Injuries and Costs from Motor Vehicle Crashes into Fixed Objects
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1 Injuries and Costs from Motor Vehicle Crashes into Fixed Objects Wayne Bigelow, M.S. Trudy Karlson, Ph.D. Patricia Beutel Center for Health Systems Research & Analysis University of Wisconsin Madison January, 1998 Please direct inquiries to: Wayne Bigelow, CHSRA, 610 Walnut Street, Madison WI
2 Importance of Fixed Objects as a Factor in Crash Outcomes Fixed objects have been found to be related to severity of injury in crashes. Fixed objects related crash injuries can be remediated through highway design and redesign. Do significant crash outcome differences exist between crashes involving fixed objects and those which do not? Do significant crash outcome differences exist between crashes involving specific kinds of fixed objects?
3 Wisconsin CODES Data Motor Vehicle Crash Data with VINs Hospital Discharge Data No EMS or ED Data available Data Linkage Based On: Zipcode of Residence Date of Crash/Hospital Admission Birthdate Sex Data linked via probabilistic linkage using Automatch
4 Outcomes Hospitalization Brain Injury Death Hospital Charges Evaluate outcomes for all fixed object crashes vs. other crashes. Evaluate outcomes for specific fixed object crashes.
5 Basic Information on Crashes and Outcomes, Wisconsin, Total Number of Crashes 690,539 Fixed Object Crashes 84,210 Other Crashes 615,015 Total Number Hospitalized 7,685 Total Number with Brain Injury 1,399 Total Number Died 1,231
6 Outcomes for Fixed Object and Other Crashes, Wisconsin, Fixed Object Other Risk Crashes Crashes Ratio # Hospitalized 2,663 5,022.92% 3.16% 3.85 # with Brain Injury %.14% 4.36 # Died %.13% 3.69 Average Hospital Charge $ 540 $ 163 All differences are significant at the.001 Level
7 Results for Crashes involving Fixed Objects vs. Other Crashes Compared to other crashes, crashes involving fixed object pose significantly higher risks to crash occupants. These higher risks range between 3.7 and 4.4 for the three outcomes. Fixed object crashes have average hospital charges which are $377 more per crash occupant than do other crashes.
8 Specific Fixed Object Data Available in Wisconsin Crash Data Guardrail Fence (Comparison Group) Traffic Signal Bridge/Pier Abutment Traffic Sign Post Bridge Rail Utility Pole Fence Light Support Culvert Other Post Ditch Tree Curb Mailbox Embankment Guardrail End Fence Median Barrier Other Fixed Object
9 Variables Included in Logistic Regression Models for Specific Fixed Object Outcomes Type of Fixed Object (comparison group is guardrail fence) Size/Type of Vehicle (comparison group is subcompact cars) Posted Speed Limit (comparison group is posted speed less than 35 mph). Rural Crash Location (comparison group is urban location) Type of Road (comparison group is local roads)
10 Relative Risk Ratios for Likelihood of Hospitalization, Wisconsin, Culvert 4.77 Tree 3.17 Embankment 2.82 Guardrail End 2.66 Utility Pole 2.53 Ditch 2.00 Bridge Rail 1.90 State Road 1.28 County Road 1.37 Posted Speed Posted Speed All differences are significant at the.01 level
11 Additional Hospital Charges Over Comparison Group, Wisconsin, Additional Charges Bridge/Pier Abutment $1,456 Culvert 998 Tree 780 Guardrail End 632 Utility Pole 387 County Road 353 All differences are significant at the.01 level
12 Relative Risk Ratios for Likelihood of Brain Injury, Wisconsin, Culvert 5.11 Tree 3.56 Embankment 2.91 Utility Pole 2.45 County Road 1.56 Posted Speed Posted Speed All differences are significant at the.01 level
13 Relative Risk Ratios for Likelihood of Death, Wisconsin, Culvert 4.78 Guardrail End 4.77 Embankment 3.98 Tree 3.42 Rural Area 1.55 County Road 1.37 Posted Speed Posted Speed All differences are significant at the.01 level
14 CONCLUSIONS Compared to other crashes, crashes involving fixed object pose significantly higher risks to crash occupants. These higher risks range between 3.7 and 4.4 for the three outcomes. Additionally, fixed object crashes cost significantly more per crash occupant than do other type of crashes. Several groups of fixed objects pose greater risk for all outcomes to crash occupants compared to guardrail fencing. These are: Culverts Trees Guardrail Ends Embankments Whenever reasonable, the use of guardrail fencing to protect vehicle occupants should be implemented.
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