OEB 130: BIOLOGY OF FISHES Lecture 4: Overview of ray-finned fish diversity (Actinopterygii)

Transcription

1 OEB 130: BIOLOGY OF FISHES Lecture 4: Overview of ray-finned fish diversity (Actinopterygii)

2 Announcements 1 1. Please review the syllabus for reading and lab information! 2. Please do the readings: for this week posted now. 3. Lab sections: 4. i) Dylan Wainwright, Thursday 2-4/5 pm ii) Kelsey Lucas, Friday 2-4/5 pm iii) Labs are in the Northwest Building basement (room B141) Please be on time at 2pm! 4. Lab sections done: first lab this week tomorrow! 5. First lab reading: Agassiz fish story; lab will be a bit shorter 6. Office hours to come

3 Announcements 2 8 pages of general information on fish external anatomy and characters to help you learn some basic external fish anatomy and terminology the last slides in the uploaded lecture Powerpoint file for today. Please look at these before lab this week, but no need to bring them in with you. Scanned from: Hastings, P. A., Walker, H. J. and Galland, G. R. (2014). Fishes: A guide to their diversity: Univ. of California Press. Next Monday: prepare to draw/diagram in lecture (colored pencils/pens will be useful)

4 Lecture outline Lecture outline: 1. Brief review of the phylogeny and key traits so far 2. Actinopterygian clade: overview and introduction to key groups and selected key traits 3. Special focus on: 1. Fin ray structure and function 2. Lung and swimblader evolution 3. Early diversity of teleost fishes

5 Selected key shared derived characters (synapomorphies) Review from last lecture Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays and ratfishes): 1. Dentition: multiple rows of unattached teeth 2. Placoid scales: tooth-like structure 3. Prismatic (tile-like) calcification of cartilage 4. Fin structure: unsegmented fin rays termed ceratotrichia bundles of collagen fibers 5. Ampullae of Lorenzini sense electric fields 6. Pelvic claspers in males

6 Selected key shared derived characters (synapomorphies) Osteichthyes ( bony fish including all tetrapods): Three otoliths in the inner ear Lung or air-filled organ from ventral part of pharynx bony operculum covers the gills on each side Sarcopterygii: lobe fin with single basal element (monobasic) intracranial joint (lost in many tetrapods) specialized scale type Actinopterygii: Single dorsal fin (some exceptions) Fin-rays termed lepidotrichia bilaminar design Specialized scale type (has pegs in early clades)

7 Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) phylogeny: broad overview Actinopterygii Chondrichthyes Holostei 1 Polypterus and relatives Chondrostei Teleostei Cheirolepis 1. Single dorsal fin 2. Fin ray structure: lepidotrichia 3. Scale structure Actinopterygii = ray-fin

8 Actinopterygian synapomorphy #2: fin ray structure called a lepidotrich A ray-finned fish median and paired fins Dorsal fin Caudal fin Pectoral fins Anal fin Pelvic fins

9 Actinopterygian synapomorphy #2: fin ray structure called a lepidotrich Ray-finned fishes have fins with unique fin rays: bilaminar, branching (usually) rays that support the fin membrane

10 Actinopterygian synapomorphy #2: fin ray structure called a lepidotrich Ray-finned fishes have fins with unique fin rays: bilaminar, branching (usually) rays that support the fin membrane

11 fin ray segments unsegmented basally Fin membrane

12 Fin ray mechanics fin ray Half ray Half ray 4 muscles control each fin ray (+3) 14 fin rays in the pectoral fin; 59 muscle bundles total per fin Simple ray models

13 Fin ray mechanics (zip-loc bag movie) A simple model fin ray

14 Pectoral fin rays bend into flow during maneuvering Flow Fin curved into flow 14

15 Recall chondrichthyian synapomorphy #4: ceratotrich fin ray structure Ceratotrichia: unsegmented bundles of collagenous fibers

16 Recall chondrichthyian synapomorphy #4: ceratotrich fin ray structure Ceratotrichia Cartilage fin supports (radials) Shark fin

17 Another key feature of actinopterygian evolution: lungs and swimbladders Where do lungs come from, and what are key features of their evolution? Lungs are formed by ventral outpocketings from the esophagus which form air-filled cavities. The swimbladder is derived in evolution from ancestral lungs, and serves an important buoyancy function in fishes. It can also be respiratory. Swimbladder Actinopterygii Lungs Ancestral condition: gills present Sarcopterygii gills Early ray-finned fishes had lungs!

18 The swimbladder (= gas bladder): a gas inclusion in the body cavity important for buoyancy. It arose in evolution from lungs.

19 The swimbladder (= gas bladder): a gas inclusion in the body cavity important for buoyancy

20 Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) phylogeny: broad overview Actinopterygii Chondrichthyes Holostei 1 Polypterus and relatives Chondrostei Teleostei Cheirolepis 1. Single dorsal fin 2. Fin ray structure: lepidotrichia 3. Scale structure Actinopterygii = ray-fin

21 Actinopterygian synapomorphy #3: scale type

22 Actinopterygian synapomorphy #3: scale type Bruet, B. J. F., Song, J., Boyce, M. C. and Ortiz, C. (2008). Materials design principles of ancient fish armour. Nature Materials 7, Closely-packed rows of interlocking scales

23 Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) phylogeny: broad overview Actinopterygii Chondrichthyes Holostei 1 Polypterus and relatives Chondrostei Teleostei Cheirolepis 1. Single dorsal fin 2. Fin ray structure: lepidotrichia 3. Scale structure Actinopterygii = ray-fin

24 Early actinopterygian clades Bichirs and ropefish (Polypteriformes) Paddlefish and sturgeon (Chondrostei) Gar (Lepisosteidae) Bowfin (Amia) (Amiiformes)

25 Bichirs and ropefish (Polypteriformes) Polypterus bichirs, ~13+ species

26 Bichirs and ropefish (Polypteriformes) Erpetoichthys rope fish: 1 species

27 Bichirs and ropefish (Polypteriformes) There are ~13 species of bichir and they are considered the most earliest surviving branch of the ray-finned fishes. They are heavily armored with dermal bone and a thick layer of ganoid scales. Occur in swamps and streams in Africa and have a swim bladder that acts like a paired ventral lung. They will drown if unable to gulp air at the surface. Because bichirs have paired fleshy pectoral fins and lungs they were formerly classified with the lungfishes, but are now considered to have evolved these traits independently. Lung-like gas bladder air breathing

28 Paddlefish and sturgeon (Chondrostei -- Acipenseriformes) Chondrostei includes fossil forms Acipenseriformes living sturgeon and paddlefish

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30 Acipenseriformes sturgeon and paddlefish ~25 species of sturgeon and 2 paddlefish species Cartilaginous skeletons lacking vertebral centra Strongly asymmetrical tail Bony scutes on sturgeon Sensory barbels Mostly freshwater few marine and anadromous sturgeon Sturgeon prized for eggs = caviar Caspian and Black Seas of western Asia Stocks are collapsing in Asia, and many species endangered Shovelnose sturgeon and pallid sturgeon Very fecund; mature at a late age

31 Acipenseriformes -- sturgeon

32 Acipenseriformes -- paddlefish

33 Acipenseriformes -- paddlefish Paddlefish: Lack bony scutes; long rostrum 2 genera (each with 1 species: American (Polyodon spathula) Chinese Paddlefish (Psepherus gladius) American: Spoonbill cat Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers Planktivore; Long, narrow gill rakers Up to 2m in length; 75 kg Rostrum: electrosensory function? -- rooting through sediment?

34 Acipenseriformes -- paddlefish Paddlefish filter feeding

35 Holostei Gar (Lepisosteidae)

36 Gar are medium to large (1-4m) predatory fish with a distinctive elongated body and long jaws. They have hard, interlocking, multilayered ganoid scales which provide excellent protection and are similar to the scales of many extinct Paleozoic and Mesozoic actinopterygians. 7 species Primitive predators; long jaws with sharp teeth N. America; 1 species in Cuba All but one freshwater Alligator gar occasionally enters saltwater Gas bladder/ lung divided internally Dorsal and anal fins set far back on body Air breathing Holostei Gar (Lepisosteidae)

37 Gar (Lepisosteidae) Flood plain dried up (2008) near the Mississippi river Photo by Andrew Carroll

38 Gar (Lepisosteidae) Flood plain dried up (2008) near the Mississippi river Compare to fossil amphibian slab on the MCZ first floor! Photo by Andrew Carroll

39 Holostei Bowfin (Amia) (Amiiformes) There is only one (1) species of bowfin. Scales are of a single layer of bone as in teleosts, but the caudal fin. Predatory species Can swim via undulations of the long dorsal fin Gulping air for surviving low O 2 waters Males build and defend nests; may defend young until they are 10 cm long

40 Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) phylogeny: broad overview Actinopterygii Chondrichthyes Holostei 1 Polypterus and relatives Chondrostei Teleostei Cheirolepis 1. Single dorsal fin 2. Fin ray structure: lepidotrichia 3. Scale structure Actinopterygii = ray-fin

41 Teleost fish phylogeny: broad overview Otocephala Elopomorpha (tarpons and eels) Clupeiformes Ostariophysi Osteoglossomorpha ( bony tongues ) Euteleostei Teleostei 1. Mobile premaxilla bone in the skull 2. Specialized tail bones Actinopterygii = ray-fin

42 Teleost fishes (the Teleostei) Tremendous species diversity The swim bladder is primarily a buoyancy organ Great diversity of body shapes Around 30,000 species 96% of all fishes ~40 Orders, ~450 families Figure Diversification into all habitats Feb. 22th Lecture, and discussed in detail as the course progresses

43 Selected key shared derived characters (synapomorphies) for Teleostei Teleostei: 1) Mobile premaxilla bone in head 2) Elongate bones in the tail skeleton uroneurals (yellow in diagram below) 2 1

44 Teleostei: Elopomorpha (Eels, tarpons)

45 Teleostei: Elopomorpha (Eels, tarpons) Eels are the best known members with an amazing life history Include moray eels, conger eels, deep sea spiny eels and gulper eels Bonefishes, tarpon, tenpounders (ladyfishes) good fishing! 24 families, around 860 species United by the presence of a specialized (leptocephalus) larva

46 Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha (bony tongues) 4 families, around 220 species. Often exhibit parental care of young Clown knifefish, mooneye, arowanas, freshwater butterfly fish Elephant fishes (Mormyridae): 201 species, freshwater, African, and these fishes can both generate and detect weak electric fields for communication and prey location

47 Osteoglossomorpha (bonytongues)

48 Otocephala 2 major groups Clupeomorpha 364 species herrings, anchovies, menhaden, etc. Abundant ocean schooling fishes of great commercial importance. Ear-swimbladder anatomy Caudal skeleton anatomy Ostariophysi 8,000 species 28% of all fishes 68% of freshwater fishes; carps, milkfishes, characins, zebrafish, goldfish, many popular aquarium species, catfishes, and gymnotids South American knifefishes

49 Teleost fish phylogeny: broad overview Osteoglossomorpha ( bony tongues ) Elopomorpha (tarpons and eels) Clupeiformes Otocephala Ostariophysi Euteleostei (~ 16,000 species) Teleostei 1. Mobile premaxilla bone in the skull 2. Specialized tail bones Actinopterygii = ray-fin

50 Euteleostei smelt Freshwater pike Trout and salmon mudminnow

51 Euteleostei (goosefish, anglerfishes) Goosefish, Lophius Bat fish

52 Acanthopterygii: Atherinomorpha (silversides, livebearers, needlefishes, flying fishes)

53 Euteleostei (sticklebacks, pipefishes, seahorses)

54 Euteleostei (tunas and relatives) tuna mackerel

55 Generally useful guides to fish external anatomy and some terminology 8 pages of general information on fish external anatomy and characters to help you learn some basic external fish anatomy and terminology the last slides in the uploaded lecture Powerpoint file for today. Please look at these before lab this week, but no need to bring them in with you. Scanned from: Hastings, P. A., Walker, H. J. and Galland, G. R. (2014). Fishes: A guide to their diversity: Univ of California Press.

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