An Alternative Explanation for Leopold s Kaibab Deer Herd Irruption of the 1920 s
|
|
- Laurence Nicholson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 An Alternative Explanation for Leopold s Kaibab Deer Herd Irruption of the 1920 s
2 The Kaibab Plateau: Mountain lying down /Buckskin Mountain The Kaibab is a natural laboratory with specific geographic boundaries It is a block plateau 45 miles wide x 60 miles north to south To the South is GCNP To the West is Kanab Canyon To the East is desert and cliffs To the North is open sagebrush flats to the canyons of Utah
3 Paiute Indians lived here for countless generations depending on deer for hides used as trade goods. It can be postulated that some sort of dynamic equilibrium existed between the various animals and plants and the Native peoples who moved through them as huntergatherers. Unprecedented change came to the Kaibab with settlers who began to run herds of cattle and sheep beginning in the late 1880 s. No controls meant overgrazing and extensive damage and change to vegetation. The story begins:
4 A Reserve is Established Pres. Benjamin Harrison established Grand Canyon Forest Reserve, North in Theodore Roosevelt set aside these lands for protection of game animals in Paiute hunting was ended. In 1908, the area was renamed the Kaibab National Forest In 1919, Grand Canyon National Park was created from 320,000 acres of the KNF.
5 Along with cattle came the perceived need to control predators. Predators present: Coyotes, Bobcats, Wolves, Mountain Lions Predator hunting was done by stockmen until a concerted government program to eliminate all predators began in Estimated predator kills : Coyotes 3,000 Bobcats 120 Wolves 11 Mountain Lions 674 (Russo 1964) Livestock and Predators
6 Livestock Records Earliest recorded use dates to 1885: 2,000 cattle : 20,000 cattle 200,000 sheep in the surrounding desert country and on the Kaibab Mountain (Mann and Locke 1931) Records not available. 1906: 9,000 cattle 20,000 sheep 1916: 15,000 cattle 5,000 sheep Controls on livestock before 1934 were token gestures.
7 The Deer Problem Emerges Deer may never have been numerous. Rasmussen (1941) estimates 4,000 in For unknown reasons, deer began to multiply in the early 1900 s. Range deterioration was noticed in By 1924, estimates of deer numbers ranged from 50, ,000. Mass starvation from was accompanied by severe range deterioration.
8 The Kaibab Deer Population
9 Leopold s Early Thoughts on Deer Population Dynamics He was in the vanguard of a new scientific awareness of interactions in natural systems. Deer populations were stable over time and could be easily managed by the manipulation of any limiting factor: food, water, cover, predation. Deer were influenced by their environment, but were not an influence upon it. Predators could only harm deer. Hunter demand was so high that there could never be too many deer. Flader 1974
10 Leopold Changes his Thinking In 1936 on a visit to the Chihuahua sierra in Mexico, he observed for the first time deer and predator coexisting in an environment without human manipulation (Flader 1974). Wolves, mountain lions and deer were existing in equilibrium. A pivotal experience. Deer are not isolated items of management but are part of an interdependent biotic community. The community has balance or natural health.
11 Leopold Changes his Thinking, cont. Deer were beginning to overpopulate many areas of the country at this time (Leopold et al. 1947). Predators were no longer the enemy but precision instruments of control (Flader 1974) and needed to be included in management plans. This change in thinking is passionately expressed in his essay Thinking like a mountain (1949). San Francisco Peaks
12 Leopold and the Kaibab Leopold, Aldo Deer irruptions. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 35: The Kaibab was a finely balanced natural system Deer were at the carrying capacity of the habitat. Predation kept them from overpopulation and habitat destruction. Removal of predators caused uncontrolled growth of the deer herd, an irruption. A great story is born.
13 Irruption, cont. No irruptions are recorded in North America or in Germany before predator removal. There are only two irruptions known from Canada. Disturbance of the system by human intervention, the removal of predators, paved the way for irruption. By his own admission, the evidence is circumstantial. It is an irresistible, easy to understand, intuitive explanation. The Kaibab deer herd became a textbook example of the balance of nature.
14 Problems with the Paradigm Challenges came first from an article by Graeme Caughley (1970) who characterized Leopold s use of 100,000 deer as arbitrary. Caughley stated that ungulate irruptions have usually been attributed to a change in food supply that allowed high rates of growth. Leopold was an exception to all other known cases. The Kaibab story quickly disappeared from ecology texts. Colinvaux (1973) called his story a fiction and an exercise in imaginations and artistry.
15 What Do We Know? Not much about deer, predator or livestock numbers before Horses, dairy cattle and unlawful livestock were common. Deer exceeded the carrying capacity of the Plateau and crashed in the late 1920 s. The Kaibab deer herd is a story about human perceptions of the natural world and of how nature responds to human intervention, timely concepts indeed.
16 An Alternate Explanation for the Irruption Livestock grazing, in particular overgrazing, caused a change in the composition and structure of the vegetation on the Kaibab that favored the deer herd and made irruption possible. The roles of predators, fire and logging were were contributing factors but probably minimal. Top of Nankoweap Trail
17 Components of the Kaibab Irruption 1. Forage 2. Predator 3. Deer
18 1. The Forage Complex Russo (1964): the only real change on the Plateau in the last 100 years that has any direct bearing on deer is vegetative and caused by livestock grazing. At low density, cattle and deer do not compete, but they do at higher densities. Deer do not compete with cattle for grass, but cattle compete with deer for forage. Livestock do compete with deer for space
19 Summer Range The Kaibab deer were most probably limited by summer range (Russo 1964, Mann 1941, Mackie et al. 1998). Tender green forage is needed for lactation and fawn growth. High elevation supports grassy parklands not frequented by deer until after cattle arrived. Livestock stripped native grasses. An invasion of forbs, annuals and shrubs followed. A weedy park in poor condition for cattle is better for deer than a grassy park in good condition for cattle (Kimball and Watkins 1951). Coleman Lake
20 Summer Range, cont. Grazing by one animal can increase species favorable to another. Increases can accumulate over time altering botanical composition and structure (Vallentine 2001). Effects are more pronounced when food preferences do not overlap. Sinclair (1979) wrote at length of how different ungulates on the Serengeti facilitated each others food supply by differential grazing. In general, across the West, heavy livestock pressure converted grasslands to shrub lands which favored increased deer productivity. This led to the widespread increases in deer populations of the 1920 s and 1930 s (Austin et al. 1986). Did cattle facilitate deer on the Kaibab? Little Springs
21 Felis concolor The dominant carnivore. 2. The Predator 4,000 deer might be able to support 50 predators. Hornocker (1970) reported a ratio of 1:114 and kills/predator/year. Can predation limit deer numbers in such a way as to regulate the population? Regulation: equilibrium that depends on density dependent factors that reduce reproductive rates. Do mountain lions have a direct numerical and functional response to increasing prey numbers?
22 The Predator, cont. Constraints Territoriality: enforced boundaries and social avoidance behavior (Hornocker 1969 and Seidensticker et al. 1973). Cougar density is probably determined by habitat quality (Logan et al. 1996). Vegetation structure and physiography of habitat: broken country for hiding and stalking and for caching prey. Nursery areas: security and water supply for raising kittens. Other constraints: Prey distribution Prey defenses and behavior Prey quality
23 The vegetation-topographic/predator numbers-prey vulnerability complex (Seidensticker et al. 1973). Inter- and intraspecific relationships of both predator and prey species, combined with the influences of climate, topography and the distribution of vegetation form dynamic interactions at many spatial scales. The Predator, cont.
24 The Predator, cont Other Considerations Livestock could have served as alternate prey to keep predator numbers high. Hunters may have exaggerated their prowess to impress employers. As cougars are killed populations become destabilized. Their territories become available allowing for influx of others producing a real or apparent increase (Katnik 2002). Predation is often compensatory. Long-term stochastic variations in the environment are more likely responsible for large scale population cycles in ungulates than is predation pressure (Wielgus 2003).
25 3. The Deer Mule deer populations have long term cycles possibly driven by weather phenomena (Marshall et al. 2002). Deer reproductive rates are related to changing nutritional conditions that vary over time independent of predation rates (Connolly 1978). Deer growth rates are not density dependent until excessive densities have been reached. (Ballard et al. 2001). Prey abundance above a certain threshold can swamp the predator (VanBallenbergh 1989, Mech 1970). Several researchers have stated that range conditions and food supply are the limiting factors for ungulates (Cowan 1950, Wallmo and Regelin 1981).
26 Effects of Predation The Deer, cont. It distributes deer across the landscape. Areas of unused forage were observed on the Kaibab during the irruption. Reduction of herd size might increase available nutrition and increase the birth rate through lower interspecific competition or some other behavioral response (Errington 1956). Predators may in some way favor their own food supply in the same way that management for hunting attempts to keep a population at maximum productivity.
27 The Deer, cont. Abundant prey makes the abundant predator possible. Natural selection processes resulting from predation may cause a prey to populate their habitat nearer to K yet below density induced stress levels (Howard 1965). It is hard to suppress deer in good habitat (Leopold, S. 1959).
28 The Kaibab story of Leopold centered around the predator. My thesis moved considerations of deer irruption onto the vegetation and deer dynamics. The predator is still important, but is seen in a different light. Among all other considerations, forage is still the center of concern because it is the basis of deer nutrition and productivity. I conclude that the Kaibab deer herd was most likely forage driven and not predator limited. Coming Full Circle
29 Modeling the Kaibab Deer Herd with Stella An excellent model of the Kaibab as a predator limited system is found in Ford (1999). This model was modified and expanded to limit the number of predators. Growth of new vegetation was made variable to allow simulation of changes from grazing that may have driven the irruption. A category of damaged biomass was added track destruction of habitat caused by the irruption. Kanab Canyon
The Lesson of the Kaibab
Morales Biology Name Date Period The Lesson of the Kaibab Introduction: The environment may be altered by forces within the biotic community, as well as by relationships between organisms and the physical
More informationCompetition. Competition. Competition. Competition. Competition. Competition. Competition. Long history in ecology
Two species use the same limited resource or harm one another while seeking a resource Resource Organisms use common resources that are in short supply Resource Interference Interference Organisms seeking
More informationGraphing population size daily Review Deer: Predation or Starvation
: Predation or Starvation Introduction: In 1970 the deer population of an island forest reserve about 518 square kilometers in size was about 2000 animals. Although the island had excellent vegetation
More informationBiology B / Sanderson!
Biology B / Sanderson NATURAL CONTROLS OF POPULATIONS Adapted from Kim Foglia I. Introduction: (Read this first) The size of populations in a community are regulated in many ways. Some of the controls
More informationRegents Biology LAB. NATURAL CONTROLS OF POPULATIONS
Period Date LAB. NATURAL CONTROLS OF POPULATIONS The size of populations in a community are regulated in many ways. Some of the controls acting on populations are: the amount of food and water available
More informationMule and Black-tailed Deer
Mule and Black-tailed Deer Mule and Black-tailed Deer: Because mule deer are closely tied to the history, development, and future of the West, this species has become one of the true barometers of environmental
More informationSTUDENT PACKET # 6 Student Exploration: Rabbit Population by Season
STUDENT PACKET # 6 Student Exploration: Rabbit Population by Season Name_ Date Big Idea 17: Interdependence Benchmark: SC.7.L.17.2: Compare and contrast the relationships among organisms such as mutualism,
More informationNATURAL CONTROLS OF POPULATIONS: 3 CASE STUDIES
NATURAL CNTRL F PPULATIN: 3 CA TUDI Population size in a community is regulated in many ways. ome of the controls acting on populations are: the amount of food and water available to feed the population
More informationScience Skills Station
Science Skills Station Objective 1. Interpret and analyze data so to determine the relationship between resource availability and carrying capacity of a population. 2. Identify biotic and abiotic factors
More informationA Review of Mule and Black-tailed Deer Population Dynamics
A Review of Mule and Black-tailed Deer Population Dynamics Tavis Forrester and Heiko Wittmer Wildlife, Fish & Conservation Biology University of California, Davis Background Role of predation in mule deer
More informationPredation: Lies, Myths, and Scientific Fraud
Predation: Lies, Myths, and Scientific Fraud by Charles E. Kay Ph.D. Wildlife Ecology 480 East 125 North Providence, UT 84332 435-753-0715 email: ckay@hass.usu.edu 2 In the ongoing debate about predation,
More informationEcological Pyramids Adapted from The Nevada Outdoor School, The Playa Ecological Pyramids Lesson Plan
Name: Block: Date: Ecological Pyramids Adapted from The Nevada Outdoor School, The Playa Ecological Pyramids Lesson Plan Background: Mountain Lion & Mule Deer Fact Page Source: Nevada Outdoor School, The
More informationChapter 20. Case #7 (Review Copy) Cycles in Predator and Prey Populations
Chapter. Case #7 (Review Copy) Cycles in Predator and Prey Populations The relationship between predators and their prey has always occupied a special place in the minds of ecologists. Indeed, there has
More informationEarly History, Prehistory
History of Management of Large Mammals in North America What experience and history teach us is this that nations and governments have never learned anything from history, or acted upon any of the lessons
More information2012 Kootenay-Boundary Mule Deer Management Plan: Outline and Background Information
2012 Kootenay-Boundary Mule Deer Management Plan: Outline and Background Information The Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations is currently developing a mule deer management plan for
More informationWhite-Tailed Deer Management FAQ
December 6 th, 217 Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development White-Tailed Deer Management FAQ What are current white-tailed deer management objectives in the Kootenay
More informationCHECKS AND BALANCES. OVERVIEW Students become managers of a herd of animals in a paper-pencil, discussionbased
CHECKS AND BALANCES 5 OVERVIEW Students become managers of a herd of animals in a paper-pencil, discussionbased activity. BACKGROUND White Tailed Deer White-tailed deer have always been a part of the forest
More informationLab: Predator-Prey Simulation
Lab: Predator-Prey Simulation A Simulation of Jackrabbit and Mountain Lion Interactions Name Biology Pd Background: During the 1920s, as the story goes, the people of the northern Arizona and southern
More informationDeer Population Student Guide
Deer Population Student Guide In many places, deer have become nuisance animals because they are so numerous. In some areas, a hunting season has been introduced or lengthened to reduce the number of deer.
More information22 Questions from WildEarth Guardians - September 19, 2016
22 Questions from WildEarth Guardians - September 19, 2016 Piceance Basin Study Area Questions: 1. What scientific basis does CPW have for the hypothesis that black bear predation is an important factor
More informationMichigan Predator-Prey Project Phase 1 Preliminary Results and Management Recommendations. Study Background
Michigan Predator-Prey Project Phase 1 Preliminary Results and Management Recommendations Study Background White-tailed deer are important ecologically, socially, and economically throughout their geographic
More informationEcology Quiz Which example shows a relationship between a living thing and a nonliving thing?
Ecology Quiz 1 Name: Date: 1. In a desert environment, cactus wrens often build their nests in cholla cacti to avoid predators. This behavior does not hurt the cacti. Which type of relationship do cactus
More informationPREDATOR CONTROL AND DEER MANAGEMENT: AN EAST TEXAS PERSPECTIVE
PREDATOR CONTROL AND DEER MANAGEMENT: AN EAST TEXAS PERSPECTIVE BEN H. KOERTH, Institute for White-tailed Deer Management and Research, Box 6109, Arthur Temple College of Forestry, Stephen F. Austin State
More informationJob Title: Game Management, Subsection B Game Management Mountain Lion. SPECIES: Mountain Lion
SPECIES: Goal: Manage the mountain lion population, its numbers and distribution, as an important part of Arizona s fauna and to provide mountain lion hunting recreation opportunity while maintaining existing
More informationDMU 361 Fremont Deer Management Unit Newaygo, Oceana, N. Muskegon Counties
DMU 361 Fremont Deer Management Unit Newaygo, Oceana, N. Muskegon Counties Area Description The Fremont Deer Management Unit (DMU 361) was established in 2013. It lies within the Southwest Region and covers
More informationWildlife Management. Wildlife Management. Geography 657
Wildlife Management Geography 657 Wildlife Management The planned use, protection and control of wildlife by the application of ecological principles. Wildlife: all animals on earth that have not been
More informationSummary of discussion
Tweedsmuir Caribou Modelling Project: Caribou Population Ecology Meeting Notes held March 5, 2008 Participants: Mark Williams, Debbie Cichowski, Don Morgan, Doug Steventon, Dave Daust Purpose: The purpose
More informationOREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE SUMMARY OF COUGAR POPULATION MODEL AND EFFECTS OF LETHAL CONTROL
OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE SUMMARY OF COUGAR POPULATION MODEL ODFW is authorized to reduce human-cougar conflict, livestock depredation, and benefit native ungulate populations through the
More informationPrior Knowledge: Students should have an understanding that plants and animals compete for resources such as food, space, water, air and shelter.
Science Lesson Plan Form Teacher: 4 th Grade Lesson: Predator/Prey SPI: 2.1 Science Goal: Recognize the impact of predation and competition on an ecosystem. What is the big idea of this standard? All life
More informationDMU 332 Huron, Sanilac and Tuscola Counties Deer Management Unit
DMU 332 Huron, Sanilac and Tuscola Counties Deer Management Unit Area Description The Greenleaf Deer Management Unit (DMU 332) lies in the Southeast Region of the Southern Lower Peninsula (SLP) and covers
More informationJob Title: Game Management, Subsection B Game Management Mountain Lion. SPECIES: Mountain Lion
SPECIES: Goal: Manage the mountain lion population, its numbers and distribution, as an important part of Arizona s fauna and to provide mountain lion hunting recreation opportunity while maintaining existing
More informationMOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR LION DAU L-1
MOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR LION DAU L-1 Game Management Units 1, 2, 201 Prepared for: Colorado Division of Wildlife Northwest Region By: Darby Finley Terrestrial Wildlife Biologist Meeker,
More informationP.O. Box 24 Joshua Tree, California July 16, 2015
P.O. Box 24 Joshua Tree, California 92254 www.mbconservation.org July 16, 2015 CA Fish and Game Commission Sonke Mastrup, Executive Director 1416 Ninth Street, Room 1320 Sacramento, CA 95814 Submitted
More informationMule Deer. Dennis D. Austin. Published by Utah State University Press. For additional information about this book
Mule Deer Dennis D. Austin Published by Utah State University Press Austin, D.. Mule Deer: A Handbook for Utah Hunters and Landowners. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2010. Project MUSE., https://muse.jhu.edu/.
More informationDMU 072 Roscommon County Deer Management Unit
DMU 072 Roscommon County Deer Management Unit Area Description Roscommon County Deer Management Unit is in the Northern Lower Peninsula Region (NLP). It has roughly 205,000 acres of public land which is
More informationJeffrey M. Ver Steeg Colorado Parks and Wildlife. December 14, 2016
Jeffrey M. Ver Steeg Colorado Parks and Wildlife December 14, 2016 If the proposals make sense, seem worth the financial investment and have the potential to inform future wildlife management If the two
More informationPredator Prey Lab Exercise L2
Predator Prey Lab Exercise L2 Name Date Objective: To compare predator and prey populations over time in a small ecosystem. Introduction: In 1970 the deer population of a small island forest preserve was
More informationPopulation Ecology Yellowstone Elk by C. John Graves
Population Ecology Yellowstone Elk by C. John Graves Group Names: Hour Date: Date Assignment is due: end of class Score: + - Day of Week Date Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) living in Yellowstone National
More informationMOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR LION DAU-L17
MOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR LION DAU-L17 GAME MANAGEMENT UNITS 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, & 147 Prepared for:
More informationTHE WOLF WATCHERS. Endangered gray wolves return to the American West
CHAPTER 7 POPULATION ECOLOGY THE WOLF WATCHERS Endangered gray wolves return to the American West THE WOLF WATCHERS Endangered gray wolves return to the American West Main concept Population size and makeup
More informationLiving World Review #2
Living World Review #2 1. Each of these organisms are found within Yellowstone National Park in the western United States. Use the following guidelines to create this food web and then answer questions
More informationManaging Wildlife Populations
Lesson C5 5 Managing Wildlife Populations Unit C. Animal Wildlife Management Problem Area 5. Game Animals Management Lesson 5. Managing Wildlife Populations New Mexico Content Standard: Pathway Strand:
More informationBackground Summary Kaibab Plateau: Source: Kormondy, E. J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p.96.
Assignment #1: Policy Analysis for the Kaibab Plateau Background Summary Kaibab Plateau: Source: Kormondy, E. J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p.96. Prior to 1907, the
More informationControlled Take (Special Status Game Mammal Chapter)
Controlled Take (Special Status Game Mammal Chapter) Background of issue: The current Plan contains standards including the use of controlled take as a management response tool to assist in some situations
More information"Oh! Deer! & Limiting Factors" adapted from Project Wild Mr. Mark Musselman Audubon at the Francis Beidler Forest
"Oh! Deer! & Limiting Factors" adapted from Project Wild Mr. Mark Musselman Audubon at the Francis Beidler Forest Overview: Student act out the parts of a deer herd looking for food, water, and shelter.
More informationDMU 046 Lenawee County Deer Management Unit
DMU 046 Lenawee County Deer Management Unit Area Description The Lenawee Deer Management Unit (DMU), or DMU 046, lies in the Southeastern Lower Peninsula (SLP) region and covers Lenawee County. The majority
More informationALTERNATIVE DEER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR GAME MANAGEMENT UNITS. 12A, 12B, 13A, 13B, 16A, 45A, 45B, 45C, and White-tailed Deer Units
ALTERNATIVE DEER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR GAME MANAGEMENT UNITS 12A, 12B, 13A, 13B, 16A, 45A, 45B, 45C, and White-tailed Deer Units Arizona Game and Fish Department April 4, 2006 Alternative Deer Management
More informationEcology and Environmental Impact of Javan Rusa Deer (Cervus timorensis russa) in the Royal National Park
Ecology and Environmental Impact of Javan Rusa Deer (Cervus timorensis russa) in the Royal National Park Andrew James Moriarty B. App. Sc. (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements
More informationManagement History of the Edwards Plateau
Management History of the Edwards Plateau Eco regions of Texas Edwards Plateau 24,000,000 acres About 15,000 years ago, the Edwards Plateau was much cooler and was more forested than today. Pollen counts
More informationMOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR LION DAU L-2
MOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR LION DAU L-2 Game Management Units 3, 301, 4, 5, 441, 14, 214 Prepared for: Colorado Division of Wildlife Northwest Region By: Darby Finley Terrestrial Wildlife
More informationCopyright 2018 by Jamie L. Sandberg
Copyright 2018 by Jamie L. Sandberg All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher,
More informationLife history Food Distribution Management... 98
BEAR: Table of Contents Overview Life history... 97 Food... 97 Distribution... 98 Management... 98 2010 Statistical Reports Controlled spring bear season harvest... 100 General season black bear harvest...
More informationMOUNTAIN LION DATA ANALYSIS UNIT L-9 MANAGEMENT PLAN
MOUNTAIN LION DATA ANALYSIS UNIT L-9 MANAGEMENT PLAN GAME MANAGEMENT UNITS 41, 411, 42, 421, 52, 521, 53, 63 Northwest and Southwest Regions Prepared for: Colorado Division of Wildlife By: Van Graham and
More informationManaging Wildlife Populations
Lesson C4 5 Managing Wildlife Populations Unit C. Animal Wildlife Management Problem Area 4. Game Birds Management Lesson 5. Managing Wildlife Populations New Mexico Content Standard: Pathway Strand: Natural
More informationStakeholder Activity
Stakeholder Activity Stakeholder Group: Wilderness Advocates For the stakeholder meeting, your group will represent Wilderness Advocates. Your job is to put yourself in the Wilderness Advocate s shoes
More informationDMU 047 Livingston County Deer Management Unit
DMU 047 Livingston County Deer Management Unit Area Description The Livingston Deer Management Unit (DMU) lies in the Southern Lower Peninsula (SLP) region and covers only Livingston County. Most public
More informationDMU 082 Wayne County Deer Management Unit
DMU 082 Wayne County Deer Management Unit Area Description The Wayne Deer Management Unit (DMU 082) lies in the Southeast Region and borders Lake Erie to the East and includes Celeron and Stony Islands
More informationOf Bounties and Bubbles: Why Academics and Advocates Fail to Influence Predator Management
Of Bounties and Bubbles: Why Academics and Advocates Fail to Influence Predator Management A Utah Case Study Utah Mule Deer Harvest Utah Mule Deer Harvest Hunters Utah Mule Deer Harvest Harvest Crisis!
More informationPredator Prey Lab Exercise L3
Predator Prey Lab Exercise L3 Name Date Objective: To compare predator and prey populations over time in a small ecosystem. Introduction: In 1970 the deer population of a small island forest preserve was
More informationWild Wapiti Wild Wapiti activities are directly tied to the third spread - pages 5 and 6 of Our Wetland Project.
Wild Wapiti Wild Wapiti activities are directly tied to the third spread - pages 5 and 6 of Our Wetland Project. Herbivores feed on plants. What adaptations do these animals have to enable them to thrive
More informationDMU 065 Ogemaw County Deer Management Unit
DMU 065 Ogemaw County Deer Management Unit Area Description Ogemaw County Deer Management Unit is in the Northern Lower Peninsula Region (NLP). It has roughly 99,000 acres of public land which is about
More informationJob Title: Game Management, Subsection B Game Management Mountain Lion. SPECIES: Mountain Lion
SPECIES: Goal: Manage the mountain lion population, its numbers and distribution, as an important part of Arizona s fauna and to provide mountain lion hunting recreation opportunity while maintaining existing
More informationOcean and Plume Science Management Uncertainties, Questions and Potential Actions (Work Group draft 11/27/13)
Ocean and Plume Science Management Uncertainties, Questions and Potential Actions (Work Group draft 11/27/13) (The work group thinks the following four questions should form a logic path, but that logic
More informationDMU 038 Jackson County
DMU 038 Jackson County Area Description The Jackson Deer Management Unit (DMU), or DMU 038, lies in the Southern Lower Peninsula (SLP) region and covers Jackson County. The DMU consists of five percent
More informationEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Feasibility Study on the Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to the Olympic Peninsula
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Feasibility Study on the Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to the Olympic Peninsula Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Western Washington Office Introduction Historical records indicate
More informationPaul Schullery. for beetles, flies, and many other small animals, the elk is a village waiting to happen.
The ecological diversity of the Greater Yellowstone contributes to its value, and its controversy. Yellowstone's northern range has been the focus of debate for more than 80 years. Complexity and the Northern
More information021 Deer Management Unit
021 Deer Management Unit Geographic Location: Deer Management Unit (DMU) 021 is 1,464 square miles in size and is located in the central Upper Peninsula (UP). This DMU is dominated by publicly owned land
More informationEEB 122b PRACTICE SECOND MIDTERM
EEB 122b PRACTICE SECOND MIDTERM Page 1 1. You are interested in conducting an experiment with two competing species of plants. Below are the zero-growth isoclines for the two species. C D a) Draw the
More informationSplitting seasons into multiple, shorter ones is preferable to long, crowded seasons.
COMMENTS FROM TOWN HALL MEETINGS ON HARVEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR NEVADA HUNTING SEASONS PUBLIC Reno 31 in attendance comments Avoid overlapping seasons with differing weapon types. For example, rifle
More informationFactors Influencing Cattle, Elk, and Mule Deer Distribution in Managed Forests
Factors Influencing Cattle, Elk, and Mule Deer Distribution in Managed Forests Marty Vavra SUMMARY Intensive research involving elk, mule deer, and cattle has been conducted on the Starkey Experimental
More informationMOUNTAIN CARIBOU INTERACTIONS WITH WOLVES AND MOOSE IN CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
MOUNTAIN CARIBOU INTERACTIONS WITH WOLVES AND MOOSE IN CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA Dale R. Seip British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, 1011 Fourth Ave., Prince George, B.C. V2L 3H9, Canada, e-mail:
More informationVeronica Yovovich, Ph.D. Wildlife Conflict Specialist and Science Program Director Mountain Lion Foundation
Veronica Yovovich, Ph.D. Wildlife Conflict Specialist and Science Program Director Mountain Lion Foundation This is the second workshop we ve had addressing livestock and carnivores. The first was in April
More informationDMU 008 Barry County Deer Management Unit
DMU 8 Barry County Deer Management Unit Area Description The Barry County Deer Management Unit (DMU) 8 is in the Southwest Region and was once part of the Bellevue deer management unit 38. Bellevue DMU
More informationOREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE SUMMARY OF COUGAR RESEARCH IN OREGON
OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE SUMMARY OF COUGAR RESEARCH IN OREGON Over the past decade, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and their cooperators have completed several studies
More informationDeer-Elk Ecology Research Project
Deer-Elk Ecology Research Project 2016 Summer Update Spring helicopter captures for the DEER Project wrapped up in late April this year. Given concerns about potentially missing migratory animals that
More informationOh Deer! Objectives. Background. Method. Materials
Oh Deer! Objectives Students will (1) identify and describe food, water, and shelter as three essential components of habitat; (2) describe factors that influence carrying capacity; (3) define limiting
More informationDMU 056 Midland County Deer Management Unit
DMU 056 Midland County Deer Management Unit Area Description The Midland County Deer Management Unit (DMU) 056 is in the Northern Lower Peninsula (NLP) Region. It has roughly 333, 440 acres and consists
More informationNew Mexico Supercomputing Challenge
Oryx Populations at White Sands Missile Range New Mexico Supercomputing Challenge Final Report April 2, 2008 Team 68 Melrose High School Team Members: Kyle Jacobs Richard Rush Randall Rush Teachers: Alan
More informationField Guide: Teacher Notes
Field Guide: Teacher Notes Bob Winters affect organisms Objectives After completing this activity, students will: Investigate the causes of decline in a population of an endangered plant or animal. Assess
More informationFrequently Asked Questions About Revised Critical Habitat and Economic Analysis for the Endangered Arroyo Toad
Q Frequently Asked Questions About Revised Critical Habitat and Economic Analysis for the Endangered Arroyo Toad Q. What is the arroyo toad? The arroyo toad (Bufo californicus) is a small, light greenish-grey
More informationCanon Envirothon Wildlife Curriculum Guidelines
Canon Envirothon Wildlife Curriculum Guidelines Please note: the resources in this document are web links and require an internet connection to access them. Key Point 1: Knowledge of Wild Birds, Mammals
More informationInteractions and Ecosystems Practice Quiz Topic 2 - Human Impacts on Ecosystems
Interactions and Ecosystems - Practice Quiz - Topic 2 Interactions and Ecosystems Practice Quiz Topic 2 - Human Impacts on Ecosystems 1. The Nootka, an Aboriginal tribe from the West Coast of Canada, utilized
More informationNative Species Restoration and its Impact on Local Populations
Native Species 1 Name Native Species Restoration and its Impact on Local Populations Background Information: In many parts of the country, native species have been driven out of their habitats by human
More informationESRM 350 Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
ESRM 350 Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Autumn 2016 Let's start indoors. Let's start by imagining a fine Persian carpet and a hunting knife. The carpet is twelve feet by eighteen, say. That gives us 216
More informationUtah. North Stansbury Mountains Wilderness Study Area Site-Specific Monitoring Guide
Utah North Stansbury Mountains Wilderness Study Area Site-Specific Monitoring Guide 1 General Information WildSNAP Monitoring Peter Woodruff, American Conservation Experience Coordinator Phone (801) 989-7069
More informationBuilding System Dynamics Models
Building System Dynamics Models Stella Guide 6 Overshoot and Collapse Deer Population Vegetation 7000.00 90000.00 3500.00 45000.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 Graph p () Years 4:0 pm Mon, Feb 6,
More informationWildlife Introduction
Wildlife Introduction The wildlife section of this chapter is divided into sections for various habitats and groups of species. Old growth, snags and downed wood, and riparian areas are unique habitats
More informationQuestionnaire for Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Interviews on Boreal Caribou LONG VERSION
ANNEX 1 Annex 1 Questionnaire for Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge Interviews on Boreal Caribou LONG VERSION The following questions have been developed to gain information and understanding related to
More informationBRIEFING on IBERIAN LYNX (Lynx pardinus) MANAGEMENT PLAN AT DOÑANA NATIONAL PARK
BRIEFING on IBERIAN LYNX (Lynx pardinus) MANAGEMENT PLAN AT DOÑANA NATIONAL PARK Doñana, 11 th march 2003. 1. SUMMARY Management Plan approved in 1988 and in implementation since. Jointly drafted by scientific
More informationNevada Department of Wildlife Predator Management Plan Fiscal Year 2018
Nevada Department of Wildlife Predator Management Plan Fiscal Year 2018 Summary on Plans and Reports Just reported on FY 2016 Currently in FY 2017 About to present on FY 2018 All available at www.ndow.org
More informationACTIVITY FIVE SPECIES AT RISK LEARNING OBJECTIVES: MATERIALS: Subjects: Science, math, art, history
ACTIVITY FIVE SPECIES AT RISK Subjects: Science, math, art, history LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Differentiate between species that are threatened, endangered, or extinct. Identify biological and human-influenced
More informationCHEETAH PROJECT Cheetah Conservation Fund. Interviewers name Date
CHEETAH PROJECT Cheetah Conservation Fund Interviewers name Date 1. Interviewee: Name: Occupation Owner, Manager, Ranger, Farm employee, Other Age (yrs) Male Female For how long have you worked on this
More informationEvolving niche of the coy-wolf in northeastern forests and implications for biodiversity
Evolving niche of the coy-wolf in northeastern forests and implications for biodiversity Principal Investigators Dr. Jacqueline Frair Roosevelt Wild Life Station, SUNY ESF 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY
More informationDMU 045 Leelanau County Deer Management Unit
DMU 045 Leelanau County Deer Management Unit Area Description The Leelanau County Deer Management Unit (DMU 045) is in the Northern Lower Peninsula Region (NLP). It has roughly 7,100 acres of State Forest
More informationEnclosed, please find the 2018 Spotlight Deer Survey Report and Recommendations that we have prepared for your review and records.
July 26, 2018 YO Ranchlands Landowner Association 1323 Whispering Pines Houston, TX 77055 To the Wildlife Committee: Enclosed, please find the 2018 Spotlight Deer Survey Report and Recommendations that
More informationRE: Development of an Environmental Assessment for a mountain lion management plan on the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona
June 23, 2008 Mitch Ellis, Complex Manager Southwest AZ National Wildlife Refuge Complex US Fish & Wildlife Service 356 West First Street Yuma, Arizona 85364 KofaLionComments@fws.gov RE: Development of
More informationMule deer in the Boundary Region: Proposed research and discussion
Mule deer in the Boundary Region: Proposed research and discussion Sophie Gilbert, U. of Idaho Adam Ford, UBC Okanagan Jesse Zeman, BC Wildlife Federation The Boundary Deer Herd (it is) difficult to cast
More informationClassroom Activity: Population Study Game (Oh, Deer!)
Classroom Activity: Population Study Game (Oh, Deer!) Subject: Biology/Ecology Grades: 6-12 Standards: See end of lesson plan Time: 20 minutes (can last longer depending on how many rounds you play) Materials:
More informationMOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR Lion DAU L-16
MOUNTAIN LION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR Lion DAU L-16 Game Management Units 69, 82, 84, 86, 691 and 861 Prepared for: Colorado Division of Wildlife Southeast Region By: Allen Vitt Terrestrial Biologist,
More information