Animal Kingdom: Comparative Anatomy

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1 Invertebrate feeding and digestion Animal Kingdom: Comparative Anatomy Invertebrates can either have or digestion: meaning that food is digested each individual of the organism. Animals a digestive tract. Examples: Sponges (can excrete extracellular ) means that digestion occurs in a and the digested material is moved across the membrane into the cell. Animals with a digestive tract. Examples: mollusks, worms, arthropods, echinoderms Vertebrate Digestive Systems The digestive systems of many vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits. Carnivores, such as sharks have short that produce fast-acting digestive. Herbivores have long that have large colonies of bacteria that help in the cellulose fibers in plant tissues. Esophagus Stomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum

2 Respiration in animals Aquatic invertebrates Aquatic animals have natural respiratory surfaces, and some respire through through their and others use. Terrestrial Invertebrates There are many different respiratory in terrestrial invertebrates. Spiders use parallel Insects use openings called where air enters the body and passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas Snails have a cavity that is lined with tissue and an extensive surface area of blood vessels. Images of Invertebrate Respiratory Systems Vertebrate respiratory systems Chordates have one of two basic structures for respiration: for chordates Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians - for chordates Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Aquatic Gills Water flows through the then over the gills where is removed and water are then pumped out through the Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Air sac Salamander Lizard Primate Pigeon

3 Invertebrate Circulatory systems Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a system where cells simply do to take in oxygen or systems with many and even systems with one heart. Open circulatory systems Blood is through a system of BUT is only partially contained in these vessels. Most of the time the blood is pumped through open. This system is beneficial to arthropods and mollusks because the blood comes into direct with organs and tissues. Closed circulatory systems A closed system forces blood through that extend throughout the body of the organism. Since the system is the blood never leaves the vessels. This system is beneficial to larger organisms because the blood is kept at a higher which allows for more circulation within the organism. Invertebrate Circulatory Systems Insect: Open Circulatory System Annelid: Closed Circulatory System Vertebrate circulatory systems Single-Loop Circulatory System Double-Loop Circulatory System FISHES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS

4 Aquatic Invertebrate excretion Some aquatic invertebrates simply ammonia out their bodies into the surrounding water where it is diluted and carried away. Example: sponges, cnidarians, and some round worms. Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with water, the wastes and the wastes through tiny in their skin. Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion Many terrestrial invertebrates convert into. Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound that is much less than ammonia. This urea is eliminated from the body in Invertebrate Excretory Systems Excretory Flame Flatworm Excretory pore Flame cell Nephridia Digestive tract Excretory tubule Vertebrate Excretion Annelid Arthropod Malpighia Aquatic vertebrates have and rely on slits to release excretory wastes into surrounding water for dilution. Terrestrial vertebrates rely on the to out the ammonia and change it into urea and send it to be released in urine.

5 Nervous system All animals respond to their environment through specialized cells called cells. In most animals nerve cells to form the nervous system. Nervous systems can range from fairly to extremely. The of nerve cells from phylum to phylum can be dramatically. Invertebrate Nervous Systems Arthropod Flatworm Mollusk Vertebrate Nervous Systems

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