Dan O Keefe, Ph.D. Ottawa County Water Quality Forum November 19, 2018

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1 Dan O Keefe, Ph.D. Ottawa County Water Quality Forum November 19, 2018

2 Sea Grant Communication Products YouTube Channel Fish Notes enewsletter MSU Extension News Fact sheets and brochures Reports and white papers Peer reviewed literature

3 10 pounds of salmon What does it take to make ten pounds of fish? 75 pounds of alewife 2,000 pounds of zooplankton More than 7,500 pounds of phytoplankton

4 USGS Figure

5 Top Down vs. Bottom Up Regulation of Productivity Strong link between phosphorus and primary production Schindler (1974) Trophic cascade paper demonstrated impact of predation on lower trophic levels (Carpenter et al. 1985) Complementary concepts DFO Canada Image

6

7 Historic Lake Michigan Food Chain Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Top Predator Phytoplankton (Algae) Zooplankton Ciscoes Lake Trout Larval Fish Benthos Benthivores and Generalist Fish

8 Sea Lamprey

9 Photo: Great Lakes Fishery Commission

10 Collapse of Lake Trout in Lk. Michigan Sea Lampreys on Lake Trout Commercial Landings (Thousands of Pounds) Redrawn from Great Lakes Fishery Commission data

11 Alewife

12 GLFC Photo

13 Effects of Sea Lamprey and Alewife Sea Lamprey Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Top Predator Phytoplankton (Algae) Zooplankton Ciscoes Lake Trout Larval Fish Benthos Benthivores and Generalist Fish

14 Effects of Lamprey Control and Salmonine Stocking Sea Lamprey Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Top Predator Phytoplankton (Algae) Zooplankton Alewife and Smelt Salmon and Trout Larval Fish Benthos Benthivores and Generalist Fish

15 Why have forage fish been declining in Lake Michigan?

16

17 Siphon of quagga mussel

18 Possible Explanations Dreissenid mussels filter out phytoplankton Disappearance of Diporeia Water Quality Act of 1972 reduced phosphorus inputs Other ballast borne invaders Increase in gamefish biomass

19 Bunnell et al. 2014; BioScience: 64(1):26-39

20

21 Lake Michigan April Total Phosphorus (ppb) Zooplankton (lbs/acre) Gamefish (lbs/acre) Water Clarity (feet) Dreissenids (no/ft²) ,175.08

22 Lake Michigan Trend From Top Down or Bottom Up? Trout and Salmon Forage Fish Native Benthos TOP DOWN BOTTOM UP Zooplankton NO TREND BOTTOM UP May Chlorophyll a April Total Phosphorus BOTTOM UP

23 Lake Huron April Total Phosphorus (ppb) Zooplankton (lbs/acre) Gamefish (lbs/acre) Water Clarity (feet) Dreissenids (no/ft²)

24 Lake Huron Trend From Top Down or Bottom Up? Trout and Salmon NO TREND BOTTOM UP Forage Fish Native Benthos BOTTOM UP Zooplankton BOTTOM UP May Chlorophyll a April Total Phosphorus BOTTOM UP

25 Lake Comparisons April Total Phosphorus (ppb) Zooplankton (lbs/acre) Gamefish (lbs/acre) Water Clarity (feet) Dreissenids (no/ft²) Lake Michigan ,175 Lake Huron Lake Superior

26 Conclusions Evidence for both top down and bottom up forcing in Lake Michigan Bottom up regulation in Lake Huron Both processes are important Relative importance of each type of forcing varies by lake and time period

27 Acknowledgements Bo Bunnell (USGS) Chuck Madenjian (USGS) Steve Pothoven (NOAA) Katelyn Brolick (MI Sea Grant) Todd Marsee (MI Sea Grant) and many, many more!

28 Any Questions?

29 Lake Superior April Total Phosphorus (ppb) Zooplankton (lbs/acre) Gamefish (lbs/acre) Water Clarity (feet) Dreissenids (no/ft²)

30 Lake Ontario April Total Phosphorus (ppb) Zooplankton (lbs/acre) Gamefish (lbs/acre) Water Clarity (feet) Dreissenids (no/ft²)

31 Lake Erie (Western Basin) April Total Phosphorus (ppb) Zooplankton (lbs/acre) Gamefish (lbs/acre) Water Clarity (feet) Dreissenids (no/ft²)

32 Lake Comparisons April Total Phosphorus (ppb) Zooplankton (lbs/acre) Gamefish (lbs/acre) Water Clarity (feet) Dreissenids (no/ft²) Lake Michigan Lake Huron

33 Lake Comparisons April Total Phosphorus (ppb) Zooplankton (lbs/acre) Gamefish (lbs/acre) Water Clarity (feet) Dreissenids (no/ft²) Lake Michigan ,175 Lake Huron

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