Fisheries Privatization, Social Transitions & Wellbeing in Kodiak Alaska
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1 Fisheries Privatization, Social Transitions & Wellbeing in Kodiak Alaska COURTNEY CAROTHERS & CATHERINE CHAMBERS SCHOOL OF FISHERIES AND OCEAN SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS FISHING PEOPLE OF THE NORTH SEPTEMBER 2011
2 Fisheries Privatization Big driver of change & deeply polarizing Bonzon et al Environmental Defense Fund 2010
3 Alaska Context: IFQ Survey IFQs are changing the fishing lifestyle IFQs are changing the values in fishing Agree Strongly Agree More fisheries should be managed with IFQs 60 Agree Disagree Carothers Alaska Native Non-native
4 Alaska Context: Ethnographic Research Outflow of Fishing Rights: Small remote villages in Gulf of Alaska Declines in Alaska Native Fishing Rights s 1980s Alaska Native Limited Entry Salmon Permits Carothers 2011, 2010, 2008; Carothers, Lew, & Sepez 2010; Kamali 1984; Langdon 1980; NOAA 2010
5 Objectives 1. To document experiences of privatization across diverse groups 2. To compare privatization to other drivers of change 3. To explore links between privatization & wellbeing Eythorsson, Helgason, Jentoft, Langdon, Lowe, Mackino, Mansfield, McCay, Palsson, Reedy-Maschner, et al.
6 Kodiak Alaska Google
7 Kodiak Alaska $132.3 million Value 2010 Pacific halibut Pacific cod Walleye pollock Sablefish Pink salmon Sockeye salmon Crab Chum salmon Other Volume million lbs Pacific halibut Pacific cod Walleye pollock Pink salmon Sockeye salmon P. ocean perch Pacific herring Arrowtooth Flatfish other Alaska Department of Fish & Game; Kodiak Chamber of Commerce 2011
8 Kodiak Alaska 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% City of Kodiak Population White Alaska Native Asian Hispanic Employment Seafood Processing Fish Harvesting Government US Coast Guard Trade, Trans., Utilities Education & Health Leisure & Hospitality Kodiak Chamber of Commerce 2011
9 Methods Key informants (n=20) Semi-structured interviews (n=75) Qualitative data analysis Participant observation Survey (n~500) Tribal Community Vessel Owners Skippers Support Businesses Crew Community Leaders Plant Managers Plant Workers
10 Progress to Date 53 Interviews
11 What are people saying? Wordle: Jonathan Feinberg
12 Qualitative Data Analysis Code book & emergent themes 8 thematic codes; 55 specific codes
13 Atlas.ti Qualitative Data Analysis
14 Code Frequency
15 OBJECTIVE 1: Experiences of Privatization Diverse groups similar themes Core values in fishing Hard Work Opportunity Fairness
16 Hard Work Fishing used to be about hard work. You work hard, you work your way up. Now you have to be made have a rich dad or something Those guys that didn t get w/ the program now just sit in the coffee shop and complain about IFQs. They think I shouldn t have to perform to achieve. those people that were smart, were thinking 30 years ahead, worked aggressively, they are doing just fine
17 Opportunity I came to Kodiak with $6 in my pocket Opportunity was a lot riper (before IFQs). There is still the wild west opportunity if you look for it, but it s harder
18 Opportunity Crew guys used to aspire to do what you were doing. So you d get good guys. Now you just get guys looking for a wage You no longer have any power as a crewman. The people who actually do the work are powerless. Some people will hire only one good crewman & take out their families, or $100/day guys.
![Fairness Those guys [that were issued IFQs] were never charged a rent on their fish For red crab the](/docs-images/72/67350727/images/19-0.jpg "lease fees are 70%.")
19 Fairness Those guys [that were issued IFQs] were never charged a rent on their fish For red crab the lease fees are 70%... (For halibut), at first people weren t charging anything, then it was 20%, 50%, 60%, 65%.
20 OBJECTIVE 2: Privatization Compared to Other Changes Big impact changes When the oil spill happened, it tore the community apart, it made enemies. As it did when IFQs came down. Both of those things just really tore us part, socially...money was thrown at us it just didn t fall out right for a lot of people.
21 OBJECTIVE 3: Privatization & Well-being Do you think that Kodiak is a healthy community? IFQs did affect the community, but I suppose its all relative It s a healthy fishing community compared to other fishing communities that their bread and butter is fishing. We re so diversified here, we don t depend on one species of fish, so I think that s saved us.yeah, I think we re the center of the universe when it comes to commercial fishing. Chuenpagdee, Clay, Garcia-Quijano, Kooiman, Olmer, Olson, Pollnac, Poggie, et al.
22 Just Look at the Harbor
23 Centrality of Fishing Kodiak community is still very tied to the resources. Everyone in the community feels that. If the fish are here, you are working everybody is really tied to it. They were icing boats for salmon yesterday, you hear the chattering on the radio
24 Diversity Our neighbor might be the greatest neighbor in the world, but he might be a dragger but we get along. Everybody in town seems to get along. The cannery workers need the product. The canneries need the fish to sell to people. It's just one big working community even though you might not agree with your neighbor.
25 Next Generation We re an aged, aging fleet. When a bunch of us die, I don t know if turning over that quota share is going to be a positive effect cause I think it s gonna have to disperse I don t know how many young guys have a cash flow to buy into it. That s the only thing that worries me. How are you going to get those kids into the fishery?
26 Moving Forward Survey Development Experiences of privatization Perceptions of privatization & other changes Measures of wellbeing Vessel Owners Tribal Community Skippers Support Businesses Crew Community Leaders Plant Managers Plant Workers Pollnac & Poggie 2008
27 Thank You National Science Foundation University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Fisheries Industrial Technology Center Key informants and interviewees: Robert Agbayani, Nora Agmada, Stosh Anderson, Julie Bonney, Trevor Brown, Al Burch, Benny Daquilanea, Kathryn Daquilanea, Ben Docterlero, Jane Eisemann, Greg Egle, Chris Fiala, Fred Fogle, Sune Forsman, GroundKish DataBank, Bill Harrington, Erin Harrington, Steve Harvey, Mary Guilas- Hawver, Chris Holland, Ken Holland, Eva Holm, Oliver Holm, Darius Kasprzak, Lina Kozak, Dave Kubiak, Rhonda Kwatchka, Rhonda Maker, Kathy Metalinski, Matt Moir, Dave Monture, Kenny Newman, Kevin O Leary, Marty Owen, Enrique Perez, Chris Sannito, Gabriel Saravia, Bruce Schactler, Jerome Selby, Jeffrey Stephan, John Whiddon, and several other informants who wished not to be named.
28 References Bonzon et al Catch shares design manual. Environmental Defense Fund. Carothers, C Equity and Access to Fishing Rights: Exploring the Community Quota Entity Program in the Gulf of Alaska. Human Organization 70(3). (forthcoming) Carothers, C Tragedy of commodikication: Transitions in Alutiiq Kishing communities in the Gulf of Alaska. MAST 90(2): Carothers, C., D. Lew and J. Sepez Fishing rights and small communities: Alaska halibut IFQ transfer patterns. Ocean and Coastal Management 53: Carothers, C Rationalized out: Discourses and realities of Kisheries privatization in Kodiak, Alaska.In Lowe, M. and C. Carothers (editors). Enclosing the Fisheries: People, Places, and Power. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 69, Bethesda, MD. Carothers, C Privatizing the right to Kish: challenges to livelihood and community in Kodiak, Alaska. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle. Kamali, N Alaskan Natives and limited Kisheries of Alaska: A study of the changes in the distribution of permit ownership amongst Alaska Natives, CFEC Report Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, Juneau. Kodiak Chamber of Commerce Kodiak community prokile and economic indicators report. Kodiak, AK. Langdon, S Transfer patterns in Alaskan limited entry Kisheries. Final report prepared for the Limited Entry Study Group of the Alaska State Legislature. Juneau. NOAA Fisheries Service Report on holdings of individual Kishing quota (IFQ) by residents of selected Gulf of Alaska Kishing communities. NOAA Fisheries Service, Juneau. Pollnac, R. and J. Poggie Happiness, well- being and psychocultural adaptation to the stresses associated with marine Kishing. Human Ecology Review 15(2):
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