David Wells 1, Jay Rooker 1, David Itano 2
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1 David Wells 1, Jay Rooker 1, David Itano 2 1 Texas A&M University, Department of Marine Biology 2 University of Hawaii, Joint Institute for Marine & Atmospheric Research, Pelagic Fisheries Research Program
2 Effective management requires the understanding of stock structure and the degree of mixing for tuna stocks Questions- 1. To what degree are YFT & BET from the Hawaiian Islands supported by local recruitment? YFT may exhibit restricted movement challenging the highly migratory definition (Sibert & Hampton 2003; Schaefer et al. 2007); restricted movement around Hawaii Seamounts & FADs (Itano & Holland 2000); more significant movement for BET (Hampton et al. 1998) 2. To what degree are YFT & BET from equatorial nursery grounds recruiting to Hawaii-based fisheries? Hampton & Fournier (2001) model estimated a significant portion of large tuna in Hawaiian waters originate from other regions of WCPO Hawaiian YFT tagging Hawaiian BET tagging Images courtesy of D. Itano
3 Genetics, organochlorine tracers Tagging (conventional & electronic) Otolith chemistry (stable isotopes & trace elements) Otolith composition linked to ambient water chemistry and thus material deposited during the first few months of life serves as a natural birth certificate that can be used to determine an individual s place of origin Spatial variation in stable isotopic (e.g. C, O) and elemental (e.g. Mg, Mn, Sr) signatures in otoliths reported for tunas in both the Atlantic Ocean (Rooker et al. 2008a, 2008b) and Pacific Ocean (Rooker et al. 2003); global-scale differences in ambient water chemistry also reported (LeGrande and Schmidt 2006) Global Seawater
4 1. Characterize chemical signatures in otoliths of age-0 YFT & BET from putative nurseries in the WCPO 2. Assess inter-annual variability (temporal stability) in chemical signatures of age-0 fish (2008 vs. 2009) 3. Determine the origin of sub-adult (age-1 & 2) YFT & BET collected in Hawaii inshore & Equatorialbased fisheries
5 Hook-n-line Fish auction & processors Students! Tagging cruises
6 Hawaiian Islands & Cross Seamount Philippines (Moro Gulf) Marshall Islands Line Islands Solomon Islands
7 Core isolation of age-0 YFT or BET otoliths, corresponding to approximately the first 3 months of life = baseline fingerprint or birth certificate Stable isotopes core Core section (~ 3 mo) section Sagittal otolith Trace elements Clean (decontaminate) sections and analyze core material with ICP-MS Isolate core material Micromill Collect powder and analyze core material using stable isotope mass spectrometer Origin of sub-adults (2009): isolate otolith core using template (~3 mo period) and match to 2008 baseline (age-0 reference samples) age-class matching
8 Hawaii inshore Hawaii offshore (Cross Seamount) Line Is. Marshall Is. Solomon Is. Philippines W. Equatorial W. Equatorial Hawaii inshore Hawaii inshore Hawaii inshore classification success: 2008 = 80%, 2009 = 100%
9 W. Equatorial Hawaii (2005) Hawaii (2008) Hawaii (2009) MANOVA: p < 0.01 Hawaii inshore DFA: jackknifed classification success All regions = 78% Hawaii inshore = 94% Temporal Stability!
10 Collection locations by Hawaiian Island Oahu 12% Hawaii 23% Maui 32% Kauai 33% N=103 Hawaii Kauai Maui Oahu
11 100 Percent composition Hawaii inshore W. Equatorial Line Is., Hawaii offshore Hawaii inshore sub-adults, n= Hawaii Line Is. W. Equatorial inshore Hawaii offshore 95.0 ( 4.0) 5.0 (± 4.0) 0 Mixed stock analysis HISEA (Millar 1990)
12 Percent composition Line Is. 6% Hawaii offshore 3% Marshall Is. 76% Solomon Is. 15% Hawaii inshore Line Is., Hawaii offshore W. Equatorial W. Equatorial sub-adults, n= Hawaii inshore 0 Line Is. W. Equatorial Hawaii offshore 9.0 (± 12.1) 91.0 (± 23.2) Mixed stock analysis HISEA (Millar 1990)
13 W. Equatorial Hawaii inshore Hawaii offshore Line Is. Marshall Is. Philippines MANOVA: p < 0.01 DFA: jackknifed classification success All regions = 51% Central Pacific
14 Variables: Ba Ca Mg Mn Sr SCORE(2) SCORE(1) Hawaii inshore Hawaii offshore Line Is. Marshall Is. Philippines MANOVA: p < 0.01 DFA: jackknifed classification success All regions = 58%
15 Central Pacific (Hawaii inshore, Hawaii offshore, Line Is.) W. Equatorial (Marshall Is., Philippines) MANOVA: p < 0.01 DFA: jackknifed classification success All regions = 81%
16 100 Percent composition C. Pacific (HI in, HI off, LI) W. Equatorial (MI, PH) 0 Central Pacific Western Equatorial W. Equatorial sub-adults, n= (3.3) 99.6 (± 2.6) Mixed stock analysis HISEA (Millar 1990)
17 Yellowfin Bigeye SS MSE Species: Nursery: SS MSE Species: Nursery:
18 Otolith and promising markers to identify age-0 YFT from different nurseries in the WCPO; clear separation of Hawaii inshore from other putative nurseries sampled Inter-annual variability of age-0 YFT was present in some regions suggesting that age-class matching is required Origin of sub-adult YFT from Hawaii inshore local recruits (locally spawned fish) Origin of sub-adult YFT from Equatorial-based fishery local recruits Discrimination of age-0 BET was moderate among WCPO nursery regions (Western vs. Central Pacific); addition of trace elements for BET (+ YFT) may further improve classification success Sub-adult BET showed similar trend of local recruitment in W. Equatorial
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