PSAT Meta Data Analysis Project

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1 PSAT Meta Data Analysis Project Geoff Arnold, Rich Brill, Michael Domeier, Molly Lutcavage, Michael, Musyl, Yonat Swimmer, Steve Wilson & Lianne M c Naughton

2 This study is designed to look at variables explaining: Failure rates (percent reporting) Percentage of retrieved depth, temperature, and geolocation data Retention rates Longevity of attachment Comparisons to be made using data from > 1000 PSATs deployments worldwide

3 Variables in the PSAT Performance Evaluation Study: Tag Birthday Tag Serial Number Programmed Pop-off date Date Deployed Age of Tag at Deployment Species Tagged Sex Days-at-liberty % Temperature % Depth % Geolocation ARGOS latitude ARGOS longitude RD1500 Swivel Tether material Tag Head Attachment methods Manufacturer

4 It is anticipated that: Patterns/commonalties will emerge with respect to: attachment methodologies, target species, experimental design. Conclusions will allow an unprecedented and critical appraisal of the overall efficacy of PSAT technology.

5 Tag Failure Modes Battery failure passivation over time (temperature dependent)? Rupture of pressure housings/seals, contraction/expansion, etc. (extensive vertical movements = low reporting rates of PSATs swordfish & bigeye thresher sharks)? Sharks predation/nuptial bites (sharks attracted to the EMF of PSATs, very few tagged males report back)? Damage to antennae by predation or fouling organisms? Malfunction other than battery -Fusible link and/or RD1500?

6 177 PSATs Applied to 14 Different Species by Hawaii-based Research Group Bigeye thresher (8) Bigeye Tuna (5) Black Marlin (1) Blue Marlin (37) Blue Shark (32) Green Turtle (1) Loggerhead turtle (18) Olive ridley turtle (15) Short-fin Mako shark (4) Silky Shark (6) Striped Marlin (2) Swordfish (30) Oceanic White-tip shark (13) Yellowfin Tuna (5)

7 Vertical niche partitioning: DAYTIME

8 Vertical niche partitioning: NIGHTTIME

9 Of 177 PSATs attached to sharks, billfish, tunas and turtles, 59% reported data. 41% Non-reporting is not synonymous with mortality.

10 Sharks (n = 55) Species Blue Shark (Prionace glauca ) Bigeye Thresher Shark (Alopias superciliosus) Silky Shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) Oceanic White-Tip (Carcharhinus longimanus) Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) No.Tagged * No. Waiting 7 *1 4 *2 8 *5 No. Reporting Total Days at Liberty Mean (range) 116 (1-247) 240 (240) 271 (31-197) 115 (10-215) % PSATs Reporting Male Female 50% 21% 72% 29% na na 100% 100% 100% 75% 67% 80% % 100% 0% Blue Thresher Silky White-tip Mako

11 Billfishes (n = 59) Species Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) Blue Marlin (Makaira nigricans) Black Marlin (Makaira indicus) Striped Marlin (Tetrapturus audax ) No.Tagged * No. Waiting 28 *2 36 * *1 No. Reporting Total Days at Liberty Mean (range) 55 (1-187) 76 (1-245) % PSATs Reporting 32% 78% % % Swordfish Blue Black Striped

12 Tunas (n = 10) Species Bigeye Tuna - PSAT (Thunnus obesus) Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) No.Tagged * No. Waiting 4 *1 3 *2 No. Reporting Total Days at Liberty Mean (range) 24 (9-38) 28 (20-36) % PSATs Reporting 50% 67% Bigeye Yellowfin

13 Sea Turtles (n = 34) Species Green (Chelonia mydas) Olive ridley (Lepidochelys oliveacea ) Loggerhead (Caretta caretta) No.Tagged * No. Waiting No. Reporting Total Days at Liberty Mean (range) % * (6-115) 94 (34-196) % PSATs Reporting 80% 71% Green Olive Ridley Loggerhead

14 Lowest reporting rates in species with extensive daily vertical movements Depth (m) Bigeye Thresher Shark - 29% 9/4 9/5 9/6 9/7 9/8 9/ Swordfish -32% 5/4 5/9 5/14 5/ Bigeye tuna - 52% Shortfin Mako - 25% 4/9 4/10 4/11 4/12 4/13 4/14

15 Pop-off Period versus Days-at-liberty y = x R 2 = Days-at-liberty Programmed Pop-off period (days)

16 % Days-at-liberty Pop-off Period versus % Days-at-liberty Programmed Pop-off period (days)

17 35 PSAT Age versus Reporting Rate 30 Reporting Non-Reporting Number of PSATs >365 Age of PSAT at deployment

18 Average Percentage of Data recovered by PSATs Temperature Depth Geolocation 0.49 ± 0.38 (SD) 0.48 ± 0.37 (SD) 0.54 ± 0.35 (SD)

19 % Data Recovered PSAT Age versus % Data Recovered Age of PSAT at Deployment % Temperature % Depth % Geolocation

20 Tag Attachment Methods No Swivel Swivel % Days-at-liberty

21 Conclusions PSAT reporting rates/data are influenced by: Species vertical movement patterns Sex (sharks) Tag age Retention rates may be improved by modifications to tether and arrowhead

22 Future activities: * Adding PSAT performance data from Geoff Arnold, Michael Domeier, Molly Lutcavage, and Steve Wilson. * Statistical analysis (Bayesian framework) including information on battery and pressure cylinders failure rates. * Posting of data on PFRP website to encourage improved data collection, submissions, and experimental design (i.e., proper selection of candidate species, attachment methodologies, etc.).

23 Mahalo s To: John Sibert Michael Laurs Scientists, Crew and Officers of the NOAA RV Townsend Cromwell and the Elton Oscar Sette JIMAR PIFSC/NOAA

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