Final Report. (Professional Services Contract ) Submitted by: Jennifer K. Frey

Transcription

1 IDENTIFICATION OF CHIPMUNKS FROM THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS IN THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA: ARE THEY THE ENDANGERED PENASCO LEAST CHIPMUNK (TAMIAS MINIMUS ATRISTRIATUS)? Final Report (Professional Services Contract ) Submitted by: Jennifer K. Frey Frey Biological Research PO Box 294, Radium Springs, NM Voice: Fax: Web: FreyBiologicalResearch.com Submitted to: Share with Wildlife Program Conservation Services Division New Mexico Department of Game and Fish One Wildlife Way PO Box Santa Fe, NM June 2010

2 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Methods 4 Approach 4 Data collection 4 Statistical analyses 5 Results and Discussion 6 External measurements 6 Cranial measurements 8 Combined external and cranial 10 Pelage color 11 Combined external, cranial and pelage 17 Identification of remaining specimens 17 Conclusions and Conservation Implications 18 Acknowledgements 19 Literature Cited 19 Appendix 1: Specimens 20

3 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 3 Introduction The Peñasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus) is listed as Endangered under the New Mexico Wildlife Conservation Act. It is endemic to the White Mountains (i.e., Sierra Blanca) in Lincoln County and the Sacramento Mountains in Otero County, where it is sympatric with the morphologically similar gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes). In 2007 I conducted a status assessment of the species, which included a search for museum specimens and other historical records of the species (Frey and Boykin 2007). I confirmed a total of 28 specimens from 7 locations in the White Mountains, and 17 specimens from 7 locations in the Sacramento Mountains. All but one of these specimens had been reported during previous studies (e.g., Bailey 1913, Conley 1970, Sullivan et al. no date, Sullivan 1985, Hope and Frey 2000). Thus, it was with great surprise that I discovered a series of 85 putative specimens of T. m. atristriatus in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP) that had been collected in Otero County during , but overlooked in subsequent studies. If accurate, those records would almost triple available data on the taxon and would be especially illuminating with regards the historical distribution and habitat associations of the Sacramento Mountains population, which is potentially extinct. Previously, all records of the Sacramento population were from James Canyon, but recent surveys in that canyon have failed to document the species persistence. The ANSP specimens were from 14 additional locations scattered throughout the mountain range indicating that T. m. atristriatus potentially enjoyed a much larger distribution than previously known. Further, the locality records provided sample sizes large enough that we were able to develop Geographic Information System (GIS) ecological niche models to predict habitat use and potential distribution of T. m. atristriatus (Frey and Boykin 2007). However, given the late discovery of the specimens and time constraints of the project, we were unable to secure loans of the specimens and do needed analyses to confirm identifications of the specimens. Verification of the taxonomic identification of the ANSP series of chipmunks is needed to confirm results of Frey and Boykin (2007), which provided unprecedented information about T. m. atristriatus, including its historical distribution, habitat associations, and potential interactions with the sympatric gray-footed chipmunk with which it may compete. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to confirm the identification of the putative specimens of T. m. atristriatus held in the ANSP.

4 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 4 Methods Approach. Loans of the putative T. m. atristriatus chipmunks from Otero County were requested from the ANSP. With this larger series of specimens available, a preliminary comparison of T. m. atristriatus and revealed qualitative characters that appeared diagnostic and useful for distinguishing between the species. In order to quantify these characters and to test their ability to discriminate between the species I developed a set of quantitative characters for external morphology, cranial morphology and pelage color. Initially, this full set of data was collected on a subsample of the putative T. m. atristriatus and a comparative sample of. Statistical analyses were used to test for differences between the groups and to determine which variables were diagnostic and most useful for species discrimination (discriminant function analysis classification was used to recognize any misidentified specimens). I then collected data on the best subset of characters to provide verified identification for the remaining specimens of putative T. m. atristriatus. These analyses provide the first definitive comparison of morphological characters between these taxa and provide verified identifications for the putative specimens of T. m. atristriatus in the ANSP. Data collection. Specimens were aged based on the condition of the third upper molar (Fleharty 1960) and juveniles were excluded from subsequent analyses. Sexes were pooled in analyses on basis of prior studies that found little significant sexual dimorphism (Best et al. 1992, Fleharty 1960, Patterson 1980, Montoya 2009). Specimens of were previously examined by Montoya (2009). I included specimens of from throughout its range in order to reflect the greatest range of variation possible in that species. The final comparative samples for the initial quantitative analyses included 203 and 21 T. m. atristriatus from the Sacramento Mountains. Based on initial examination and preliminary data collection, some variables were excluded from further consideration that were deemed to exhibit no meaningful or tractable variation. The final quantitative morphometric data set included a total of 44 variables: 5 external, 12 cranial, and 27 pelage (i.e., hue, chroma, and value at 9 locations on the body). Four external measurements (total length [TOT], tail length [TL], length of ear [EAR], and length of hind foot [HF]) were taken from specimen tags and one was computed (body length [BL]= total length tail length). A total of 12 cranial measurements were taken with digital calipers, including: greatest length of skull (GLS), zygomatic breadth (ZB), nasal width (NW), nasal length (NL), mastoidal breadth (MB), mandibular length (ML), length of mandibular diastema (LD), length of mandibular toothrow (MTR), length of maxillary toothrow (LPMX), cranial depth (CD; measurement include depth of 0.99 mm glass slide), least interorbital breadth (LIOB) and post palatal length (PPL). Pelage color was examined on 9 parts of the body including dorsal surface of the hindfoot, mid-dorsal tail, mid-ventral tail, shoulder, side, crown, rump, belly, and the outermost dark stripe. Pelage color was determined by comparison with Globe soil charts, which utilize Munsell notation to describe a particular color (Carraway and Verts 2002). Munsell color notation is composed of three different values to describe a particular color: hue, value and chroma. Hue is a measure of the chromatic composition of light that reaches the eye. The Munsell system is based on five principal hues: red (R), yellow (Y), green (G), blue (B), and purple (P). Five intermediate hues representing midpoints between each pair of principal hues complete the 10 major hue names used to describe the notation. The intermediate hues are

5 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 5 yellow-red (YR), green-yellow (GY), blue-green (BG), purple-blue (PB), and red-purple (RP). Each of the 10 major hues is divided into four segments of equal visual steps, which are designated by numerical values applied as prefixes to the symbol for the hue name. Value indicates the degree of lightness or darkness of a color in relation to a neutral gray scale. On a neutral gray (achromatic) scale, value extends from pure black (0) to pure white (10). The value notation is a measure of the amount of light that reaches the eye under standard lighting conditions. Gray is perceived as about halfway between black and white and has a value notation of 5. The actual amount of light that reaches the eye is related logarithmically to color value. Numbers between 5 and 10 indicate lighter colors; numbers from 5 to 0 indicate darker colors. These values may be designated for either achromatic or chromatic conditions. Thus, a soil color chart card has a series of color chips arranged vertically to show equal steps from the lightest to the darkest shades of that hue. Chroma is the relative purity or strength of the spectral color. Chroma indicates the degree of saturation of neutral gray by the spectral color. The scales of chroma for soils extend from 0 for neutral colors to a chroma of 8 as the strongest expression of color used for soils. For example, the most common hind foot color in was 10YR8/4. In this example, the hue is 10YR, the value is 8, and the chroma is 4. Statistical analyses. Statistics were preformed with SPSS 10.0 (SPSS 1999). Initially, descriptive statistics were run on the comparative samples and extreme outliers were removed from the dataset. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each continuous variable including mean, standard deviation, standard error, 95% confidence intervals for the mean, and range. To test for significant difference between and T. m. atristriatus I used one-way ANOVA for external and cranial measurements, chi-square likelihood ratio tests for hue, and Mann- Whitney U tests for value and chroma. For pelage differences, I used a P-value < 0.01 to indicate significant differences. Stepwise discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to test for multivariate differences between the species based on various sets of independent variables. Significance was determined with a chi-square transformation of the overall Wilks lambda. Variables were ranked in ability to discriminate between the species by using Wilks lambda to pass the tolerance tests (0.05 to enter; 0.10 to remove). The discriminant function models were applied to a classification routine in order to evaluate model accuracy. Because the original classification results can provide overly optimistic estimates, a cross-validation procedure was used whereby each case in the analysis was classified by the functions derived from all cases other than that case (SPSS 1999). The percentage of correct classifications was compared between the original and cross-validated cases in order to assess whether there were too many predictors in the model. An excess of predictors was indicated by a substantially lower percentage of correct classification for the cross-validated cases. Since use of the classification routine was exploratory, I relaxed the assumption of low multicollinearity in the data set, which may influence relative importance of predictor variables. However, univariate results were robust and provided a strong independent test of importance of variables. Because of the large difference in sample sizes between the species, I did not replace missing values with means in DFAs. Thus, sample sizes were reduced in the DFA analyses due to missing variables (e.g., due to broken bones).

6 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 6 Results and Discussion External measurements. T. m. atristriatus averaged smaller than for all external measurements (Table 1). All external measurements exhibited highly significant (P < 0.001) differences between the species, except tail length, which was marginally significantly different (P = 0.028). The 95% confidence intervals around the means formed non-overlapping groups for all external measurements, although the range overlapped between the species for all external measurements (Figure 1). Based on F values > 100, the most highly discriminating variables include (listed in decreasing order): ear length and hindfoot length (Figure 2). The DFA included 3 variables in the final model (listed starting with most predictive variable first): ear length, hindfoot length and tail length. The classification routine correctly classified 94.5% of the original and cross-validated cases. The incorrect classifications were 6.2% of predicted to be T. m. atristriatus; no T. m. atristriatus were misclassified. Ear length and hindfoot length can be taken relatively easily and reliably on live animals in field situations if taken properly. Use a thin plastic ruler that has been cut to start at the 0 mm mark. To take ear length, the 0 mm end of the ruler is placed in the notch at the anterior base on external ear pinna; it is measured to the longest point of the edge of the pinna (excluding the fringe of hair around edge of pinna). For hindfoot length, the animals foot must be positioned at a right angle to the leg (a live chipmunk will often assume this position when held by the scruff). The foot is measured along the bottom of the foot with the 0 mm mark placed at the end of the heel and measuring to the furthest ends of the toes, including the nail. Failure to follow these directions can lead to misidentifications. Also, it is important to bear in mind that measurements in Table 1 are for adults; young will pose identification problems if based on external measurements alone. Figure 1. Comparison of gross external features of the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; 5 on left) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; 5 on right).

7 Ear length Hindfoot length Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 7 Table 1. External measurements of adult Tamias canipes and Tamias minimus atristriatus from the Sacramento Mountains, Otero Co., New Mexico. 95% Confidence Interval for Mean n mean SD SE Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum Total length canipes minimus Tail length canipes minimus Body length canipes minimus Hindfoot length canipes minimus Ear length canipes minimus Figure 2. Ear length (left) and hindfoot length (right) in and Tamias minimus atristriatus. Black bars represent medians, boxes represent quartiles, circles represent outliers.

8 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 8 Cranial measurements. T. m. atristriatus averaged smaller than for all cranial measurements (Table 2; Figure 3 and 4). All cranial measurements exhibited highly significant differences (P < 0.001) between the species, except cranial depth, which was marginally significantly different (P = 0.028). The 95% confidence intervals of the means formed non-overlapping groups for all variables. In addition, there was no overlap in the range of variation for greatest length of skull and nearly so for cranial breadth. Based on F values > 100, the most discriminating variables include (listed in decreasing order): cranial breadth, greatest length of skull, least interorbital breadth, nasal length, mandible length, and mandibular toothrow length (Figure 5). The DFA included 7 variables in the final model (listed starting with most predictive variable first): cranial breadth, greatest length of skull, zygomatic breadth, cranial depth, least interorbital breadth, nasal length, maxillary toothrow length. The classification routine correctly classified 100% of the original cases and cross-validated cases. Figure 3. Comparison of dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views of the skulls of the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; 3 on left) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; 3 on right). Figure 4. Comparison of labial (left) and lingual (right) sides of mandibles of the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; bottom) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; top).

9 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 9 Table 2. Cranial measurements of adult Tamias canipes and Tamias minimus atristriatus from the Sacramento Mountains, Otero Co., New Mexico. 95% Confidence Interval for Mean n mean SD SE Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum Greatest length of skull canipes minimus Zygomatic breadth canipes minimus Nasal width canipes minimus Nasal length canipes minimus Cranial breadth canipes minimus Least interorbital breadth canipes minimus Post palatal length canipes minimus Maxillary toothrow length canipes minimus Cranial depth canipes minimus Mandible length canipes minimus Diastema length canipes minimus Mandibular toothrow length canipes minimus

10 Mandible length Mandibular toothrow length Least interorbital breadth Nasal length Cranial breadth Greatest length of skull Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification Figure 5. Cranial measurements that were highly discriminatory between and T. minimus atristriatus including, cranial breadth (top left), greatest length of skull (top right), least interorbital breadth (middle left), nasal length (middle right), mandible length (bottom left), and mandibular toothrow length (bottom right). Combined external and cranial. A DFA based on all external and cranial measurements included 7 variables in the final model (listed starting with most predictive variable first): cranial breadth, greatest length of skull, maxillary toothrow length, least interorbital breadth, total length, ear length, and cranial depth. The classification routine correctly classified 99.3% of the original cases and cross-validated cases; the only misclassification was one from the Capitan Mountains.

11 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 11 Pelage color. Descriptive statistics for pelage characters are in Table 3. For hue, four of nine body locations exhibited significant differences (P < 0.01) between T. m. atristriatus and, which included dorsal surface of the hindfoot, rump, shoulder, and outer dark stripe (Figure 6). Seven of nine body locations exhibited highly significant differences (P < 0.005) in value and/or chroma between T. m. atristriatus and. For value (i.e., measure of lightness), T. m. atristriatus was significantly darker than in the ventral tail, crown, belly, shoulder, and outer dark stripe, but was significantly lighter than in the dorsal surface of the hindfoot. For chroma (measure of intensity of color), T. m. atristriatus had significantly more intense color than in the dorsal surface of the hindfoot, rump, belly, and shoulder. For the chroma of the outer dark stripe, T. m. atristriatus had a lower value than T. canipes. This reflects the more neutral color (i.e., black) in T. m. atristriatus. Neither the side nor dorsal surface of the tail exhibited significant differences in value or chroma between the species. Based on Z values (Z < -0.5), the most discriminating chroma and value variables were (listed in decreasing order): belly chroma, belly value, hindfoot chroma, outerstripe chroma, and crown value (Figure 7). The DFA included 4 variables in the final model (listed starting with most predictive variable first): belly chroma, outer dark stripe chroma, crown chroma, and outer dark stripe value. The classification routine correctly classified 100% of the original cases and 98.8% of the cross-validated cases. The only misclassification was one. Hues were not included in the DFA because they are categorical variables. The most useful pelage characters for distinguishing the species (based on degree of difference between the species and ease of description and interpretation) were color of dorsal surface of the hind feet and color of the belly. For color of hindfeet, T. m. atristriatus was pale yellowish orange while was more yellowish gray (Figure 8). For color of the belly, T. m. atristriatus was light beige, yellowish, or orange, while was creamy or white; both had dark underfur (Figures 9 and 10). Some T. m. atristriatus had belly color similar to T. canipes. In addition, care must be taken in the case of juvenile, because belly color is dark and more similar to T. m. atristriatus. Additional qualitative pelage differences also are useful for species identification. One concerns the color and pattern of the dark dorsal stripes. As noted above, the outer pair of dorsal stripes tends to be black in T. m. atristriatus and brown in, although there is considerable variation in this character and it is not reliable alone. Differences also exist for the median pair of dark dorsal stripes (i.e., these are the two dark stripes immediately lateral to the middle dark stripe). In T. m. atristriatus these stripes tend to be thin, blackish, and remain distinct lines over the rump, while in these stripes tend to be thick, brownish, and fade over the rump (Figure 1, 8, 11). The post-auricular patches (i.e., light spots behind ears) tend to be obscure (i.e., small and dark) in T. m. atristriatus, but large and prominent (i.e., white) in T. canipes (Figure 12). Finally, the color of the face below the lowest dark facial stripe tends to be dingy or yellowish in T. m. atristriatus, but whitish or clean pale gray in (Figure 13).

12 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 12 Table 3. Value and chroma of the pelage for adult Tamias canipes and Tamias minimus atristriatus from the Sacramento Mountains, Otero Co., New Mexico. n mean SD SE 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Upper Bound Bound Minim um Maxim um Value dorsal surface hindfoot canipes minimus Chroma dorsal surface hindfoot canipes minimus Value ventral tail canipes minimus Chroma ventral tail canipes minimus Value side canipes minimus Chroma side canipes minimus Value crown canipes minimus Chroma crown canipes minimus Value rump canipes minimus Chroma rump canipes minimus Value belly canipes minimus Chroma belly canipes minimus Value shoulder canipes minimus Chroma shoulder canipes minimus Value dorsal tail canipes minimus Chroma dorsal tail canipes minimus Value outer dark stripe canipes minimus Chroma outer dark stripe canipes minimus

13 Percent Percent Percent Percent Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification SPECIES SPECIES 10 minimus 10 minimus 0 10YR 2.5Y 7.5YR canipes 0 10YR 2.5Y 2.5YR 5YR 7.5YR canipes Hue hindfoot Hue rump SPECIES SPECIES 10 minimus 10 minimus 0 10YR 2.5Y 2.5YR 7.5YR canipes 0 10YR 7.5YR N canipes Hue shoulder Hue outer dark stripe Figure 6. Significant differences in hue of hindfoot (top left), rump (top right), shoulder (bottom left), and outer dark stripe (bottom right) between atristriatus and.

14 Crown value Hindfoot chroma Outer dark stripe chroma Belly chroma Belly value Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification Figure 7. Significant differences in pelage color (value and chroma) between and T. minimus atristriatus and including belly chroma (top left), belly value (top right), hindfoot chroma (middle left), outer dark stripe chroma (middle right), and crown value (middle).

15 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 15 Figure 8. Comparison of hindfoot color in the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; right two) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; left two). Figure 9. Comparison of belly pelage color of the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; 5 on left) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; 5 on right). Figure 10. Close up comparison of belly pelage color of the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; 2 on left) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; 2 on right).

16 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 16 Figure 11. Comparison of pattern of dark stripes over rump in the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; left) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; right). These are ideal specimens and there is considerable variation in this character. Figure 12. Comparison of post auricular patches in the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; left) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; right). Figure 13. Comparison of facial color below the lower dark stripe in the Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus; top 2) and gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes; bottom 2).

17 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 17 Combined external, cranial, and pelage. The DFA included 7 variables in the final model (listed starting with most predictive variable first): greatest length of skull, cranial breadth, outer dark stripe chroma, belly chroma, crown chroma, zygomatic breadth, and rump value. The classification routine correctly classified 100% of the original cases and 98.5% of the cross-validated cases (analysis excluded specimens with missing variables). The only misclassification was one (ANSP 15582) which was only misclassified in analyses involving pelage. The misclassification is likely due to it being recorded as having a belly chroma = 2.0. Hue was not included in the DFA because they are categorical variables. Identification of remaining specimens. The remaining available putative specimens of T. m. atristriatus ( 39) were examined and quantitative data recorded for all external and cranial characters plus pelage characters for the 3 best body locations hindfoot, belly and outer dark stripe. Based on both a gross comparison of characteristics and comparison of quantitative measurements (i.e., Tables 1-3, Figs 1-4), all specimens were identified as T. m. atristriatus. To verify these results, I included the specimens in the classification routine of a DFA based on the suite of best variables; all specimens were predicted to be T. m. atristriatus. There were an additional 25 putative specimens of T. m. atristriatus listed in the ANSP catalog that were not examined by me. These specimens were not available for loan (N. Gilmore personal communication). However, these all were from Rock Spring on Sierra Blanca Peak, Otero County (7 from 11,000 ft, 17 from 11,900 ft, and 1 from 11,950 ft). I did examine 4 specimens from the same location (1 from 10,200 ft, and 3 from 11,900), all of which were verified as T. m. atristriatus. Given the diagnostic characters that can be used to distinguish museum specimens of these two species when there are large series of comparative material, and given that all specimens examined in the ANSP were correctly identified, it seems likely that the remaining specimens from Sierra Blanca Peak that I was not able to examine are also referred to T. m. atristriatus.

18 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 18 Conclusions and Conservation Implications Quantitative diagnostic characters exist that can serve to verify identifications of chipmunks in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. However, Tamias minimus atristriatus and are similar in appearance and verification of chipmunk identification in future studies should made by a taxon expert based on properly prepared specimens and with access to appropriate comparative specimen materials. All specimens of putative Tamias minimus atristriatus in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia were correctly identified. Thus, the results and conclusions presented in Frey and Boykin (2007) are accurate. Readers of this report are strongly encouraged to study the results in Frey and Boykin (2007), which presents the current state of knowledge about T. m. atristriatus. T. m. atristriatus is confirmed to have had a broad distribution throughout the Sacramento Mountains (Figure 14). Figure 14. Known distribution (red dots) of Tamias minimus atristriatus (from Frey and Boykin 2007).

19 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 19 Acknowledgements Thanks to the Ted Daeschler and Ned Gilmore of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for the loan of specimens of Tamias minimus atristriatus. Thanks to Alfredo Montoya for assistance with methodology. Literature Cited Bailey, V Ten new mammals from New Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 26: Best, T.L., J.L. Bartig, and S.L. Burt Tamias canipes. Mammalian Species. 411:1-5. Carraway, L.N., and B.J. Verts., Geographic variation in pelage color of piñon mice (Peromyscus truei) in the northern Great Basin and environs. W. N. Am. Nat., 62(4): Conley, W.H Geographic variation in the east chipmunk, Eutamias minimus, in New Mexico and eastern Arizona. Journal of Mammalogy, 51: Findley, J.S., A.H. Harris, D.E. Wilson, and C. Jones Mammals of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Fleharty, E.D The status of the grey-necked chipmunk in New Mexico. J. Mamm., 41: Frey, J.K Key to the Rodents of New Mexico. Final Report submitted to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, 120 pp. Frey, J.K., and K. Boykin Status assessment of the Peñasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus). Final Report submitted to New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, 30 June 2007, 72 pp. + appendices on CD. Hope, A.G, and J.K. Frey Survey for the Peñasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus) in the Lincoln National Forest with notes on rodent community assemblages. Final Report submitted to Lincoln National l Forest, Alamogordo, New Mexico. 48 pp. McGarigal, K., S. Cushman, and S. Stafford Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA. Montoya, A. F Geographic variation and taxonomy of the gray-footed chipmunk (Tamias canipes). Non-thesis Master s research paper, New Mexico State University, 21 April New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF) Comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy for New Mexico. Patterson, B.D A new subspecies of Eutamias quadrivittatus (Rodentia: Sciuridae) from the Organ Mountains, New Mexico. J. Mamm., 61: SPSS Inc. (1999). SPSS Base 10.0 for Windows. SPSS Inc., Chicago IL. Sullivan, R.M., K.E. Petersen, T.L. Yates. No Date. Systematic status of the Peñasco chipmunk (Eutamias minimus atristriatus), with comments on the relationships between allopatric populations of least chipmunks in New Mexico and adjacent states. Final Report submitted to the Endangered Species Program, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, pp. Sullivan, R.M Phyletic, biogeographic, and ecologic relationships among montane populations of least chipmunks (Eutamias minimus) in the southwest. Systematic Zoology, 34:

20 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 20 Appendix 1: Specimens of putative Penasco least chipmunk (Tamias minimus atristriatus) collected in Otero County, New Mexico, during the Wharton Huber Expedition of and held in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). Catalog Number Location Date Sex Verified species identification Series "Tularosa Canyon at 6850 ft - 4 miles above Mescalero " 10-Jun-31 Female atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 6800 ft. 4 miles above Mescalero" 20-Jun-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 6 miles above Mescalero " 22-Jun-31 Female atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 6700 ft 5 miles above Mescalero " 23-Jun-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 6 mi ab. Mescalero " 23-Jun-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 6 miles above Mescalero " 23-Jun-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 6 miles above Mescalero " 27-Jun-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 6 miles above Mescalero" 27-Jun-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 6 miles above Mescalero" 1-Jul-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 6 miles above Mescalero" 1-Jul-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 6 miles above Mescalero" 8-Jul-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft, 6 miles above Mescalero" 8-Jul-31 Female atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 7000 ft 5 miles abovve Mescalero" 10-Jul-31 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 6850 ft 4 miles above Mescalero " 10-Jul-31 Female atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 4 miles above Mescalero 6850 ft" 10-Jul-31 Female atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon 6900 ft. 3 miles above Mescalero" 10-Jul-31 Female atristriatus Tularosa Canyon 6800 ft. 2 miles above Mescalero 10-Jul-31 Female atristriatus Tularosa Canyon 6800 ft. 2 miles above Mescalero 10-Jul-31 Female atristriatus Sierra Blanca Peak Rock Spring ft 22-Jul-31 Male atristriatus Sierra Blanca Peak Rock Spring ft 22-Jul-31 Male atristriatus Sierra Blanca Peak Rock Spring ft 22-Jul-31 Male atristriatus Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 22-Jul-31 Female "Rock Spring, Sierra Blanca Peak 10,200 ft." 27-Jul-31 Male atristriatus Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 27-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 27-Jul-31 Male 3

21 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 21 Appendix 1: Continued Catalog Number Location Date Sex Verified species identification Series Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 27-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 27-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 27-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 27-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 27-Jul-31 Female Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 28-Jul-31 Male Sierra Blanca Peak, Rock Spring, feet 28-Jul-31 Female Elk Canyon 8300 ft. Sacramento Mts. 12-Aug-31 Male atristriatus "Elk Canyon 8300 ft. Sacramento Mys." 16-Aug-31 Female atristriatus "Elk Canyon, 8300 ft Sacramento Mts" 16-Aug-31 Female atristriatus Fence Canyon, Eastern Slope Sacramento Mts 8000 ft 10-Jun-32 Female atristriatus Seven Springs Tularosa Canyon 16-Jun-32 Male atristriatus Seven Springs Tularosa Canyon Sacramento Mts 16-Jun-32 Male atristriatus Seven Springs Tularosa Canyon Sacramento Mts 16-Jun-32 Male atristriatus "Seven Springs, Tularosa Canyon Sacramento Mts" 16-Jun-32 Male atristriatus "Seven Springs, Tularosa Canyon Sacramento Mts" 16-Jun-32 Male atristriatus Sacramento Mts ft. 6 miles N.E. of Mescalero 28-Jun-32 Female atristriatus Sacramento Mts ft. 6 miles N.E. of Mescalero 28-Jun-32 Male atristriatus Sacramento Mts 7500 ft 6 miles N.E. of Mescalero 28-Jun-32 Male atristriatus Elk Canyon 7500 ft. Sacramento Mts 9-Aug-32 Male atristriatus Elk Canyon 7500 ft. Sacramento Mts 9-Aug-32 Male atristriatus Elk Canyon 7500 ft. Sacramento Mts 9-Aug-32 Female atristriatus Elk Canyon 7500 ft. Sacramento Mts 9-Aug-32 Female atristriatus Elk Canyon 8000 ft. Sacramento Mts 10-Aug-32 Male atristriatus Elk Canyon 8000 ft. Sacramento Mts 10-Aug-32 Male atristriatus Elk Canyon 8000 ft. Sacramento Mts 10-Aug-32 Male atristriatus Elk Canyon 8000 ft. Sacramento Mts 10-Aug-32 Male atristriatus Elk Canyon 8000 ft. Sacramento Mts 10-Aug-32 Female atristriatus Elk Canyon 8000 ft. Sacramento Mts 10-Aug-32 Female atristriatus Elk Canyon 8000 ft. Sacramento Mts 10-Aug-32 Female atristriatus "Elk Canyon, 8000 ft. Sacramento Mts" 10-Aug-32 Female atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero" 24-Aug-32 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero" 24-Aug-32 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero" 24-Aug-32 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero Sacramento Mts 24-Aug-32 Male atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero" 24-Aug-32 Male atristriatus Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero Sacramento Mts 24-Aug-32 Male atristriatus Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero 24-Aug-32 Female atristriatus Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero 24-Aug-32 Female atristriatus Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero 24-Aug-32 Female atristriatus Tularosa Canyon, 3 mi above Mescalero Sacramento Mts 24-Aug-32 Female atristriatus "Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero" 24-Aug-32 Female atristriatus 2

22 Frey: ANSP chipmunk identification 22 Appendix 1: Continued Catalog Number Location Date Sex Verified species identification Series "Tularosa Canyon, 3 miles above Mescalero" 24-Aug-32 Female atristriatus "Elk Canyon 7000 ft. Sacramento Mts" Captured late July, 1932; died November 23, 1932 Male atristriatus Elk Canyon 7000 ft. Sacramento Mts 1 initial reference sample, 2 remaining test sample, 3 unavailable. Captured late July, 1932; died October 3, 1932 Male atristriatus 2