Status of Monitoring, Control & Surveillance (MCS) in Fisheries Sector
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1 Status of Monitoring, Control & Surveillance (MCS) in Fisheries Sector Meeting-cum-Workshop to Consider Appropriate Systems/Guidelines/Regulatory Framework for Operation of Fishing Vessels to Prevent Collision with Merchant Vessels and Ensuring Safety of Fishermen and Fishing Vessels January 2018, Chennai Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation
2 Bay of Bengal Programme Inter-Governmental Organisation (BOBP-IGO) A four-country regional fisheries advisory body. Contracting Parties: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka. Institutionalized in April 2003 from the erstwhile Bay of Bengal Programme of FAO.
3 According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fisheries Governance = f (Monitoring, Control, Surveillance)
4 What is MCS? Monitoring Control Surveillance Collection, measurement and analysis of fishing activity including, but not limited to: catch, species composition, fishing effort, bycatch, discards, area of operations, etc. Implementation of appropriate management instruments in order to either stimulate or check development of the fishery. Observing, policing and enforcement of the implementation of management instruments.
5 Components of MCS Air MCS Land Water
6 Tools of MCS Participatory management plan Enforceable legislation and controls Data collection systems - dockside monitoring, observers, sea and port inspections... Supporting communications systems Patrol vessels / Aircrafts/ Up-to-date technology Regional cooperation Professional staff
7 Marine Fisheries in the Indian EEZ Coastline (km) Mainland: Islands Continental shelf Territorial sea Exclusive Economic Zone km km 2094 km 372,424 sq. km 193,834 sq. km 2.02 million sq. km.
8 Status of MCS in India Problems Broadly spread fisheries production system. The policy focus for most part of the developmental journey has been on increasing production. Fishers observed to continuously increase their reach to fishing grounds through better engine. The skill is passed traditionally or through on job training no formal education. Marine Fisheries (Source: CMFRI) Number of Marine Fishing Villages Fishermen Population 3288 (CMFRI Census 2010) about 4 million Number of Fishing Harbours Major fishing harbours: 6 Minor fishing harbours: 40 Number of Fish Landing Centres Estimated marine Fish Landing Fishing craft 1511 (CMFRI Census 2010) 3,629,823 tonnes (CMFRI, 2016) 194,490 crafts mechanized: 37% motorized: 37% non-motorized: 26% Ports and Harbours (Source: Indian Ports Association) Major Ports 13
9 Worsening fish stocks!!! In India, of about 46 commonly exploited species, 11 species are fully exploited and 4 are fully or over-exploited (FAO 2005, 2008). More importantly, it is likely that waters < 100 m are over exploited. Source: Sea Around Us
10 Thousands Increasing fisheries-dependant population and mechanization Yr_2010 Yr_1980 Growth of fisher population in India Between 1980 & 2010, fisher population increased by 211%. While national population for this period (1981 & 2011) has increased by 177%. Additional 1 lakh people being added every year of fisher population and they seldom moved out of Millions Rapid mechanization of fishing fleet in India Powered Non-Powered Computed from National Marine Fisheries Censuses
11 Multiple jurisdiction Dual jurisdiction: Entry 57 of List 1 of Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India specifies Fishing and Fisheries beyond Territorial Waters as Union Subject, whereas Entry 21 of List II speaks of Fisheries as a State Subject. 12 NM coastal States/Union Territories > 12 NM Central Government Key International Agreements: 1982 UN Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1995 UN Fish Stock Agreement (UNFSA) Agreements and decisions of Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, etc.
12 Status of MCS in India Legal Measures The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958 The MPEDA Act, 1972 The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 The Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other Maritime Zones Act, 1976 The Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign vessels) Act, 1981 and Rules (1982) framed there under Coast Guard Act 1978 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Different Coastal states and Union Territories adopted Marine Fishing Regulation Act (The Model Bill was circulated by the Union Government in 1979)
13 Major MCS measures and their provisions in the MFRA of coastal States/UTs
14 Roypuram Fishing Harbour, Chennai - 21 January 2018
15 Status of MCS in India Ongoing Measures Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (DADF) set up ReALCraft an online database for registration of fishing vessels. Provision of biometric identity card for fishers in progress. The Government is also executing trial for Vessel Monitoring System through introduction of AIS Automatic Identification System ISRO Developed Distress Alert System
16 Status of MCS Implementation Issues Fishing is a risky operation humans are not designed to survive in water without training. Existing MCS measures do not have any certification criterion/skill requirement for captain/crew. There is no entry barrier or capacity caps fishing vessels over the years have increased in size, reach. Neither of the line agencies, except Indian Coast Guard, has mechanism for at-sea on-board inspection. Labour conditions or safety of workplace norms are usually not-enforced. Fishers often over-worked given the nature of the job. Access to adequate life saving equipment is a necessary condition for licensing often overlooked.
17 Availability of navigational and life saving equipment in Kerala Survey Result Equipment Kozhikode (%) Ernakulam (%) Kollam (%) Overall GPS Eco sounder VHF Lifebuoy Lifejacket Ref: Ali, Sunil S and Krishnan, M and Jayasankar, J and Landge, Asha and Shenoy, Latha (2014) Evaluation of Compliance of Marine Fisheries of Kerala with Article 8 of FAO CCRF. Fishery Technology, 51. pp
18 Scope of MCS to prevent Collision The Issues MCS is primarily a tool for fisheries management more specifically to avoid over-exploitation of fishery resources. Conventional MCS do not plan for any prevention strategy directly. MCS often planned in isolation by line agencies multiple use of sea often not-considered/undermined. Vis-à-vis, alternative users of sea often do not plan/visualize the scale of fishing operation. However, if properly implemented MCS is likely to reduce collision in a number of ways.
19 Regional and National Initiatives On January 2008, four member-countries of BOBP-IGO met in Chittagong Bangladesh to review national and regional MCS scenarios The countries agreed to develop national and subsequently regional MCS plans. Adopted Chittagong Resolution Recommend that MCS requirements be comprehensively integrated into every membercountry s fisheries policy and regulatory and managerial frameworks. This would include associated commitments under the CCRF and other regional, inter-regional or global instruments and initiatives; Recommend that mandatory requirements for improving implementation of MCS be supplemented by other strategies which involve the participation of fisher communities, families, the media and other stakeholders in order to promote the adoption of a wide range of MCS measures; and Recommend that member-countries make full use of the available technologies, including Vessel Monitoring System wherever feasible, in support of MCS.
20 Subsequently, a National Workshop on MCS in Marine Fisheries in India was held in Chennai from 1-2 December 2008 The outcome was National Plan of Action on Implementation of Monitoring, Control and Surveillance in Marine Fisheries On safety issues, the Plan holds that: The licence or inspection certificate needs to be renewed annually. The requirements for issuing a licence should aim at meeting guidelines for design, construction and equipment of fishing vessels; area of operation; type of fishing; insurance; minimum safety equipment;... A comprehensive surveillance mechanism should be evolved and such a mechanism should involve the ICG, State/UT Governments and also the stakeholders. The involvement of stakeholders (e.g. fishers) is crucial for effective surveillance both at port and at sea. Emphasis should be laid on shore-based MCS programmes with greater community participation, as it is cost-effective.
21 Scope of MCS to prevent Collision Way Ahead A good MCS system stabilizes fisheries making fishing operation more predictable. The first thing is to establish a system fishing roster including submitting fishing voyage plan and crew list. The voyage plan can be corroborated with shipping traffic and shipping lanes. The voyage plan can be used to inform the shipping traffic about areas where fishing activities will be concentrated. MCS system can ensure minimum navigational education and training of captain and crew. It can help in stabilizing boat building activities, which is currently uncontrolled and unaccountable (National Policy for Marine Fishing 2017 has provision for this) MCS may be used to notify areas where shipping traffic is high. Alternatively, a comprehensive MCS plan can draw out different uses of sea and how to optimize fishing interest.
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