Optimizing Ammonia with Traps to Manage Apple Maggot in Washington Wee Yee, Research Entomologist Pete Landolt, Research Entomologist

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1 FINAL REPORT Projet Title: PI: Co-PI: Orgniztion: Optimizing Ammoni with Trps to Mnge Apple Mggot in Wshington Wee Yee, Reserh Entomologist Pete Lndolt, Reserh Entomologist USDA-ARS, Wpto, WA Ojetives: - Determine the effetiveness of mmoni relese rtes from yellow pnel nd red sphere trps Determine optiml mmoni onentrtions nd relese rtes Compre mmonium hydroxide with onventionl, ommerilly ville mmoni lures Test effets of different mmoni volumes on trp effetiveness. Further determine seson-long effetiveness of mmonium hydroxide nd ommeril lures Determine effetiveness of mmoni together with pple voltile lures. Effetiveness of mmoni- nd pple voltile-ited trps in lrge- nd smll-tree orhrds. - Signifint Findings: All rtes of 9% mmoni relese, sed on relese from vils with.-,.-, nd.-m dimeter holes, were eqully effetive in trpping pple mggots. Bited trps usully ptured more flies thn united trps. Bited spheres were etter thn ited yellow retngles, espeilly for mles. Effets of trps depended on the sites in site with smll trees, spheres were etter, wheres sites with lrger trees, spheres nd yellow pnels were eqully good. Femles generlly responded to higher mmoni onentrtions, mles to wider rnge of onentrtions. Mle responses were more vrile. The optiml mmoni relese for femles nd mles seemed to e out - mg mmoni/hour, s rtes higher thn this did not inrese ptures. The 9% mmonium hydroxide lures signifintly outlsted the ommeril superhrger nd Pheroon AM lures over -week tests. Inresing volumes (- ml/trp) of mmonium hydroxide using multiple ottles did not inrese ttrtiveness; only ml ws needed. Signifint Findings: With yellow pnels, the most effetive lure sed on the Wshington Stte Deprtment of Agriulture (WSDA) design hd six -mm holes ited with g mmonium ronte. This lure relesed men of.9 mg mmonium ronte/hour over dys. However, lures with nd holes with oth nd g mmonium ronte were nerly s good. With red spheres, lures with men mmonium ronte relese rtes of - mg/hour over 7- dys were more effetive thn lures with utyl hexnote nd the -omponent fruit voltile lend tht relesed.-.8 mg voltiles/hour. There ws no synergisti effet of omining mmonium ronte nd fruit voltiles. With oth yellow pnels nd red spheres, lures with two -mm holes nd g mmonium ronte were more effetive thn lures tht relesed out.-. mg omponent lend/hour lte in the yer when flies pprently seek fruit for oviposition. Similr results using mmonium ronte nd fruit voltiles with yellow pnels were seen on lrge nd smll trees.

2 Methods for -, summry:. Different trp types, mmoni-dispensing systems, sugr-derived its, nd mmoni onentrtions were used to trp pple mggots t two disprte sites in western Wshington.. Longevity of ommeril nd experimentl lures ws determined. Methods for. The longevity of experimentl mmonium hydroxide lures were ompred with WSDA lures for months from mid June through mid Septemer, using similr designs nd sme sites s in. WSDA lures were.7 x. m yellow ontiners with or g mmonium ronte nd hd two, four, or six -mm holes.. Ammoni lures were tested with pple voltiles to determine if there re synergisti effets y pling oth on yellow pnels nd red spheres. Apple voltiles tht hve een identified for pple mggot in the estern U.S. were tested: these were utyl hexnote or -omponent lend tht inludes utyl hexnote nd other hexnotes nd utnotes from pples. For oth trp types, tretments were ) ontrol, ) mmoni only, ) utyl hexnote only, ) -omponent lend only, () mmoni-utyl hexnote, nd () mmoni--omponent lend. Experiments were onduted in Puyllup nd the Vnouver res nd lsted the entire months of the seson.. The effet of tree size on use of mmoni/pple voltile ues or visul ues ws tested in lots in Puyllup. Lrge nd smll trees within the sme orhrds or within the sme generl res were trpped to determine how tree size nd density ffet the ility of flies to find trps. (In lrge, dense tree stnds, flies my need to rely more on smell to find trps.) Yellow pnels were ited with g mmonium ronte, the -omponent lend, or the two together, long with ontrols. Results nd Disussion In -, mmoni lures used were -ml polyethylene ottles filled with ml of the % mmonium hydroxide solutions sturted in.7 g otton. Bottles with.,., nd. m holes or different numers of ottles with the. m holes were used to regulte relese rte from yellow pnels nd red spheres. No onsistent differene in femle nd mle fly ptures were seen using the three hole sizes from stiky yellow pnels or stiky red spheres in Piere nd Cowlitz Counties (Fig. ). However, there were differenes in the reltive numers ught on pnels nd spheres in the two sites. In Piere County, site with smll.-. m tll trees, signifintly more flies were ught on spheres thn pnels, espeilly for mles. Differenes etween ontrol nd ited trps were smll. In Cowlitz County, site with -7 m tll trees, spheres ught only slightly more flies thn pnels, nd ontrol versus ited trp differenes were lrger (Fig. ). Trps with more thn one ottle did not inrese responses within trp types in Piere nd Cowlitz Co. (Fig. ). However, s in the previous experiment, red spheres were superior for mles nd femles in Piere Co., wheres red spheres nd yellow pnels were equl in Cowlitz Co. All ited trps were superior to ontrols for oth sexes. The omined results from these two experiments suggest tht hitt type nd perhps tree size ffet the numers deteted using spheres or pnels y ltering the visiility of the trps. In, eti id, ethnol, nd utyl ompounds together with mmoni did not enhne pple mggot ptures ove tht of using mmoni lone. Flies pper not to use sugr fermenttion ues to find sugr.

3 Men No. Flies/Trp/Dy + SE 7 8 July - Aug, Piere County Hole Dimeter Femles... Yellow Pnel d Yellow Pnel d d Yellow Pnel Mles Femles nd Mles A B C July- Aug, Cowlitz County Femles Yellow Pnel Mles d d e Yellow Pnel Femles nd Mles d e Yellow Pnel D E F Fig.. Effets of trp type nd hole size in mmonium hydroxide-ited ottles on fly ptures in Piere nd Clrk Co., WA,. Mens with sme letters re not signifintly different (P >.).

4 Men No. Flies/Trp/Dy + SE No. Bited Vils 7 - Aug, Piere County d d Yellow Pnel d d d Yellow Pnel Mles Femles nd Mles d d Yellow Pnel Femles A B C Aug, Cowlitz County Yellow Pnel d Yellow Pnel Yellow Pnel Femles Mles d Femles nd Mles Fig.. Effets of trp type nd numers of ottles filled with mmonium hydroxide on fly ptures in Piere nd Cowlitz Co., WA,. Mens with sme letters re not signifintly different (P >.). D E F

5 In -, flies were lso trpped using yellow pnels ited with experimentl mmonium hydroxide lures ontining nd.9 to 9% mmoni in pple orhrds in Piere, Clrk, Cowlitz, nd Skmni Counties, WA. Ammoni ws relesed from. m dimeter hole in eh ottle. Femles responded to.9% mmoni, ut were most ttrted to -9% mmoni (Fig. ). Mles lso responded to.9% mmoni, ut were eqully responsive to to 7. to 9% mmoni nd showed more vriility in responses to mmoni thn femles (Fig. ). Site differenes were lso deteted, inditing environmentl ftors influene responses. The wide rnge of mmoni onentrtions ttrted femles with similr egg lods. Bsed on these nd previous results nd those from lortory determintions, flies responded mximlly to mmoni relesed from trps t - mg/h. Higher mounts hd no positive or negtive effet. The experimentl lure ontining ml of % mmonium hydroxide (AH) ws ompred with two ommeril pple mggot lures, the Pheroon AM trp with mmonium ette + protein hydrolyste mixed in dhesive, nd the superhrger (SC), ontining. g mmonium ronte (AC). All were eqully effetive over dys. However, the AH lure ws superior to oth ommeril lures over weeks (Fig. ). A modified superhrger (MS) ontining 8. g AC, times the mount in SC, ws lso more effetive thn the Pheroon AM trp nd SC, lthough less effetive thn the AH lure in one test. As efore, sed on field nd lortory tests, n mmoni relese rte of - mg/h ws neessry to effetively ttrt AM to trps. Ammoni ws relesed more stedily from the AH nd MS lures thn from the Pheroon AM trp nd SC, whih lost most of their mmoni within one week (Fig. ). Lortory mmoni relese rtes from AH, Pheroon AM, SC, nd MS lures t nd weeks post exposure were. nd.,. nd,.7 nd., nd 9. nd 7. mg/h, respetively. Results indite tht the simple AH or MS lure used in this study re superior to some ommeril lures for pple mggot detetion under Wshington onditions. They lso demonstrte the importne of mintining mmoni relese rtes over time when trpping pple mggot in detetion nd mngement progrm. In, experiments were onduted in the Puyllup nd Vnouver res using WSDA mmoni lures with two, four, nd six -mm holes nd or g AC with yellow pnels. The est lure in Puyllup ws lure with holes ontining g AC (Tle ), whih relesed men of.9 mg AC/hour over dys. In the lortory, relese rtes of the g lures were sustined longest with holes, nd shortest with holes (Fig. ). Experiments were lso onduted t the two sites ompring mmoni nd fruit voltile lures, utyl hexnote nd -omponent lend of pple voltiles, with red spheres. Spheres ited with g AC tht relesed - mg/h over 7- dys were more effetive thn those ited with utyl hexnote nd the -omponent lend relesed t.-.8 mg/h (Tle ). Beuse the fruit voltile relese rte from these my hve een indequte, nother test ws onduted lter in the yer with yellow pnels nd red spheres. Holes for fruit voltile lures were inresed to. mm in dimeter, resulting in relese rtes of mg/hour over 8 dys in the lortory (rin prevented lultions of weight losses used to lulte relese rtes in the field). The higher fruit voltile relese rtes did not inrese ttrtiveness, nd the g AC lure ws still more effetive (Tle ). The greter effetiveness of mmoni ws lso seen in nother test on oth lrge nd smll trees (Tle ). Severl onlusions n e drwn from this projet. Optimizing the use of mmoni is ritil for effetive pple mggot detetion. Ammoni relese rtes hve not dequtely doumented in pst studies. Lures tht relese high mounts initilly ut smll mounts lter re less useful thn those tht mintin sustined relese. Results indite the optiml mmoni relese rte is - mg/hour. These rtes n e otined y using ml mmonium hydroxide (one. mm hole) or g AC (two-six mm holes) in ontiners. Comining these with red spheres my e more effetive thn with yellow pnels. Fruit voltiles do not enhne thes, ut the effets of higher relese rtes need to e studied.

6 .. Femles A. R =., P =... Mles B. R =., P =..... Men No. Flies/Trp/Dy Ammoni Conentrtion Femles Mles C. R =., P <. D. No., R =., P < Ammoni Conentrtion.. Figure. Reltionship etween mmoni onentrtions nd pple mggot ptures in western WA, -.

7 -d th Puyllup, WA, Aug- Sep Control. AH 7.7 Pheroon AM. SC.8 -d th d th -d th Clrk County, WA,-9 Aug A B Control.8 AH. Pheroon AM. SC.8 No. Flies/trp + SE -d th Puyllup, WA, 9- Sep Control.7 AH. -d th Pheroon AM.9 SC. MS. C -d th -d th Skmni County, WA, 9- Sep -d th Control. AH.79 Pheroon AM. SC. MS.7d -d th Dys After Lure Exposure D -d th Fig.. Seson-long ptures of pple mggot using vrious mmoni lures,.

8 8. 8. Piere Co., WA, 9- Sep A Men ph + SE of Gs From Vils AH SC MS Skmni County, 9- Sep AH SC MS Rin Rin Dys After Lure Exposure Fig.. Longevity of mmonium hydroxide nd ommeril lures s determined y ph of voltiles emitted from lures over weeks in Piere nd Skmni Co.,. Lines followed y the sme letters re not signifintly different (P >.). Tle. Sesonl trp ptures (expressed s % of totl flies within lok) + SE of pple mggot on yellow pnels using mmoni lures of different designs in Puyllup nd Vnouver res, WA, in. Puyllup Vnouver Tretment % Totl No. % Totl No. Control % NH OH h g AC h g AC h g AC h g AC h g AC h g AC h = Numer of -mm holes; g = Amount of mmonium ronte (AC). Mens followed y sme letters within olumns re not signifintly different (P >.). Four replites of eh tretment in rndomized lok design. B

9 Ammoni Relese (Mg/hour) + SE Hole (with NH ) Holes Holes Holes % NH OH 7 Week Post-Exposure Fig.. Ammoni relese rtes of lures with g of mmoni ronte nd ml of % NH OH over time in the lortory. Tle. Sesonl trp ptures (expressed s % of totl flies within lok) + SE of pple mggot on red spheres using mmoni nd fruit voltile lures in Puyllup nd Vnouver res in. Puyllup Vnouver Tretment % Totl No. % Totl No. Control f 7 g AC g AC ,8 BH f BH- g AC d 78 BH- g AC de 98 CB ef 88 CB- g AC d CB- g AC AC= mmonium ronte; BH = utyl hexnote; CB = -omponent lend. AC lures, Two -mm holes; g = mount of AC; BH, CB lures, ml, one. mm hole. Mens followed y sme letters within olumns re not signifintly different (P >.). Four (Puyllup) or three (Vnouver) replites of eh tretment in rndomized lok design.

10 Tle. Sesonl trp ptures (expressed s % of totl flies within lok) of pple mggot on red spheres using mmoni nd fruit voltile lures on tll nd short trees in Puyllup,. replites. Yellow Pnels (9 Aug- Sep) s ( Sep-7 Ot) Tretment % Totl No. % Totl No. Control g AC d 7 BH CB CB- g AC AC= mmonium ronte; BH = utyl hexnote; CB = -omponent lend. AC lures, Two -mm holes; g = mount of AC; BH, CB lures, ml, ne. mm hole. Mens followed y sme letters within olumns re not signifintly different (P >.). Tle. Sesonl trp ptures (expressed s % of totl flies within lok) of pple mggot on yellow pnels using mmoni nd fruit voltile lures on tll nd short trees in Puyllup,. replites. Lrge Trees (- m tll) Smll Trees (- m tll) Tretment % Totl No. % Totl No. Control g AC g AC/CB CB AC= mmonium ronte; BH = utyl hexnote; CB = -omponent lend. Mens followed y sme letters within olumns re not signifintly different (P >.). Finl Report Budget: Projet title: Optimizing Ammoni with Trps to Mnge Apple Mggot PI: Wee Yee Co-PI: Pete Lndolt Projet durtion: - Finl yer: Projet totl ( yers): $, Yer Yer () Yer () Yer () Totl,,, Current yer rekdown: Item Yer () Yer () Yer () Slries nd Benefits 8, 8,, Goods nd Servies,,, Trvel,,, Totl,,, Two GS- employees ($./hour), full-time, -9 month ppointments, nd % enefits Stiky yellow trps, stiky spheres, vils, hemil ttrtnts, misellneous supplies Trvel to field sites, fuel osts for privte vehiles