Lecture goal. Lecture roadmap WFS 433/533 1/19/2012. Characteristics of Anurans. Anuran Diversity
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1 Diversity of Anura WFS 433/533 1/19/2012 Lecture goal To familiarize students with the different families of the order anura. To familiarize students with aspects of natural history and world distribution of anurans Supplemental Readings: Wells: pp Lecture roadmap Characteristics of Anurans Anuran Diversity Anuran families, natural history and world distribution 1
2 What are amphibians? These foul and loathsome animals are abhorrent because of their cold body, pale color, cartilaginous skeleton, filthy skin, fierce aspect, calculating eye, offensive smell, harsh voice, squalid habitation, and terrible venom; and so their Creator has not exerted his powers to make many of them. Carl von Linne (Linnaeus) Systema Naturae (1758) What are frogs? A thousand splendid suns, a million moons, a billion twinkle stars are nothing compared to the eyes of a frog in the swamp Miss Piggy about Kermit, in Larry king live, 1993 Anura (Frogs and Toad) Characteristics: Shortened presacral vertebrate (usually 8) Ribs are reduced or absent (2 nd or 4 th ) Presacral vertebrae firmly articulated Large hind limbs, no tail (except 1 family) External fertilization (Except approx. 5 species) Flat heads and large mouths (usually) Vocal sacs in males (usually) 2
3 Carboniferous ( mya) Warm Tropical Lots of water Permian ( mya) Continents start dividing Less water available Abundance of prey outside Amphibian evolution As continents divide Biotomes start to form Amphibians start to radiate 3
4 Diversity of anurans Global Distribution 30 Families 4963 species es Groups: Archaeobatrachia (4 families) Mesobatrachia (5 families) Neobatrachia (all other families) 30 Families Family No. of Known Species in World Number of Species in the United States? Number of Species in Tennessee? Allophrynidae Arthroleptidae Ascaphidae Bombinatoridae Brachycephalidae Bufonidae Centrolenidae Dendrobatidae 219 1* 0 Discoglossidae Heleophrynidae Hemisotidae Hylidae * 10 Hyperoliidae Leiopelmatidae families Leptodactylidae * 0 Mantellidae Megophryidae Microhylidae Myobatrachidae Nasikabatrachidae Pelobatidae Pelodytidae Pipidae 30 1* 0 Pseudidae Ranidae * 7 Rhacophoridae Rhinodermatidae Rhinophrynidae Scaphiophryninae Sooglossidae TOTALS
5 Primitive Anuran phylogeny Derived Global distribution Neotropics higher diversity South east Asia Central Africa 1) Leptodactylidae (Southern Frogs) 1283 species (24%) Found in the New World Tropics Males brood eggs Foam nests Varied life history (tadpoles, direct dev., viviparous) Eggs usually guarded Ceratophrys ornata 5
6 2) Hylidae (Tree Frogs) 835 species (15%) Global distribution Toe discs Good climbers and jumpers Free swimming tadpoles (most) Cruziohyla calcarifer 3) Ranidae (True Frogs) 799 species (14.7%) Global distribution (Africa and Asia most) Well-developed legs and webbed feet Free swimming tadpoles (most) Tomopterna tuberculosa 4) Bufonidae (True Toads) 493 species (9%) Global distribution (Genus Bufo for most) Cutaneous glands Teeth nearly absent Bidder s organ (rudimentary ovary on testes) Nectophrynoides asperginis Melanophryniscus stelzneri 6
7 5) Microhylidae (Narrow-mouthed Frogs) Phrynomantis bifasciatus 449 species (8%) Mostly tropical and subtropical 2-3 palatal folds Stout hind legs, short snouts, and globose bodies Breviceps - males produce secretions to stick to females Myersiella microps 6) Rhacophoridae (Asian Tree Frogs) 288 species (5%) Africa, India, SE Asia Hanging foam nests Flying Frogs (excessive webbing) Flash coloration on inner thigh Convergent with hylids Nyctixalus pictus Rhacophorus reinwardtii Theloderma corticale Polypedates otilophus Polypedates cruciger 7) Hyperoliidae (African Tree Frogs) 261 species (4.8%) Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles Pupil vertically elliptical Toe discs Brightly colored Some fold leaves over eggs Leptopelis vermiculatus Hyperolius marmoratus Heterixalus tricolor Kassina kuvangensis Afrixalus fornasini 7
8 8) Dendrobatidae (Poison Arrow Frogs) 252 species (4.7%) Found in Central and South America Brightly colored and toxic skin Most very small (<1 inch) Males wrestle for dominance Tadpole ride on males back Dendrobates azureus Video 9) Mantellidae (Mantellas) 164 species (3%) Madagascar only Brightly colored and toxic skin Most very small (<1 inch) Some convergent with Dendrobatidae Tsingymantis antitra (Glass Frogs) 143 species (2.3%) Central and South America Transparent skin, no ribs Most very small (<1 inch) Males guard eggs 10) Centrolenidae Centrolene buckleyi 8
9 11) Megophryidae (Cryptic Frogs) 138 species (2.5%) Asia & Indonesia (streams) Leaf-like appearance Nocturnal and poor jumpers Tadpoles feed at surface Brachytarsophrys intermedia 12) Myobatrachidae (Water Frogs) 126 species (2.3%) New Guinea, Australia, & Tasmania Foam nests in water Unique egg brooding (pouch, mouth) Lack toe discs Rheobatrachus (extinct) Lechriodus fletcheri Limnodynastes dumerilii 13) Arthroleptidae (Squeakers) 51 species (0.9%) Sub-Saharan Africa (forests) Direct development (some tadpoles) Trichobatrachus robustus Leptopelis uluguruensis 9
10 QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. (Tongueless Frogs) 14) Pipidae 31 species (0.6%) Africa & South America Fully aquatic (webbed feet, lateral line system) Pipa (eggs embedded on female) Xenopus (tadpoles with barbs) Eyes E dorsal and no tongue Xenopus laevis Pipa parva 15) Astylosternidae (Astylosternids) 29 species (0.5%) Sub-Saharan Africa (forests) Often grouped with Arthrolepidae Toe discs Leptopelis kivuensis Astylosternus laurenti (Disc-tongued Frogs) 12 species (0.2%) SW Europe; Northern Africa Females vocalize some Toad-like Terrestrial and life in burrows 16) Discoglossidae Discoglossus sardus Alytes cisternasii 10
11 QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. 17) Pelobatidae (Spadefoots) 11 species (0.2%) US, Mexico, Europe, Eastern Asia Xeric environments Explosive breeders Fast developing larvae (cannibalistic larvae) Spea intermontana Pelobates cultripes 18) Brachycephalidae (Pumpkin Toads) 11 species (0.2%) SE Brazil All direct development Reduced digits Bright orange (tetrodotoxin) B. didactylus: smallest tetrapod in southern hemisphere (3/8 ) Brachycephalus nodoterga Brachycephalus ephippium 19) Bombinatoridae (Fire-bellied Toads & Barbourulas) 10 species (0.2%) Europe; East Asia Toxic Skin (unken reflex) Barbourulas: Rocky streams Bombina orientalis 11
12 20) Hemisotidae (Shovel-nosed Frogs) 9 species (0.17%) Sub-Saharan Africa Burrows head first Lay eggs in burrow Females dig ditch or transport tadpoles Hemisus marmoratus Hemisus guttatus Hemisus marmoratus 21) Heleophrynidae (Ghost Frogs) 6 species (0.1%) Southern Africa Well-developed toe discs, spines, suckerlike oral disc (tadpoles) Fast-flowing streams Heleophryne regis Heleophryne hewitti (Seychelles Frogs) 29 species (0.5%) 22) Sooglossidae Madagascar Inguinal amplexus (only Neobatrachid ) Secretive: litter and rocks Direct t development & tadpoles on back Sooglossus pipilodryas Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis 12
13 (Leiopelmatids) 4 species (0.1%) New Zealand Primitive group Do not call (no T, ME, VS) Inscriptional ribs 23) Leiopelmatidae Leiopelma hochstetteri Leiopelma archeyi 24) Pelodytidae (Parsley Frogs) 3 species (0.1%) Black & Caspian Seas, S. Europe Bulging Eyes; Parsley Color Females reported vocalizing when amplexed Pelodytes punctatus Pelodytes punctatus 25) Ascaphidae e (Tailed frogs) 2 species (<0.1%) NW US, British Columbia Fast moving streams Tail: Cloacal Extension Internal I t l fertilization Most primitive extant family (don t call, 7 yrs to maturation) Ascaphus montanus Ascaphus truei 13
14 26) Rhinodermatidae (Mouth-brooding frogs) 2 species (<0.1%) Southern South America (Chile) Tadpoles Develop in Vocal Sac (male) Rhinoceros nosed Rhinoderma darwinii 27) Allophrynidae (Ruthven s Frog) 1 species (<0.1%) NE South America Centrolenidae (related?; foot muscle morphology) Little known about its ecology Allophryne ruthveni 28) Nasikabatrachidae (Purple Frog) 1 species (<0.1%) India (discovered 2003) Fossorial Explosive breeders Little known Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis 14
15 29) Rhinophrynidae Drunken toad 1 species (<0.1%) Costa Rica to Rio Grande Fossorial Explosive breeders Termite and ant specialists No teeth (Mexican Burrowing Toad) Rhinophrynus dorsalis 30) Pseudidae 2 genera aquatic frogs South America Pseudis paradoxa tadpoles ( mm) Adult quarter the size of tadpole float among vegetation in shallow ponds and roadside ditches There are no fossils. Pseudis paradoxa Anuran morphology and ecology Some other topics to explore on your own 1. Habitat associations of adult anurans - Are most frogs strongly associated with water? 2. Body size and ecology of adult anurans - How does body size impact habitat associations? - What traits are associated with miniaturization of frogs? 3. Adaptations for different life styles - What adaptations are associated with different life styles? 15
16 Lecture summary Evolutionary history of amphibians Characteristics of anuran families Anuran families world distribution 16
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