The Great Lakes: An Environmental History
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1 The Great Lakes: An Environmental History Jeffrey S. Schaeffer Great Lakes Science Center 1451 Green Rd. Ann Arbor, MI Great Lakes Science Center
2 The Great Lakes
3 A Primeval landscape Vast wetlands, fisheries The Welland Canal The logging era Loss of Marshlands First Commercial Fishing The Great Black Swamp
4 The great abundance of fish is a daily manna, which never fails... Moreover, better fish can not be eaten, and they are bathed and nourished in the purest water you could see anywhere. Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac ( )
5 There were a lot of fish No quantitative estimates Many anecdotal accounts High catches using primitive methods
6 Wetlands
7 Agricultural dikes
8 The Great Black Swamp
9 Wetland Drainage
10 Saginaw Bay, early 1800 s Data from Mackay,Lake Huron GIS project Wetland Forest Wet Prairie
11 Saginaw Bay, 1983 Data from Mackay,Lake Huron GIS project Wetland Forest Wet Prairie
12 Ship Canals
13 Welland Canal: 1829
14 Dams
15 Whitewater, Ausable River Circa 1910 Photo Courtesy of Troy Zorn, Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources
16 Dam Impacts- whitewater 700 Elevation (feet) Miles from River Mouth
17 Dam Impacts: migration Then Map courtesy of Troy Zorn, Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources Now
18 Watershed impacts: logging
19 Primeval Forests
20 Old Growth White Pine
21 Efficiency Rules
22 Log Drive at Grand Rapids
23 Michigan Grayling
24 A barren landscape
25 Fire!
26 The Great Peshtigo Fire October 8, 1871
27 Peshtigo October 8, ,780,000 acres burned Worst natural disaster in U.S. history in terms of loss of life (1500?) Until Titanic, worst U.S. disaster from any cause Why have you never heard about this?
28 The Great Chicago Fire October 8, 1871
29 First problems apparent The Great Peshtigo Fire Spencer Baird s Big Mistake The Big Smelt Escape Swedes Discover Lake Sturgeon Commercial Fishing becomes Industrialized
30 Lake Sturgeon
31 Lake Sturgeon landings Landings Year
32 Spencer Baird s Big Mistake The Common Carp
33 Sport fishing
34 Commercial Fishing
35 Commercial Fishing
36 The big smelt escape of 1912
37 A wave of invaders Sea lamprey in Lake Erie Sea lamprey In Lake Huron Alewives proliferate Lake Herring collapse First fish kill from Pollution Sea Lampreys everywhere
38 Sea Lamprey
39 Lake trout landings Landings Year
40 Alewife invades
41 Exploitation followed a pattern High value Low value
42 A decade of change Hexagenia Extirpated Nylon nets Alewife, Rainbow smelt proliferate Lake trout collapse Blue Pike Extinct Alewife Dominate L. Michigan Notice anything?
43 Hexagenia extirpated
44 Nylon Nets
45 An Environmental Catastrophe! Massive Alewife Die-off Lake Erie Declared Dead Clean Water Act Overfishing Cuyahoga River burns DDT Lamprey Control
46 Alewife die-off
47 1960 s Pollution!
48 Lamprey control
49 Recovery! almon surprise EPA created Walleyes return Salmon Control Alewives Lake trout return Still More walleyes Sport Fishing Industry created
50 Great Fishing
51 Salmon Surprise!
52 Invasions: round White perch Zebra mussels Non-Point Sources European Water flea Ruffe gobies
53 Ballast water introductions
54 Zebra mussels
55 Yet more invaders Round Goby Ruffe Bythotrephes
56 Habitat Loss Wetland loss Dams Watershed changes
57 Overfishing Industrialization, technology advances Lack of regulation (sturgeon) Specific Exploitation pattern
58 Exotics Introduced deliberately Invaded through ship canals ballast water introductions
59 Water quality Point sources Nutrients, industrial wastes Greatly reduced Non-point sources Nutrients, toxics May be worse than ever
60 Consequences Loss of Native Species Replacement by exotics Instability, fluctuating populations
61 Human Solutions Reaction Money Technology Throw money at the problem
62 Human Challenges Prevention Restoration Money Technology
63 Help! We are being eaten by a giant Muskellunge!
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