 &*(;)(++!/(+&-(++40,)(9*%&'(40,%&,-2,+)!,:H'!0(,0&(-(9*-!54-*4(-R!%(5,&!)+

17 #W 4*!%&(9*1&&',&&'(F*!%&+,%9&!++1(+*2&'(2**&-(710,-0=21%)&!*%8(=*%9,%*-5,0 -,%7(:O'(-(2*-(6,%(22()&*22,&!71(2-*5-(4(&!&!/(0*,9!%751+&40,=,-*0(!%&'( 9(/(0*45(%&*2&'!+!%F1-=:

18 #V )-#.+&/!H1!-&!&((&5+!'(!,-'&!('/&(''+!,+6((*&,,!'*!+-&!:6*3%#,,! >&5-#*6,>!6*!/4**6*<! A paper to be submitted to Footwear Science Eric G. Sterner and Timothy R. Research evaluating the effects of running footwear on gait has deduced foot motion from upper and sole movement of footwear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a technique that allows for direct assessment of the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) in running. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the effect of increased bending stiffness of footwear on the MLA during running. Using a unique marker set, a multi-segment foot model was created to analyze dorsiflexion of the first metatarsal, navicular displacement, rearfoot motion, and tibial rotation. Virtual markers were created based on the movement of these foot segments. Two different pairs of running shoes (flexible, stiff) were evaluated. 13 participants ran barefoot, and in both shoe conditions. The mean difference between actual and virtual markers created was 0.69 mm. Independent t-tests determined first metatarsal dorsiflexion was restricted in the stiff condition compared to the flexible (p < 0.05) with an effect size of The study provides a useful method of assessing foot motion while wearing footwear, and indicates that stiffer shoes restrict foot motion.!

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31 @_ #$%&,! Table 1. Means (Standard Deviations) of 13 participant characteristics. D#,,!JK<L! C&&K%G!D6%&#<&!!!#$%&!#$'% (#%&)#)*'% ++%&*#)'% $#*%&+$#$'% Table 2. Characteristics of the footwear utilized in the study.! 8&#/(''+! -&6<-+! J>>L!?'/&(''+! -&6<-+! J>>L! 8&#/(''+! 6>.#5+! J<L!?'/&(''+! 6>.#5+! J<L!?'/&(''+! (%&O6$6%6+G! JP>Q3&</&&L! N-'&! D#*4(#5+4/&/! D'3&%! (%,-.%/01023-% % +$#)% (8#9% ($#*)% +)#:)% )#$% +%,-.%/01023-% ;<6==% +$#:)% (!#(% ((#:)% +8#9)% )#8*% Table 3. Means (Standard Deviations) of lower limb kinematics during running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enotes a significant difference between shod conditions.

32 @S?6<4/&,! 35 Plantar Fascia Angle (degrees) % Stance Figure 1. Ensemble curve of the calcaneal-phalangeal angle during stance for barefoot (blue), flexible (green), and stiff (red) conditions Rearfoot Angle (degrees) % Stance Figure 2. Ensemble curves of the rearfoot angle during stance for barefoot (blue), flexible (green), and stiff (red) conditions.

33 \A Navicular Displacement (mm) % Stance Figure 3. Ensemble curves of the average navicular displacement for the barefoot (blue), flexible (green), and stiff (red) conditions. Navicular Displacement (mm) actual markers virtual markers % Stance Figure 4. Ensemble curve of the navicular displacement during the barefoot condition.