Utilizing Virtual Reality to Understand Athletic Performance and Underlying Sensorimotor Processing
|
|
- Stewart Lester
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Proceedings Utilizing Virtual Reality to Understand Athletic Performance and Underlying Sensorimotor Processing Toshitaka Kimura *, Daiki Nasu and Makio Kashino Sports Brain Science Project, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi-City, Kanagawa Pref , Japan; (D.N.); (K.K.) * Correspondence: kimura.toshitaka@lab.ntt.co.jp; Tel.: Presented at the 12th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, March Published: 12 February 2018 Abstract: In behavioral sports sciences, knowledge of athletic performance and underlying sensorimotor processing remains limited, because most data is obtained in the laboratory. In laboratory experiments we can strictly control the measurement conditions, but the action we can target may be limited and differ from actual sporting action. Thus, the obtained data is potentially unrealistic. We propose using virtual reality (VR) technology to compensate for the lack of actual reality. We have developed a head mounted display (HMD)-based VR system for application to baseball batting where the user can experience hitting a pitch in a virtual baseball stadium. The batter and the bat movements are measured using nine-axis inertial sensors attached to various parts of the body and bat, and they are represented by a virtual avatar in real time. The pitched balls are depicted by computer graphics based on previously recorded ball trajectories and are thrown in time with the motion of a pitcher avatar based on simultaneously recorded motion capture data. The ball bounces depending on its interaction with the bat. In a preliminary measurement where the VR system was combined with measurement equipment we found some differences between the behavioral and physiological data (i.e., the body movements and respiration) of experts and beginners and between the types of pitches during virtual batting. This VR system with a sufficiently real visual experience will provide novel findings as regards athletic performance that were formerly hard to obtain and allow us to elucidate their sensorimotor processing in detail. Keywords: batting; timing control; head mounted display (HMD); inertial sensor 1. Introduction If athletes are to win, they require general abilities related to sports performance, namely fitness, skill and mind. Fitness includes muscle strength, cardiorespiratory function and robustness against injury. This is the main target of conventional sports science, and many findings have been used in various ways in sports coaching and training. Skill and mind are also critical in terms of success in sports, and include coordinating the multiple parts of the body, adequately recognizing a given situation, and overcoming mental pressure. These abilities are mainly determined by sensorimotor processing in the brain. However, the mechanisms involved and the relationship to performance are poorly understood, because work in this area faces a number of technical limitations in a real sports scenario. Thus, most data is obtained in the laboratory. In laboratory experiments we can strictly control the measurement conditions and capture various behavioral Proceedings 2018, 2, 299; doi: /proceedings
2 Proceedings 2017, 1, of 6 and biological data. However, the target action may be limited and differ from actual sports action, and so the obtained data is potentially unrealistic. Virtual reality (VR) has the advantage of providing a highly realistic experience. Recently, various virtual reality applications have been developed for use in sports in combination with a highly immersive head-mounted display (HMD), and they have successfully elicited a user s response in a realistic sports scenario [1]. Furthermore, VR has the advantage that it allows us to arbitrarily manipulate a visual environment combined with computer graphics (CG), which makes it possible to configure a visual situation that is inconceivable in the real world. Using these advantages of VR technology as a basis, we are trying to construct a VR environment for application to baseball and softball batting. This novel VR system can compensate for a potentially unrealistic laboratory situation and obtain sports performance data with a sufficiently realistic visual experience to examine the underlying athletic sensorimotor processing. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Virtual Reality System for Baseball and Softball Batting We have developed an HMD-based VR system for baseball and softball batting in which a user can experience hitting a thrown ball in a virtual baseball stadium entirely constructed from CG using Unity software (Figure 1a). Visual images presented to the batter s right and left eyes are displayed independently on the HMD (Oculus Rift, Oculus or VIVE, HTC) in tune with the position and direction of the user s head at a refresh rate of 90 Hz. This allows the user to obtain a virtual view with appropriate depth sensation for an arbitrary location and orientation in the batter s box. The pitched balls are depicted based on previously recorded ball trajectories, and are thrown in time with the simultaneously measured movement of the pitcher. The ball trajectory is calculated based on a 3D construction obtained using two recorded videos. The pitcher s movement is measured using nine-axis inertial sensors attached to various parts of the body suit (MVN BIOTECH, Xsens) and depicted as a virtual pitcher avatar. The batter and the bat movements are also measured precisely using the same inertial sensor suit, and represented as a virtual batter and bat in real time (Figure 1b). However, while the inertial sensor suit provides rich kinematic data, it can impose a burden on the batters and interfere with their natural action. Alternatively, in the present experiment as stated below, the movements of the batter and bat were simply measured using a single wireless nine-axis inertial sensor (LP-WSD1101-0A, LOGICAL PRODUCT) and an HMD-associated tracker, respectively, in which no virtual batter is presented. To achieve highly realistic batting in real time, we implanted an algorithm in the software to predict the timing of the ball s impact and its location in relation to the bat to compensate for the system delay of bat representation in our virtual space (approximately 100 ms for a whole body sensor system and 11 ms for a few sensors). These VR system settings enable a user to experience a strong feeling of reality, as if standing in the batter s box, and to perform virtual batting in which the ball bounces depending on its interaction with the bat. We can combine the VR system with several measurements, such as muscle activity and respiration, to capture biological information related to athletic performance. (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) Right batter s view of virtual baseball environment; (b) VR system settings and a virtual avatar described in real time.
3 Proceedings 2017, 1, of 6 Figure 2 shows examples of behavioral responses to virtual batting by a single expert and a beginner using a combination of the Oculus Rift HMD and the whole body sensor system [2]. The participants were instructed to hit fast balls or curve balls that were strikes. This figure shows the head and foot movements and the respiratory waveforms for each of 10 trials that involved randomly presenting fast balls that were strikes. The head movement of the expert participant changed smoothly before the pitcher released the ball, while this was not the case with the beginner. This suggests that the expert prepares in anticipation of the ball s release, while the beginner reacts to the ball s release. The expert also synchronized his respiration, and moved his front foot, while estimating the timing of the ball s impact. These indicate certain features of athletic behavior in a realistic batting scenario that would not be easy to capture in a real game. Figure 2. Examples of movement and respiration waveforms during fastballs with strikes in virtual baseball batting in an expert and a beginner [2] Virtual Batting Experiment Previously we found that skillful female softball players adjust the timing of the bat swing motion of the whole body to the ball impact according to the ball speed when the pitcher randomly throws change-up (slow) balls or fast balls [3]. Their swing starts diverged depending on the pitch types by about 300 ms from the time the pitcher released the ball so that the peak timing of the sum of all the body velocities was almost constant just before the ball impact regardless of the pitch types. This suggests that expert batters make very early decisions about swing timing based on information related to the pitcher s motion as well as ball trajectory just after the pitcher releases the ball. In this experiment, we manipulated the pitcher s motion using the VR system to assess its effect on the batting timing control. Five elite female softball players were instructed to hit a pitched ball in a virtual softball environment (Figure 3a). A pitcher avatar randomly threw change-up or fast balls with different ball speeds and trajectories. In the early part of the experiment the pitcher s motion and ball type (change-up or fast ball) were matched correctly (each of eight trials, Match condition). On the other hand, there was a mismatch (e.g., fast ball motion and change-up ball, Mismatch condition) in the later part of experiment. However, we did not inform the participants that there were two different conditions. Before the test, several practice trials were performed for each ball condition in which information about the type of pitch was presented beforehand in virtual space.
4 Proceedings 2017, 1, of 6 (a) (b) Figure 3. (a) Experimental scenery; (b) Examples of the pelvis rotation velocity profiles aligned at the ball impact in a single participant. Each dot shows the detected peak of rotation velocity in each trial. Our recent study showed that key features of bat swing motion were simply detected from the motion of the pelvis using a single wireless nine-axis inertial sensor attached to the lumber region [4]. We found that the timing of the pelvis rotation of an expert softball batter is regulated according to the ball speed, which was almost the same as that of the whole body motion. Therefore, in this experiment, the batter s behavior was measured using the same wireless inertial sensor at a sampling rate of 90 Hz. Participants used an HTC VIVE HMD, which displayed virtual space at a refresh rate of 90 Hz. In advance, we measured the motions and ball trajectories of fast balls (approximately 90 km/h) and change-up balls (approximately 75 km/h) with a strike for an elite female softball pitcher, and then implemented four combinations of pitcher avatars and ball trajectories for two ball types in the VR system (two combinations in each ball type that were randomly presented in the experiment). Other settings of the VR system were the same as above. We evaluated the peak time of the pelvis angular velocity to the ball impact for each test trial. The trials in which inertial sensor data was noisy or lost were excluded from further analysis. 3. Results Each participant could almost hit the pitched balls regardless of the difference in two (Match and Mismatch) conditions, except two trials in two participants, but the temporal patterns of the trunk movements were different between these conditions. Figure 3b shows examples of the squared sum profiles of the pelvis angular (rotation) velocities aligned at the ball impact for a single participant (Blue: fast ball, Red: Change-up ball). In the Match condition, the peak rotation time was almost the same for fast balls and change-up balls, although the pelvis rotation started somewhat earlier with change-up balls. Such behavior is identical to our recent finding for a skillful softball batter in actual batting [4]. This indicates that our VR system has sufficient reality for studying softball batting. On the other hand, the peak time with change-up balls was variable and was earlier in the Mismatch condition. Each participant could almost hit the pitched balls regardless of the difference in the Match and Mismatch conditions, except two trials. Figure 4 shows the group mean and standard error for the peak time (a) and its variability (b) of the pelvis angular velocities aligned at the ball impact. The mean peak time for change-up balls was faster in the Mismatch condition than in the Match condition, while that for fast balls was nearly the same for the Mismatch and Match conditions. There was the same tendency as regards the peak time variability. Interestingly, no participants were conscious of the mismatches when we informed them about the mismatch trials after the test.
5 Proceedings 2017, 1, of 6 (a) (b) Figure 4. (a) Group mean of the peak time of the pelvis rotation velocity; (b) Group mean of the peak time of the pelvis rotation velocity. 4. Discussion In this study we found that there was degradation in timing adjustment to a pitched ball during virtual softball batting when the pitcher s motion and ball type (change-up or fast ball) were mismatched, especially as regards fast ball motion and change-up trajectory condition. This result suggests that an expert batter utilizes information related to the pitcher motion when making a swing or wait decision probably related to fast ball-based timing control strategy [5]. Interestingly, no participants were aware of the mismatches. Thus, this cognitive judgement regarding the pitcher s motion would be made in an unconscious manner and contribute to any adjustment of the swing timing. Many studies have suggested the importance to batting information about the pitcher s motion [6,7]. Our result directly supports this suggestion using virtual space. Baseball and softball batters must hit a thrown ball correctly within very tight time constraints (within about 0.5 s) from the release of the ball by the pitcher to the moment of impact [8]. In this short time the batter has to execute various complicated sensorimotor processes related to batting control, which include predicting and perceiving the behavior of the ball, planning and generating coordinated movements and correcting ongoing swing trajectory. However, it is very hard when investigating a batter s performance to determine whether a process is excellent or poor in real batting. Our finding provides one cognitive feature in the implicit (unconscious) sensorimotor processing of skillful bat control. 5. Conclusions Our VR system will provide realistic behavioral data under highly controlled experimental conditions. The system will also make it possible to capture data that were formerly hard to observe without potential physical limitations such as manipulating the combination of pitcher s motion and ball trajectory in this study. Furthermore, the combination of our approach with various measurements, such as muscle activity, eye movement and heart rate, should enable us to understand multiple aspects of sports performance such as how force is exerted and lines of sight. We anticipate that our work using VR technology will clarify the key features of an athlete s skill and mental state and the underlying sensorimotor processing by the brain, which have not been determined with existing approaches in the laboratory or in real sports fields. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Bideau, B.; Kulpa, R.; Vignais, N.; Brault, S.; Multon, F.; Craig, C. Using virtual reality to analyze sports performance. IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 2010, 30, Kimura, T.; Takahashi, K.; Mikami, D.; Kashino, M. Elucidating the brain processing mechanisms of athletes using virtual reality technology. NTT Technical Rev. 2016, 14, Nasu, D.; Yamaguchi, M.; Fukuda, T.; Saijo, N.; Kashino, M.; Kimura, T. Perception-action linkage during batting in top athletes. In Proceedings of the Society for Neuroscience 47th Annual Meeting Conference, Washington, DC, USA, November 2017.
6 Proceedings 2017, 1, of 6 4. Kobayashi, A.; Nasu, D.; Morimoto, Y.; Kashino, M.; Kimura, T. Detecting and sonifying temporal patterns of body segments when batting. In Proceeding of the 12th Biennial Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association, Brisbane, Australia, March Canal-Bruland, R.; Filius, M.A.; Oudejans, R.R.D. Sitting on a fastball. J. Mot. Behav. 2015, 47, Takeuchi, T.; Inomata, K. Visual search strategies and decision making in baseball pitching. Percept. Mot. Skills 2009, 108, Ranganathan, R.; Carlton, L.G. Perception-action coupling and anticipatory performance in baseball batting. J. Mot. Behav. 2007, 39, Ijiri, T.; Shinya, M.; Nakazawa, K. Interpersonal variability in timing strategy and temporal accuracy in rapid interception task with variable time-to-contact. J. Sports Sci. 2014, 33, by the authors; Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (
Detecting and Sonifying Temporal Patterns of Body Segments When Batting
Proceedings Detecting and Sonifying Temporal Patterns of Body Segments When Batting Akemi Kobayashi, *, Daiki Nasu, Yota Morimoto 3, Makio Kashino and Toshitaka Kimura NTT Service Evolution Laboratories,
More informationImpact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer
Proceedings Impact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer Kaoru Kimachi 1, *, Sungchan Hong 2, Shuji Shimonagata 3 and Takeshi Asai 2 1 Doctoral Program of Coaching Science, University of Tsukuba,
More informationVR Fully Immersive Baseball Game
CASE STUDY VR Fully Immersive Baseball Game AVRspot The Story Behind VR Fully Immersive Baseball Game is a virtual reality game for HTC Vive and Vive Tracker platforms that recreates the immersive experience
More informationVariable Face Milling to Normalize Putter Ball Speed and Maximize Forgiveness
Proceedings Variable Face Milling to Normalize Putter Ball Speed and Maximize Forgiveness Jacob Lambeth *, Dustin Brekke and Jeff Brunski Cleveland Golf, 5601 Skylab Rd. Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA;
More informationKinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball
Proceedings Kinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball Hiroki Okubo 1, * and Mont Hubbard 2 1 Department of Advanced Robotics, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma,
More informationShoe-shaped Interface for Inducing a Walking Cycle
Shoe-shaped Interface for Inducing a Walking Cycle Junji Watanabe*, Hideyuki Ando**, Taro Maeda** * Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,
More informationDevelopment of a Simulation Model for Swimming with Diving Fins
Proceedings Development of a Simulation Model for Swimming with Diving Fins Motomu Nakashima 1, *, Yosuke Tanno 2, Takashi Fujimoto 3 and Yutaka Masutani 3 1 Department of Systems and Control Engineering,
More informationBicycle Collision Analysis Using a Vehicle Driving Simulator MOVIC-T4
Bicycle Collision Analysis Using a Vehicle Driving Simulator MOVIC-T4 Mio SUZUKI Assistant Professor, Department of Built Environment, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan. E-mail: mios@enveng.titech.ac.jp
More informationDynamic analysis and motion measurement of ski turns using inertial and force sensors
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 6 ( 213 ) 355 36 6th Asia-Pacific Conference on Sports Technology Dynamic analysis and motion measurement of ski turns using inertial and
More informationPerformance & Motor Control Characteristics of Functional Skill. Part III: Throwing, Catching & Hitting
Performance & Motor Control Characteristics of Functional Skill Part III: Throwing, Catching & Hitting Throwing Interesting Facts Studies indicate that boys move across the stages at a faster rate than
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 112 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 112 (2015 ) 540 545 7th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology, APCST 2015 Movement variability of professional pool billiards
More informationAnalysis of Swing Movement in Ballroom Dancing
Proceedings Analysis of Swing Movement in Ballroom Dancing Tadashi Shioya 3-0-6-504 Sugamo, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-000, Japan; tshioyal@gakushikai.jp; Tel.: +81-3-3949-7340 Presented at the 1th Conference
More informationAccelerometers: An Underutilized Resource in Sports Monitoring
Accelerometers: An Underutilized Resource in Sports Monitoring Author Neville, Jono, Wixted, Andrew, Rowlands, David, James, Daniel Published 2010 Conference Title Proceedings of the 2010 Sixth International
More informationBaseball: From pitch to hits The ballpark brings home plenty of science
Name: Class: Baseball: From pitch to hits The ballpark brings home plenty of science By Stephen Orne 2013 In this text from Science News for Kids, Stephen Orne discusses the different natural laws at play
More informationKochi University of Technology Aca Study on Dynamic Analysis and Wea Title stem for Golf Swing Author(s) LI, Zhiwei Citation 高知工科大学, 博士論文. Date of 2015-03 issue URL http://hdl.handle.net/10173/1281 Rights
More informationLesson 2 - Pre-Visit Swinging for the Fences: Newton's 2nd Law
Physical Science: Science on the Sandlot: Level 2 Lesson 2 - Pre-Visit Swinging for the Fences: Newton's 2nd Law Objective: Students will be able to: Investigate the relationship between force, mass, and
More informationTowards determining absolute velocity of freestyle swimming using 3-axis accelerometers
Towards determining absolute velocity of freestyle swimming using 3-axis accelerometers Author Stamm, Andy, Thiel, David, Burkett, Brendan, James, Daniel Published 2011 Journal Title Procedia Engineering
More informationITF Coaches Education Programme Biomechanics of the return of serve
ITF Coaches Education Programme Biomechanics of the return of serve Original article: Kleinoder, H. (2001). ITF CSSR, 24, 5-6 Introduction Kinematic analysis Feature of biomechanics Uses high-speed cameras
More informationAnalysis of Movement
Orlando 2009 Biomechanics II: Analysis of Movement An overview and advanced discussion of the effects of movement, with a focus on the technology available to analyze skills and support science-based instruction.
More informationVideo Based Accurate Step Counting for Treadmills
Proceedings Video Based Accurate Step Counting for Treadmills Qingkai Zhen, Yongqing Liu, Qi Hu and Qi Chen * Sport Engineering Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China; zhenqingkai@ciss.cn
More informationEffect on Bowling Performance Parameters When Intentionally Increasing the Spin Rate, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball
Proceedings Effect on Bowling Performance Parameters When Intentionally Increasing the Spin Rate, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball Franz Konstantin Fuss 1, *, Batdelger Doljin 1 and René E. D. Ferdinands
More informationScienceDirect. Rebounding strategies in basketball
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 72 ( 2014 ) 823 828 The 2014 conference of the International Sports Engineering Association Rebounding strategies in basketball
More informationWALKING MOTION ANALYSIS USING SMALL ACCELERATION SENSORS
WALKING MOTION ANALYSIS USING SMALL ACCELERATION SENSORS Teruaki Ito Institute of Technology and Science University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan e-mail: ito@me.tokushima-u.ac.jp Abstract Human walking
More informationA Feedback System for the Motor Learning of Skills in Golf
A Feedback System for the Motor Learning of Skills in Golf Author Kooyman, David, James, Daniel, Rowlands, David Published 2013 Journal Title Procedia Engineering Version Published DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.07.014
More informationTEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF A LEFT HAND TOSS VS. A RIGHT-HAND TOSS OF THE VOLLEYBALL JUMP SERVE
TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF A LEFT HAND TOSS VS. A RIGHT-HAND TOSS OF THE VOLLEYBALL JUMP SERVE C.L. Tant Iowa State University, Arnes, IA USA K. J. Witte Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH USA The volleyball
More informationSpecifications for Synchronized Sensor Pipe Condition Assessment (AS PROVIDED BY REDZONE ROBOTICS)
Specifications for Synchronized Sensor Pipe Condition Assessment (AS PROVIDED BY REDZONE ROBOTICS) A. Scope of Work The work covered by these specifications consists of furnishing all materials, labor,
More informationEffect of the Grip Angle on Off-Spin Bowling Performance Parameters, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball
Proceedings Effect of the Grip Angle on Off-Spin Bowling Performance Parameters, Analysed with a Smart Cricket Ball Franz Konstantin Fuss 1, *, Batdelger Doljin 1 and René E. D. Ferdinands 2 1 Smart Equipment
More informationOptimal Football Pressure as a Function of a Footballer s Physical Abilities
Proceedings Optimal Football Pressure as a Function of a Footballer s Physical Abilities Andrew Christenson 1, *, Pei Cao 2 and Jiong Tang 2 1 Edwin O. Smith High School, 1235 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06268,
More informationDatalogging Shirt for Baseball Pitchers
Datalogging Shirt for Baseball Pitchers Design Team Marcus Moché, Alexandra Morgan, David Schmidt Design Advisor Prof. M. Taslim Abstract Baseball pitcher elbow injuries have been increasing in frequency
More informationSTATIC AND DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF THE DRIVER SPEED PERCEPTION AND SELECTION PROCESS
STATIC AND DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF THE DRIVER SPEED PERCEPTION AND SELECTION PROCESS David S. Hurwitz, Michael A. Knodler, Jr. University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
More informationBall impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 200 205 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Ball impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer
More informationA CO 2 Waveform Simulator For Evaluation and Testing of Respiratory Gas Analyzers
2011 ROCKY MOUNTAIN NASA SPACE GRANT CONSORTIUM 1 A CO 2 Waveform Simulator For Evaluation and Testing of Respiratory Gas Analyzers Christina Long, and Joseph Orr, Ph.D. Department of Bioengineering, University
More informationRichard S. Marken The RAND Corporation
Fielder s Choice: A Unified Theory of Catching Fly Balls Richard S. Marken The RAND Corporation February 11, 2002 Mailing Address: 1700 Main Street Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 Phone: 310 393-0411 ext 7971
More informationTitle: 4-Way-Stop Wait-Time Prediction Group members (1): David Held
Title: 4-Way-Stop Wait-Time Prediction Group members (1): David Held As part of my research in Sebastian Thrun's autonomous driving team, my goal is to predict the wait-time for a car at a 4-way intersection.
More informationAnatomy of a Homer. Purpose. Required Equipment/Supplies. Optional Equipment/Supplies. Discussion
Chapter 5: Projectile Motion Projectile Motion 17 Anatomy of a Homer Purpose To understand the principles of projectile motion by analyzing the physics of home runs Required Equipment/Supplies graph paper,
More information+ t1 t2 moment-time curves
Part 6 - Angular Kinematics / Angular Impulse 1. While jumping over a hurdle, an athlete s hip angle was measured to be 2.41 radians. Within 0.15 seconds, the hurdler s hip angle changed to be 3.29 radians.
More informationTHE BOOK--Playing The Percentages In Baseball
So as a baseball flies towards home plate, the moment when it passes from central to peripheral vision could THE BOOK ARTICLES BLOG ABOUT US The Book Tom M. Tango, Mitc... Buy New $14.93 Privacy Information
More informationComparison of Active Drag Using the MRT-Method and the MAD-System in Front Crawl Swimming
Proceedings Comparison of Active Drag Using the MRT-Method and the MAD-System in Front Crawl Swimming Kenzo Narita 1, *, Futoshi Ogita 2, Motomu Nakashima 3 and Hideki Takagi 4 1 Doctoral Program in Physical
More informationPhysics. The ballpark brings home plenty of scienceby Stephen Ornes 1:10pm, August 21, 2013
Physics The ballpark brings home plenty of scienceby Stephen Ornes 1:10pm, August 21, 2013 When the bat hits the ball, the ball goes flying. A lot happens in that split second, as energy is transferred
More informationPHYSICAL EDUCATION PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT SUPPORT MATERIAL CRICKET
PHYSICAL EDUCATION PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT SUPPORT MATERIAL CRICKET IMPORTANT INFORMATION School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2017 This document apart from any third party copyright material contained
More informationBasketball free-throw rebound motions
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 3 () 94 99 5 th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology (APCST) Basketball free-throw rebound motions Hiroki Okubo a*, Mont Hubbard b a
More informationby Michael Young Human Performance Consulting
by Michael Young Human Performance Consulting The high performance division of USATF commissioned research to determine what variables were most critical to success in the shot put The objective of the
More informationPrediction of Crossing Driveways of a Distracted Pedestrian from Walking Characteristics
International Journal of Internet of Things 2018, 7(1): 1-9 DOI: 10.5923/j.ijit.20180701.01 Prediction of Crossing Driveways of a Distracted Pedestrian from Walking Characteristics Hiroki Kitamura 1,*,
More informationAvailable online at Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) Field Measurements of Softball Player Swing Speed
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 00 (2011) 000 000 Procedia Engineering www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association
More informationFail Operational Controls for an Independent Metering Valve
Group 14 - System Intergration and Safety Paper 14-3 465 Fail Operational Controls for an Independent Metering Valve Michael Rannow Eaton Corporation, 7945 Wallace Rd., Eden Prairie, MN, 55347, email:
More informationAlgorithm for Line Follower Robots to Follow Critical Paths with Minimum Number of Sensors
International Journal of Computer (IJC) ISSN 2307-4523 (Print & Online) Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers http://ijcjournal.org/ Algorithm for Line Follower Robots to Follow Critical
More informationDevelopment of a New Performance Metric for Golf Clubs Using COR Maps and Impact Probability Data
Proceedings Development of a New Performance Metric for Golf Clubs Using COR Maps and Impact Probability Data Jacob Lambeth *, Jeff Brunski and Dustin Brekke Cleveland Golf, 5601 Skylab Rd., Huntington
More informationMotion is a function of both direction and speed. The direction may
BIOMECHANICS Ahmed.J. Kawoosh Osmania university P.M.Ed 7207832127 T24 890716856 Airtel 07802309769 Zain abc_d871@yahoo.com A body is said to be in motion when it changes its position or location in respect
More informationDevelopment of Fish type Robot based on the Analysis of Swimming Motion of Bluefin Tuna Comparison between Tuna-type Fin and Rectangular Fin -
Development of Fish type Robot based on the Analysis of Swimming Motion of Bluefin Tuna Comparison between Tuna-type Fin and Rectangular Fin - Katsuya KUGAI* Abstract The swimming motion of Tuna type fishes
More informationA QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH RACQUET POSITION BACKHAND DRIVE OF AN ELITE RACQUETBALL PLAYER
A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH RACQUET POSITION BACKHAND DRIVE OF AN ELITE RACQUETBALL PLAYER John R. Stevenson Wayne P. Hollander Since 1950, when Joe Sobek put strings on his paddleball paddle, the
More informationPitching Performance and Age
Pitching Performance and Age Jaime Craig, Avery Heilbron, Kasey Kirschner, Luke Rector and Will Kunin Introduction April 13, 2016 Many of the oldest and most long- term players of the game are pitchers.
More informationSensitivity of toe clearance to leg joint angles during extensive practice of obstacle crossing: Effects of vision and task goal
Sensitivity of toe clearance to leg joint angles during extensive practice of obstacle crossing: Effects of vision and task goal Sérgio Tosi Rodrigues 1, Valéria Duarte Garcia 1,2, Arturo Forner- Cordero
More informationStudying Vault Board Behavior: A Preliminary Look
Studying Vault Board Behavior: A Preliminary Look Wm A. Sands, Ph.D., Head Sport Biomechanics and Engineering, U.S. Olympic Committee Sarah L. Smith, Ph.D., Senior Biomechanist, U.S. Olympic Committee
More informationUncovering the Mysteries of the Knuckleball
Uncovering the Mysteries of the Knuckleball by Alan M. Nathan T he knuckleball is perhaps the most mysterious of baseball pitches. It is thrown slower than normal pitches, it is barely spinning, and it
More informationAdd this important safety precaution to your normal laboratory procedures:
Student Activity Worksheet Speed and Velocity Are You Speeding? Driving Question What is speed and how is it related to velocity? Materials and Equipment For each student or group: Data collection system
More informationHow Do You Swing? You should be working with new lab partners starting with this lab.
You should be working with new lab partners starting with this lab. Exploration: Swinging your arms and legs back and forth Discuss and try out the following questions within your lab group. After you
More informationUABA Coaches Manual. Mission Statement: The Coaches:
Mission Statement: The mission of the Upper Allen Baseball Association (UABA) is to provide a wholesome atmosphere for the youth of Upper Allen to participate in organized baseball. Furthermore, we intend
More informationFriction properties of the face of a hand-held tennis racket
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 544 549 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Friction properties of the face of a hand-held
More information#19 MONITORING AND PREDICTING PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOR USING TRAFFIC CAMERAS
#19 MONITORING AND PREDICTING PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOR USING TRAFFIC CAMERAS Final Research Report Luis E. Navarro-Serment, Ph.D. The Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University November 25, 2018. Disclaimer
More informationOBSERVATION OF GAP ACCEPTANCE DURING INTERSECTION APPROACH
OBSERVATION OF GAP ACCEPTANCE DURING INTERSECTION APPROACH Delphine Cody, Christopher Nowakowski, Bénédicte Bougler California PATH program - Institute of Transportation Studies University of California,
More informationA Conceptual Approach for Using the UCF Driving Simulator as a Test Bed for High Risk Locations
A Conceptual Approach for Using the UCF Driving Simulator as a Test Bed for High Risk Locations S. Chundi, M. Abdel-Aty, E. Radwan, H. Klee and E. Birriel Center for Advanced Transportation Simulation
More informationPitching Performance and Age
Pitching Performance and Age By: Jaime Craig, Avery Heilbron, Kasey Kirschner, Luke Rector, Will Kunin Introduction April 13, 2016 Many of the oldest players and players with the most longevity of the
More informationPedestrian Dynamics: Models of Pedestrian Behaviour
Pedestrian Dynamics: Models of Pedestrian Behaviour John Ward 19 th January 2006 Contents Macro-scale sketch plan model Micro-scale agent based model for pedestrian movement Development of JPed Results
More informationSample Solution for Problem 1.a
Sample Solution for Problem 1.a 1 Inverted Pendulum Model (IPM) 1.1 Equations of Motion and Ground Reaction Forces Figure 1: Scheme of the Inverted Pendulum Model (IPM). The equations of motion of this
More informationITF Coaches Education Programme Biomechanics of the forehand stroke
ITF Coaches Education Programme Biomechanics of the forehand stroke Original article: Bahamonde, R. (2001). ITF CSSR, 24, 6-8 Introduction The tennis forehand stroke has changed drastically over the last
More informationANZAI AZ-733VI. Respiratory Gating System. since 1976
ANZAI since 1976 Respiratory Gating System AZ-733VI Specifications AZ-733VI Dimension Configuration Options Sensor Port W:260 D:230 H:126mm Sensor Port Laser Sensor & Fixing Arm Relay Box Wave Monitor
More informationToward a Human-like Biped Robot with Compliant Legs
Book Title Book Editors IOS Press, 2003 1 Toward a Human-like Biped Robot with Compliant Legs Fumiya Iida a,b,1, Yohei Minekawa a Juergen Rummel a and Andre Seyfarth a a Locomotion Laboratory, University
More informationBall Toss. Vernier Motion Detector
Experiment 6 When a juggler tosses a ball straight upward, the ball slows down until it reaches the top of its path. The ball then speeds up on its way back down. A graph of its velocity vs. time would
More informationEVACUATION SIMULATION FOR DISABLED PEOPLE IN PASSENGER SHIP
EVACUATION SIMULATION FOR DISABLED PEOPLE IN PASSENGER SHIP Keiko MIYAZAKI, Mitujiro KATUHARA, Hiroshi MATSUKURA and Koichi HIRATA National Maritime Research Institute, JAPAN SUMMARY Means of escape of
More informationGeneration of Robot Motion Based on Measurement of Human Movement. Susumu Sakano 1, Satoru Shoji 1
Generation of Robot Motion Based on Measurement of Human Movement Susumu Sakano 1, Satoru Shoji 1 1College of Engineering, Nihon University 1 Nakagawara Tokusada Tamura-machi Koriyama 963-8642 Japan Tel;
More information(xf - D, yimage) (xf,0) (0,0)
Spatial Navigation Principles: Applications to Mobile Robotics Anthony Suluh Thomas Sugar Michael McBeath Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Psychology Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 8283 Abstract
More informationCharacteristics of ball impact on curve shot in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 60 (2013 ) 249 254 6 th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology (APCST) Characteristics of ball impact on curve shot in soccer Sungchan
More informationintended velocity ( u k arm movements
Fig. A Complete Brain-Machine Interface B Human Subjects Closed-Loop Simulator ensemble action potentials (n k ) ensemble action potentials (n k ) primary motor cortex simulated primary motor cortex neuroprosthetic
More informationHOPPING Grade 1. Standard 1: The physically literate individual demonstrates competency in a variety of motor skills and movement patterns.
HOPPING Grade 1 S1.E1.1: Hops, gallops, jogs and slides using a mature pattern. Hop in general space on preferred foot. 1. Students in scattered formation with personal space of at least 3-feet square
More informationNHL & NHLPA Future Goals Program Hockey Scholar TM
Curriculum Guide NHL & NHLPA Future Goals Program Hockey Scholar TM Your local NHL team has made it all the way to the Stanley Cup Final and now you just need to win 4 games to bring home the cup! You
More informationTennis Plots: Game, Set, and Match
Tennis Plots: Game, Set, and Match Michael Burch and Daniel Weiskopf Visualization Research Center, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 19, 70569 Stuttgart {michael.burch,daniel.weiskopf}@visus.uni-stuttgart.de
More informationTHE STANCE. PLAYER COACH DVELOPMENTAL SERIES: Catching
No baseball pitcher would be worth a darn without a catcher who could handle the hot fastball. ~Casey Stengel Even as a former catcher myself, I never truly understood the importance of a good catcher
More informationAvailable online at Procedia Engineering 00 2 (2010) (2009)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 00 2 (2010) (2009) 000 000 2901 2906 Procedia Engineering www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 8 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering
More informationReport. Evaluation of The Bat Glove System for Durability Improvements
Report Evaluation of The Bat Glove System for Durability Improvements Prepared by Patrick J. Drane James A. Sherwood, PhD Baseball Research Center Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Massachusetts,
More informationBasic Forward Defensive Moves, Part II
Basic Forward Defensive Moves, Part II Written by Andre Christopher Gonzalez Tuesday, September 27, 2005 Three techniques that will put your team on the defensive The Run-Dig-Run-Roll Because so few balls
More informationIntelligent Decision Making Framework for Ship Collision Avoidance based on COLREGs
Intelligent Decision Making Framework for Ship Collision Avoidance based on COLREGs Seminar Trondheim June 15th 2017 Nordic Institute of Navigation Norwegian Forum for Autonomous Ships SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim
More informationAPPROACH RUN VELOCITIES OF FEMALE POLE VAULTERS
APPROACH RUN VELOCITIES OF FEMALE POLE VAULTERS Peter M. McGinnis, Physical Education Department, SUNY College at Cortland, Cortland, New York INTRODUCTION Running speed is an important determinant of
More informationDoes Ski Width Influence Muscle Action in an Elite Skier? A Case Study. Montana State University Movement Science Laboratory Bozeman, MT 59717
Does Ski Width Influence Muscle Action in an Elite Skier? A Case Study John G. Seifert 1, Heidi Nunnikhoven 1, Cory Snyder 1, Ronald Kipp 2 1 Montana State University Movement Science Laboratory Bozeman,
More informationKINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF BASKETBALL JUMP SHOTS PROJECTED FROM VARYING DISTANCES. M. N. Satern. Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA
313 KINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF BASKETBALL JUMP SHOTS PROJECTED FROM VARYING DISTANCES M. N. Satern Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA INTRODUCTION The ability to score points is critical to a
More information(fig. 3) must be at the same temperature as the water in this chamber CALORIMETRIC STUDIES OF THE EXTREMITIES
CALORIMETRIC STUDIES OF THE EXTREMITIES II. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES' By ROY KEGERREIS (Received for publication July 1, 1926) The calorimeter used in these experiments is a modification of
More informationGeneration of See-Through Baseball Movie from Multi-Camera Views
Generation of See-Through Baseball Movie from Multi-Camera Views Takanori Hashimoto #1, Yuko Uematsu #2, Hideo Saito #3 # Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522 Japan 1 takanori@hvrl.ics.keio.ac.jp
More informationThe Soccer Guy. By Marcus Hilgers Faisal Ahmad Jacob Borer
The Soccer Guy By Marcus Hilgers Faisal Ahmad Jacob Borer 1.0 Abstract The Soccer Guy automaton was created to provide a fun, interactive, simple game. It uses simple mechanical and computational elements
More informationGOLFER. The Golf Putting Robot
GOLFER The Golf Putting Robot Written By Wing Pan Yuen For EEL 5666 Intelligent Machines Design Laboratory December 05, 1999 Table of Contents Abstract Introduction Executive Summary Integrated System
More informationTHREE DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS OF THE DIRECT FREE KICK IN SOCCER WHEN OPPOSED BY A DEFENSIVE WALL
THREE DMENSONAL KNEMATCS OF THE DRECT FREE KCK N SOCCER WHEN OPPOSED BY A DEFENSVE WALL E. W. Brown l, D. J. Wilson l, B. R. Mason l, J. Baker lyouth Sports nstitute Michigan State University East Lansing,
More informationCOACH PITCH DIVISION
COACH PITCH DIVISION These WLALL Coach Pitch rules are in addition to Little League Official Rules. To the extent the following rules are inconsistent with the Little League Official Rules, these rules
More informationFinal Report for Measurement of Head Velocities of Boxing Participants. with Wireless Digital Accelerometers. Daniel Bullock
A. Title Page Final Report for Measurement of Head Velocities of Boxing Participants with Wireless Digital Accelerometers Daniel Bullock Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics Corley
More informationGasClam: Continuous Ground-Gas Monitoring Becomes A Reality
GasClam: Continuous Ground-Gas Monitoring Becomes A Reality Introduction Ground-gas monitoring is an important aspect of contaminated land site investigation and landfill management as the data is critical
More informationModeling Pitch Trajectories in Fastpitch Softball
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Modeling Pitch Trajectories in Fastpitch Softball Jean M. Clark Meredith L. Greer Mark D. Semon Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract The fourth-order
More informationA Hare-Lynx Simulation Model
1 A Hare- Simulation Model What happens to the numbers of hares and lynx when the core of the system is like this? Hares O Balance? S H_Births Hares H_Fertility Area KillsPerHead Fertility Births Figure
More informationZMP Trajectory Generation for Reduced Trunk Motions of Biped Robots
ZMP Trajectory Generation for Reduced Trunk Motions of Biped Robots Jong H. Park School of Mechanical Engineering Hanyang University Seoul, 33-79, Korea email:jong.park@ieee.org Yong K. Rhee School of
More informationABCA Research Committee
ABCA Research Committee Title: What the Best in Baseball Do A longitudinal / cross-sectional biomechanical study of the best hitters and pitchers in the game of baseball. Purpose: The purpose of this study
More informationDo Expert Golfers Keep Their Heads Still While Putting?
135 Do Expert Golfers Keep Their Heads Still While Putting? Timothy D. Lee 1, Tadao Ishikura 2, Stefan Kegel 1, Dave Gonzalez 1 and Steven Passmore 1 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University Hamilton,
More informationCOACH RIC EVERMAN THE BASICS FOR BECOMING A FAST-PITCH SOFTBALL PITCHER
COACH RIC EVERMAN THE BASICS FOR BECOMING A FAST-PITCH SOFTBALL PITCHER IMPORTANT: There are a lot of steps to learn here. Don t try to do them all of them at once. Take things one at a time. Nobody learns
More informationSpeedMax White Paper. Dynastream Innovations Inc. 228 River Avenue Cochrane, AB T4C 2C1. p f
SpeedMax White Paper 228 River Avenue Cochrane, AB T4C 2C1 www.dynastream.com p 403.932.9292 f 403.932.6521 1 OVERVIEW Established in 1998, has world-leading expertise in the research and development of
More informationMedicine Meets Virtual Reality 21
University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Faculty Books and Monographs 2014 Medicine Meets Virtual Reality 21 James D. Westwood Susan W. Westwood Li Felländer-Tsai Cali M. Fidopiastis Randy S. Haluck
More information