Army Lists. Sumer and Akkad. Contents

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2 Army Lists Sumer and Akkad Contents Early Sumerian 3000 B.C. to 2801 B.C. Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian 3000 B.C. to 1550 B.C. Early Nomad 3000 B.C. to 1001 B.C. Highland Raiders 3000 B.C. to 1001 B.C. Early Libyan 3000 B.C. to 651 B.C. Sumerian 2800 B.C. to 2501 B.C. Elamite 2800 B.C. to 1100 B.C. Indus Valley Civilisation 2600 B.C. to 1700 B.C. Later Sumerian 2500 B.C. to 2250 B.C. Nubian 2500 B.C. to 1480 B.C. Akkadian Empire 2334 B.C. to 2193 B.C. Third Dynasty of Ur 2112 B.C. to 2004 B.C. IsinLarsa 2028 B.C. to 1762 B.C. Later Amorite 1894 B.C. to 1595 B.C. Dynasty of Sealand 1732 B.C. to 1460 B.C. Erlitou Chinese 1700 B.C. to 1301 B.C. Chinese Northern Barbarians 1700 B.C. to 500 B.C. Version 1.02:14 th July 2017

3 Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists Use the army lists to create your own customised armies using the Mortem et Gloriam Army Builder. There are few general rules to follow: 1. An army must have at least 2 generals and can have no more than You must take at least the minimum of any troops noted, and may not go beyond the maximum of any. 3. No army may have more than two generals who are Talented or better. 4. Any UGs can be downgraded by one quality grade and/or by one shooting skill representing less strong, tired or understrength troops. If any bases are downgraded all in the TuG must be downgraded. So Experienced skirmishers can always be downgraded to Poor Unskilled. Where allies are allowed they must conform to the following rules: 1. They must be a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 4 UGs. 2. They must take UGs sufficient to get them to at least 50% of the minimums in the list being used. 3. They can thereafter take any troops up to the maximum to create the rest of the allied contingent. 4. Usually this results in 13 UGs being compulsory and you having full flexibility on the rest. Historical Introduction Before 3000 B.C. man had learnt to write and along the fertile crescent, the valleys of the Tigris, Euphrates and Nile rivers, agricultural surpluses led to the development of the first civilisations. Bronze, an ally of copper and tin/arsenic results in stronger and sharper weapons. The Sumerian civilisation arose between the lower Tigris and Euphrates and dominated until the conquests of Sargon of Akkad in the 24 th century B.C. The Akkadians were a semitic tribe from Mesopotamia. Sargon seized power in the Sumerian citystate of Kish and then won the primacy of Sumer from Lugalzagesi of Uruk. He subsequently led expeditions against the Mari, and into Syria, Lebanon and Turkey. His grandon, NaramSin, added Susa, a capital of the Elamites to an empire that stretched from the Mediterranean to the Persian gulf. During the period the Sumerians are trading with the Indus Valley Civilisation, known to the Sumerians as the Meluhha..

4 Shortly after 2200 B.C., the Guti, barbarians from the Zagros mountains, overran Akkad and put an end to the Akkadian Empire. In the south, Sumerian kings were able to restore order. A king of the Sumerian city of Uruk expelled the Guti. The Third Dynasty of Ur then created an empire almost as extensive as that of the Akkadians. This was ended by an Elamite army that sacked Ur. Nomadic Amorites sieze power and for the next twoanda half centuries a pattern of competing citystates is established. Two new cities emerge during this period who were to become significant in later history. The first is Babylon, the second is Assur. Towards the end of the 18 th century B.C. Hammurabi of Babylon brings all Mesopotamia under his influence. A Sumerian dynasty, the dynasty of Sealand, resists. It is based in the marshland to the south of Sumer. Forty years after the death of Hammurabi, Assur regains its independence and the Old Kingdom of Assyria is established. The Kassites, another mountain tribe of the Zagros, move into central Mesopotamia. Around 1595 B.C., Mursilis I, king of the newly created Hittite monarchy, marches from central Anatolia over the Taurus mountains, takes Aleppo and marches down the Euphrates and captures Babylon. It is the high point of the Hittite Old Kingdom. At this point Mesopotamia is split fourways, Hurrians in the northwest, Assyrians in the northeast, Kassites ruling Babylonia and the Dynasty of Sealand in the south. In the Nile Valley, the Egyptian civilisation had developed at the same time. Threatened in the south by Nubia and in the west by the Libyan tribes, Egypt developed a strong centralised monarchy under the Pharoahs. The Old Kingdom (2686 B.C. to 2181 B.C.) was when the pyramids were created. This was followed by a chaotic period known as the First Intermediate Period (2181 B.C. to 2055 B.C.). During this time rival states emerged in the North and South of Egypt. These two kingdoms would eventually come into conflict, with the Theban kings conquering the north, resulting in reunification of Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the eleventh dynasty. Then followed the Middle Kingdom (2055 B.C. to 1650 B.C.) until Egypt fell to the Hyksos. The Hyksos were Amorites who invaded Egypt from Syria and Canaan. This period is known as the Second Intermediate Period Chinese history remains almost entirely disconnected from the Middle East. The earliest dynasty is the semimythical Xia. They are replaced by the Shang Dynasty. The Shang were the first truly historical Chinese dynasty. China, as was common throughout its history, was threatened from the north. Various tribes raided from the mountains to the north of China. A note on chronology The first completely reliable date in history is 763 BC. In the tenth year of Ashur Dan III a solar eclipse was observed and recorded. Modern astronomers can calculate this date to 763. For events after this date, the evidence from Assyria and Babylon can be crossreferenced with Greek historians to provide precise dating. Before this event, it is not possible to date events precisely.

5 These lists use the traditional chronology. An alternative chronology of the ancient Near East developed by English Egyptologist David Rohl and other researchers. It is best known from the book A Test of Time published in Problems with the chronology in the Egyptian Third Intermediate Period led to the proposal to bring forward conventional dating of earlier periods by up to 350 years. The new chronology is not widely accepted in academic circles. It introduces as many problems as it solves. It does highlight that the traditional chronology contains issues, particularly during the Third Intermediate Period. It is also likely that the Dark Ages period between 1100 BC and 800 BC may be shorter than the traditional chronology might suggest.

6 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 3000 B.C. to 2801 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Household archers Militia archers Skirmishing archers Skirmishing javelinmen Skirmishing slingers Allies Bedouin allies Early Nomad (Any Instinctive) Zagros allies Early Highland Raiders (Any Instinctive) Elamite allies Elamite Early (Any Instinctive) Notes A command may have only 1 UG of Household archers. Historical Notes Poor Poor Poor Skilled 0 6 Bow 18 Experienced 30 6,8 Bow 120 Bow 36 Experienced 12 6,9 Javelin 36 Experienced 12 6,9 Sling 36 The first records origninate from Sumeria where we know that the land was divided into a couple of dozen citystates whose priestkings contended for an overall supremacy. Troop Notes Early Sumerian Archaic protocuneiform texts of the late 4th millennium seem to list large bodies of archers under military officers, possibly the first regular army. Version 1: 28th May 2017

7 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 3000 B.C. to 1550 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Guard infantry Close fighters Archers Conscript spearmen Javelinmen Nubian archers Tribal auxilaries Skirmishing archers Slingers Historical Notes Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian Drilled Loose Drilled Loose Drilled Loose Drilled Loose Superior Poor Protected Protected Protected Protected 0 6,8 Short Spear ,8 Short Spear 54 Experienced 12 6,8 Bow ,8,9 Short Spear 36 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelin 12 Skilled 0 6,8 Bow 12 Javelin 24 Bow 12 Sling 12 This list covers the armies of Egypt from the predynastic period through to the 17th Dynasty but excluding the 15th and 16th dyansties which are covered by the Hyksos list. The Old Kingdom is usually taken as the period from 2686 to 2181 B.C. covering the 3rd to 6th dynasties. Towards the end of this period the regional governors increased their power and the kingdom was afflicted with droughts. This led to the First Intermediate Period of relative anarchy and cultural decline. In around 2050 B.C. Mentuhotep ushered in the Middle Kingdom. During this period Egypt advanced southwards into Nubia and eastwards into Palestine and Lebanon. At the end of the 12th Dynasty, around 1802 B.C., the country once again became divided. In around 1650 B.C. the Hyksos seized Lower Egypt which they held until 1535 B.C. A native dynasty retained control of Upper Egypt in the south. Ahmose I completed the reconquest of Lower Egypt which ushered in the New Kingdom. Version 1: 28th May 2017

8 Troop Notes Old or Middle Kingdom Egyptian With the rich Nile vally, Egypt could draw on a large manpower for her armies. Hereditary archers and menfat "shock troops" were supported by conscripts. The centre of the battle line would consist of massed close fighters in columns supported by separate massed archer formations. Lighter troops such as javelinmen or tribal auxiliaries would form up on the flanks of the array. Version 1: 28th May 2017

9 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 3000 B.C. to 1001 B.C. SubGenerals 12 Any Instinctive Terrain Desert Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Best Warriors Warriors Archers Skirmishing archers Skirmishing javelinmen Skirmishing slingers Notes A command may have only 1 UG of best warriors. Historical Notes Superior Protected Protected Unskilled 0 6 Short Spear Javelin 18 Unskilled 30 6,8,9 Short Spear Javelin 150 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Bow 18 Bow 36 Javelin 36 Sling 18 This list covers all neareastern desert or dry steppe nomads and seminomads prior to the widespread introduction of the camel in warfare. It includes the Aamu and the precamel Amurru (also known as MarTu or Amorites). Troop Notes Early Nomad The usual method of fighting on foot, appears to have been to shoot a few missiles then charge with hand weapons. Version 1: 28th May 2017

10 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 3000 B.C. to 1001 B.C. SubGenerals 12 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Chariots (only Hurrians from 1800 B.C.) Chieftains and their retinues Warriors Javelinmen Skirmishing archers Skirmishing javelinmen Skirmishing slingers Notes LIGHT CHARIOTS ima marked * only apply if any such troops are used. Hurrians may not use warriors. A command may have only 1 UG of best warriors. Highland Raiders Superior Superior Experienced 0 4,6 Bow 8 Devastating 0 6 Chargers 18 Devastating 18* 6,8,9 Chargers 128 Unskilled 18* 6,8,9 Short Spear Javelin 128 Bow 36 Javelin 36 Sling 18

11 Historical Notes Highland Raiders This list covers early upland peoples from the Zagros mountains, including Guti, Lullubi,early Kassites and Hurrians. The Guti were a prominent nomadic tribe who lived in the Zagros mountains in the time of the Akkadian Empire. Lullubum appears in historical times as one of the lands Sargon the Great subjugated within his Akkadian Empire, along with the neighboring province of Gutium. After the Akkadian Empire fell to the Gutians, the Lullubians rebelled against the Gutian king Erridupizir. In the second millennium BC, the term "Lullubi" or "Lullu" seems to have become a generic Babylonian and Assyrian term for "highlander", while the original region of Lullubi was also known as Zamua. However, the "land of Lullubi" makes a reappearance in the late 12th century BC, when both Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon and TiglathPileser I of Assyria claim to have subdued it. The Kassites first appeared in the annals of history in the 18th century BC when they attacked Babylonia in the 9th year of the reign of Samsuiluna, the son of Hammurabi. The first known Hurrian kingdom emerged around the city of Urkesh (modern Tell Mozan) during the third millennium BC. In the late 19th and 18th centuries B.C. they migrated west and came into conflict with the early Hittite kings. By the 13th century BC all of the Hurrian states had been vanquished by other peoples. Troop Notes Gutian and Lullubi warriors are shown without shields.

12 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 3000 B.C. to 651 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Plains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Early Libyan Chariots (only after 1500 LIGHT CHARIOTS Experienced 0 4,6 Superior B.C.) Bow 8 Experienced 0 6 Chieftains and their retinues Superior Javelin 18 Experienced 12 6,8,9 Javelinmen Javelin 72 Only after 1200 B.C. Upgrade Chieftains and their Devastating 6 Superior retinues with swords Chargers Any Upgrade javelinmen with Devastating 0 6,8,9 swords Chargers Up to half Experienced 12 6,8 Archers Bow 72 Skirmishing archers Bow 60 Skirmishing javelinmen Javelin 60 Allies Sea Peoples allies From 1208 B.C. to 1176 B.C. (Any Instinctive) Notes A command may have only 1 UG of chieftains and their retinues.

13 Historical Notes Early Libyan This list covers all independent Libyan armies based beyond the western borders of Egypt until the introduction of fourhorse chariots. A period of increased desertification started around 3900 B.C. and intensified again around 2200 B.C. The Libyans were a constant threat to the Egyptians of the Nile valley until eventually a Lybian dynasty ruled Egypt. Troop Notes Libyan troops of this period are shown without shields. Initially equipped only with a javelins, throwing sticks and a few bows, they later became better equipped with increased bow use, some chariots from Egypt and then swords.

14 Army Commander 1 Any Dates 2800 B.C. to 2501 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or 4wheeled battle cars Guardsmen Retained archers Retained spearmen Militia spearmen Javelinmen Levied Foot Skirmishing archers Skirmishing slingers Skirmishing javelinmen Notes Historical Notes BATTLE CHARIOTS Formed Close Tribal Close Sumerian Guardsmen must be included in the command of the CinC. Internal allies represent allied city states. Superior Poor Poor Poor Poor Protected Protected 0 4, Expert 6 Skilled 0 6,8 Bow ,8,9 Long Spear Shove ,8,9 Long Spear 90 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelin ,9,10 Short Spear 24 Bow 24 Sling 24 Javelin 24 This list covers Sumerian armies from the introduction of the 4wheeled battle car and the adoption of spearmen until the introduction of body shields and shieldbearers. Intercity warfare was endemic.

15 Troop Notes Sumerian By 2800 BC, the bulk of a Sumerian army was close order foot with long spears held in both hands. These initially lacked shields, relying instead on a leather or thick felt cape, studded with copper discs. Guardsmen were equipped with heavy axes. Fourwheeled battle cars were drawn by four expensive onagerdonkey cross equids.

16 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 2800 B.C. to 1100 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified; Poor or Best Archers Archers Javelinmen Skirmishing archers Skirmishing javelinmen Slingers From 2500 B.C. to 1801 B.C. Skilled 0 6 Bow 18 Experienced 16 6,8 Bow 80 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelin 12 Bow 36 Javelin 24 Experienced 6 6,9 Sling ,8 Retained spearmen Long Spear Shove Formed Close 8 0 6,8 Militia spearmen Long Spear Tribal Close 8 From 2500 B.C. to 2193 B.C. 4wheeled battle cars BATTLE CHARIOTS From 2334 B.C. to 1800 B.C. Protochariots (replacing LIGHT CHARIOTS battle cars) 0 4,6 Protected 8 Elamite Experienced 0 4,6 Short Spear Javelin 8

17 A command may have only 1 UG of best archers. Only one ally may be chosen. Elamite From 1800 B.C. LIGHT CHARIOTS Experienced 0 4,6 Chariots Bow 8 From 1450 B.C. LIGHT CHARIOTS Experienced 4 4,6 Chariots Superior Bow 8 Allies Zagros highlander allies Highland raiders (Any Instinctive) Amorite allies Early nomad Only from 2200 B.C. to 1900 B.C. (Any Instinctive) Sumerian city state allies Akkadian empire Only from 2000 B.C. to 1750 B.C. (Any Instinctive) Notes Historical Notes This list covers the armies of Elam. It also covers eastern highland kingdoms such as Markhashi, Awan and Aratta and the seminomadic cultures of transelamite Bactria and Margiana from 2500 B.C. to 1800 B.C. Elam was a threat to its western neighbours when strong and a tempting target for conquest when weak. Troop Notes Elamite armies were noted for their archers.

18 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 2600 B.C. to 1700 B.C. SubGenerals 01 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 12 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or Guardsmen Spearmen Archers Followers s Slingers Notes Formed Close Tribal Close Tribal Close A command may have only 1 UG of Guardsmen. Historical Notes Superior Poor Protected 0 6 Short Spear Expert ,8,9 Short Spear 48 Experienced 16 6,8 Bow ,9,10 20 Bow 12 Experienced 18 6,9 Sling 54 The Indus Valley or Harappan Civilisation flourished between 2600 B.C. and 1700 B.C. They formed large urban centres and traded extensively (seals from Harappa have been found in Ur). It is believed that these are the people referred to as Meluhha in Sumerian texts. Troop Notes Indus Valley Civilisation Archaeology has recoved slingshot, arrow and spearheads. Guardsmen are noted on trading ships. There is no evidence for war elephants or chariots. Version 1: 28th May 2017

19 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 2500 B.C. to 2250 B.C. SubGenerals 01 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Camp Unfortified or Flexible; Poor or 4wheeled battle cars Only from 2334 B.C. Protochariots replacing battle cars Guardsmen with heavy axe Retained archers Retained spearmen Militia spearmen Javelinmen Skirmishing archers Skirmishing slingers Skirmishing javelinmen BATTLE CHARIOTS LIGHT CHARIOTS Formed Close Tribal Close Later Sumerian 0 4,6 Protected 8 Experienced 0 4 Short Spear Javelin 4 Superior Poor Poor Poor Protected 0 6 Expert 6 Skilled 0 6,8 Bow 12 Shove, Shield 0 6,8,9 Long Spear Cover 24 Shove, Shield 16 6,8,9 Long Spear Cover 72 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelin 24 Bow 24 Sling 24 Javelin 24

20 Later Sumerian Allies Bedouin Early Nomad (Any Instinctive) Elamite allies (Any Instinctive) Highland Raider allies (Any Instinctive) Meluhhan allies Indus Valley Civilisation only in 2250 B.C. (Any Instinctive) Historical Notes This list covers Sumerian armies following the introduction of body shields until the completion of the conquest of Sumer by the Akkadian Empire. It also covers states such as Mari and Ebla that had adopted Sumerian culture until they were overrun by the Amurru. It also includes the Great Revolt of c B.C. Troop Notes Heavy felt capes were replaced with full body shields carried by a shieldbearer armed with an axe. They protected the unshielded spearmen who used their spears twohanded.

21 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 2500 B.C. to 1480 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Archers Best archers Warriors with axe Warriors with javelins Skirmishing archers Skirmishing javelinmen Allies Egyptian allies only in 2310 B.C. (Any) Notes Protected Protected Experienced 30 6,8 Bow 120 Skilled 0 6 Bow ,8,9 Expert 18 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelin 18 Bow 72 Javelin 36 Nubia was the region of the nile vally south of the first cataract. It served as a trade corridor between Egypt and tropical Africa. During this period, Nubia is divided into three categories: Agroup culture (to 2800 B.C.); Cgroup culture ( B.C.) and the Kingdom of Kerma ( B.C.). Troop Notes Nubia was noted for its archers. A command may have only 1 UG of best archers Historical Notes Nubian Version 1: 28th May 2017

22 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 2334 B.C. to 2193 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or 4wheeled battle cars BATTLE CHARIOTS Protochariots LIGHT CHARIOTS Guardsmen with heavy axe Retained archers Retained spearmen Formed Close Militia spearmen Tribal Close Javelinmen Skirmishing archers Skirmishing slingers Skirmishing javelinmen Allies Sumerian subject allies Sumerian (Any Instinctive) Elamite allies Elamite Early (Any Instinctive) Syrian subject allies To be added (Any Instinctive) Akkadian Empire Superior Poor Poor Poor Protected Protected 0 4,6 4 Experienced 0 4,6 Short Spear Javelin Expert 6 Skilled 0 6,8 Bow 12 Shove, Shield 0 6,8,9 Long Spear Cover 24 Shove, Shield 16 6,8,9 Long Spear Cover 72 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelin 24 Bow 24 Sling 24 Javelin 24

23 Historical Notes Troop Notes This period saw the increasing use of battle cars and the introduction of the first chariots. Akkadian Empire The Akkadian Empire was centered in the city of Akkad and was the first to unite Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule. It controlled all of Mespoptamia. It was founded by Sargon of Akkad c and lasted for 180 years. Akkadian armies campaigned far beyond Mesopotamia into Syria, Cyprus and the Mediterranean, Anatolia, highland Iran, and down the Gulf to Oman. It was eventually overrun by the Guti and Lullubi.

24 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 2112 B.C. to 2004 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive only before 2028 B.C. Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 13 Any Instinctive only from 2028 B.C. Camp Unfortified; Poor or Protochariots Guardsmen with heavy axe Retained archers Retained spearmen Militia spearmen Only from 2028 B.C. Replace militia spearmen with lighter shields LIGHT CHARIOTS Formed Close Tribal Close Tribal Flexible Third Dynasty of Ur Superior Protected Experienced 0 4,6 Short Spear Javelin Expert 6 Skilled 0 6,8 Bow 12 Shove, Shield 0 6,8,9 Long Spear Cover 24 Shove, Shield 16 6,8,9 Long Spear Cover 72 6,8,9 Protected Long Spear Any Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelinmen Javelin 24 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Amorites Protected Javelin 24 Skirmishing archers Poor Bow 24 Skirmishing slingers Poor Sling 24 Skirmishing javelinmen Poor Combat Shy Javelin 24

25 Allies Amurru bedouin allies Early Nomad only from 2028 B.C. (Any Instinctive) Historical Notes Third Dynasty of Ur After the anarchcy following the collapse of the Akkadian Empire there followed a "Sumerian Renaissance". Armies of the Third Dynasty of Ur drove out the Guit and Lullubi and achieved stability. It rose to prominence c B.C. and fell to an Elamite invasion in c B.C. Troop Notes The large rectangular shields of former times were replaced towards the end of the dynasty by lighter and more manageable Amorite shields.

26 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 2028 B.C. to 1762 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Protochariots Retained archers Elamite mercenary archers Mercenary archers Retained spearmen Militia spearmen Replace militia spearmen with lighter shields Javelinmen Highlander or Turruju mercenary warriors LIGHT CHARIOTS Formed Close Tribal Close Tribal Flexible IsinLarsa Protected Experienced 0 4,6 Short Spear Javelin 8 Skilled 0 6,8 Bow 8 Skilled 0 6,8 Bow 8 Experienced 0 6,8 Bow 16 Shove, Shield 0 6,8,9 Long Spear Cover 24 Shove, Shield 16 6,8,9 Long Spear Cover 72 6,8,9 Long Spear Any Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelin 24 Devastating 0 6,8,9 Chargers 9 Only Isin Amorites Protected Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelin 18

27 IsinLarsa Skirmishing archers Poor Combat Shy Bow 24 Skirmishing slingers Poor Sling 24 Skirmishing javelinmen Poor Javelin 24 Allies Elamite allies only Eshnunna (Any Instinctive) Old Assyrian allies Later Amorite only Eshnunna (Any Instinctive) Amurru allies Early Nomad only Larsa (Any Instinctive) Notes An army must either be the Isin, Larsa or Eshnunna state. Historical Notes This list covers the southern Mesopotamian successor kingdoms of the IsinLarsa period following the collapse of the Third Dynasty of Ur, including Hurrian influenced Eshnunna 2028 BC 1762 BC, Larsa 2025 BC 1762 BC, and the First Dynasty of Isin 2017 BC 1787 BC. Troop Notes All these kingdoms appear to have preserved a more substantial element of "Sumerian" military tradition for a longer period than other Mesopotamian states. Eshnunna was under Elamite and Hurrian influence.

28 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1894 B.C. to 1595 B.C. SubGenerals 02 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals 02 Any Instinctive Camp Fortified or Mobile; Poor or LIGHT CHARIOTS Experienced 0 4,6 Chariots Superior Short Spear Bow 8 Unskilled 16 6,8,9 Retinue Protected Expert Javelin 48 Skilled 0 6,8 Retainue archers Bow 8 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Sabum qallaturn Javelin ,9,10 Levied reserves Poor Tribal Close 20 Skirmishing archers Poor Bow 24 Skirmishing slingers Poor Sling 24 Skirmishing javelinmen Poor Javelin 24 Historical Notes This list covers the armies of the mature, urbanised Amorite dynasties of Syria and Mesopotamia that developed out of the invading Amurru/Early Amorite hordes before the conquests of the Hittite king Mursilis I opened the way for Hurrian control. They include Yamhad, Karkemish, Qatanum (Qatna), Ebla, and especially the northern kingdom (or socalled Old Assyrian Empire) of ShamshiAdad and his successors, 1813 BC 1755 BC, the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1894 BC 1595 BC (particularly during the reign of Hammurabi, 1792 BC 1750 BC), Mari until destroyed in 1759 BC and Aleppo until destroyed in 1600 BC. Troop Notes Later Amorite The new Amorite states basically combined Amorite tactics and equipment with SumeroAkkadian wealth, culture and technology. The outstanding change from previous civilised armies was the abandonment of standing in close ranks poking at the enemy with long spears. Levies from the powerful seminomadic Amorite tribes, in the north and west, such as the Hanu confederation with its Sim'alu ("northerner") and Yaminu ("southerner") branches, or the Sutu, were an important element of armies.

29 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1732 B.C. to 1460 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Coastal Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Dynasty of Sealand Troop Notes There is little evidence for the armies of this dynasty except for the fact they were a constant threat to the kings of Babylon. LIGHT CHARIOTS Experienced 0 4,6 Protochariots Short Spear Javelin 4 Skilled 0 6,8 Retained archers Bow 8 Skilled 0 6,8 Elamite mercenary archers Bow 8 Experienced 0 6,8 Mercenary archers Bow ,8,9 Spearmen Protected Long Spear Tribal Flexible 96 Experienced 0 6,8,9 Javelinmen Javelin 24 Skirmishing archers Bow 24 Skirmishing slingers Sling 24 Skirmishing javelinmen Javelin 24 Historical Notes This list covers the "2nd Dynasty of Babylon" (although it was independent of Amoriteruled Babylon) that was named for the province in the far south of Mesopotamia. The kings bore pseudosumerian names. There is circumstantial evidence that they briefly ruled Babylon itself.

30 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1700 B.C. to 1301 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Standard Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Erlitou Chinese Experienced 6 6 Nobles and their retinue Superior Protected Expert Bow 18 Tsu troops comprising 6 6,9 1/3 Warriors with daggeraxe Protected Expert 24 Experienced 12 2/3 Archers Combat Shy Bow 48 Lu troops comprising 0 6,9 1/3 Warriors with daggeraxe Poor Protected 12 Experienced 0 2/3 Archers Poor Combat Shy Bow ,8,9 Levies with daggeraxe Poor Protected ,9,10 Levies and armed slaves Poor Tribal Close 20 Allies Jung or I allies Chinese Northern Barbarians (Any Instinctive) Notes Only one TUG of nobles is allowed in a command Historical Notes This list covers the semimythical Xia Dynasty and the early part of the Shang Dynasty before the adoption of the chariot. Version 1: 28th May 2017

31 Troop Notes Erlitou Chinese The army appears to have consisted of tsu and lu troops. Tsu were military units consisting of nobles and their followers. They were raised for specific campaigns. Lu were levies who formed a standing army. Archery was the prestige arm. The Shang daggeraxe (ge) had a daggerlike blade on a onemetre shaft. Version 1: 28th May 2017

32 Army Commander 1 Any Instinctive Dates 1700 B.C. to 500 B.C. SubGenerals 13 Any Instinctive Terrain Mountains Internal Allied Generals Camp Unfortified; Poor or Chinese Northern Barbarians Chariots (only from 1300 LIGHT CHARIOTS Experienced 0 4 Protected Short Spear B.C.) Javelin 4 Devastating 0 6 Best warriors Protected Chargers, Expert 24 Warriors Devastating 36 6,8,9 Protected Chargers 144 Replace warriors with Experienced 0 6,8 archers Bow Up to half Levies, families, slaves or illequipped warriors Tribal Close ,9,10 Poor s Bow 18 Skirmishing slingers Sling 18 Historical Notes This list includes the various tribal peoples of north China, referred to by the Chinese as Xirong, Dongyi and other names. Troop Notes The Chinese tribes mostly, if not all, fought as infantry. There is a little evidence for chariots in a Western Chou inscription and Mongolian rock carvings. The infantry were equipped with a small shield and either a weak sword, short spear or javelin.