December 5, 2016 Ernest Chen, Consulting Researcher

Transcription

1 Japanese ying squid Todarodes paci cus Japan: North and Northwest Paci c Jig, Unassociated purse seine, Bottom trawls, Trap net Fisheries Standard Version F2 December 5, 2016 Ernest Chen, Consulting Researcher Disclaimer Seafood Watch strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, sheries science and aquaculture. Scienti c review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. 1

2 Table of Contents About Seafood Watch Guiding Principles Summary Final Seafood Recommendations Introduction Assessment Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment Criterion 2: Impacts on other species Criterion 3: Management Effectiveness Criterion 4: Impacts on the habitat and ecosystem Acknowledgements References Appendix A: Extra By Catch Species

3 About Seafood Watch Monterey Bay Aquarium s Seafood Watch program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch de nes sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of a ected ecosystems. Seafood Watch makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from The program s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, sheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of Best Choices, Good Alternatives or Avoid. The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of information include government technical publications, shery management plans and supporting documents, and other scienti c reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, sheries and aquaculture scientists, and members of industry and conservation organizations when evaluating sheries and aquaculture practices. Capture sheries and aquaculture practices are highly dynamic; as the scienti c information on each species changes, Seafood Watch s sustainability recommendations and the underlying Seafood Reports will be updated to re ect these changes. Parties interested in capture sheries, aquaculture practices and the sustainability of ocean ecosystems are welcome to use Seafood Reports in any way they nd useful. For more information about Seafood Watch and Seafood Reports, please contact the Seafood Watch program at Monterey Bay Aquarium by calling

4 Guiding Principles Seafood Watch de nes sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether shed or farmed, that can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of a ected ecosystems. Based on this principle, Seafood Watch had developed four sustainability criteria for evaluating wildcatch sheries for consumers and businesses. These criteria are: How does shing a ect the species under assessment? How does the shing a ect other, target and non-target species? How e ective is the shery s management? How does the shing a ect habitats and the stability of the ecosystem? Each criterion includes: Factors to evaluate and score Guidelines for integrating these factors to produce a numerical score and rating Once a rating has been assigned to each criterion, we develop an overall recommendation. Criteria ratings and the overall recommendation are color-coded to correspond to the categories on the Seafood Watch pocket guide and online guide: Best Choice/Green: Are well managed and caught in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife. Good Alternative/Yellow: Buy, but be aware there are concerns with how they re caught. Avoid/Red Take a pass on these for now. These items are over shed or caught in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. 1 1 Fish is used throughout this document to refer to n sh, shell sh and other invertebrates 4

5 Summary This report focuses on Japanese ying squid (Todarodes paci cus) captured in Japan by jiggers in the Sea of Japan; by jiggers, bottom trawlers, purse seiners, and trap (set) nets in the North Paci c; and by jiggers and trap nets in the Sea of Okhotsk. Japanese ying squid comprises three or four cohorts based on spawning season, and is managed by the Japan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries as two stocks: the autumn-spawning cohort and the winterspawning cohort. Stock assessments are performed annually by the Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency (FRA) for both cohorts. The FRA utilizes scienti c surveys and shery-dependent data to calculate annual allowable biological catches and biomass estimates. Based on these assessments, both cohort populations appear to be healthy, with probable increases in future individuals. Over shing is also not likely occurring, because the sheries' take has remained below the management threshold limits for nearly the entire past decade. Because of the nature of the shery and appropriate techniques, jigging results in little bycatch. Purse seiners, which operate near the surface at night with overhead lights, also produce little incidental take. But bottom trawling and trap nets are of a very high concern due to a lack of mitigation techniques and the probable incidental take of vulnerable species. Furthermore, bycatch data are not collected, and management has not made any known e orts to reduce incidental take associated with these sheries. The lack of data and probability of signi cant incidental take without proper management are of a critical concern for the bottom trawl shery. Jigs and purse seines do not contact the ocean oor, so these gear types likely do not damage benthic habitats. On the other hand, trap nets rest on the substrate and could have a signi cant impact on kelp forests. Although bottom trawling is prohibited in coastal waters where kelp forests are found, it could still leave lasting impacts on muddy and sandy substrates. Because there are no known signi cant deepwater corals in these speci c shing areas, the impacts of trap nets and bottom trawls on the ocean substrate are of a moderate concern. All jig and purse seine sheries are rated as a "Best Choice" or "Green" due to healthy squid populations, with e ective management and little impact on other species and the ocean substrate. All trap net and bottom trawl sheries are rated as "Avoid" or "Red" due to impact concerns on benthic habitats and ine ective bycatch management that likely results in the capture of vulnerable species. 5

6 Final Seafood Recommendations SPECIES/FISHERY Japanese ying squid:winter cohort Japan North Paci c, Unassociated purse seine Japanese ying squid:winter cohort Japan North Paci c, Bottom trawls (nei) Japanese ying squid:winter cohort Japan North Paci c, Trap nets Japanese ying squid:winter cohort Japan North Paci c, Jig Japanese ying squid:autumn cohort Japan North Paci c, Jig CRITERION 1: IMPACTS ON THE SPECIES CRITERION 2: IMPACTS ON OTHER SPECIES CRITERION 3: MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS CRITERION 4: HABITAT AND ECOSYSTEM OVERALL RECOMMENDATION Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (3.873) Best Choice (4.690) Green (5.000) Red (1.414) Critical (0.000) Yellow (2.449) Avoid (0.000) Green (5.000) Yellow (2.573) Yellow (3.162) Yellow (2.449) Good Alternative (3.159) Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (3.873) Best Choice (4.690) Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (3.873) Best Choice (4.690) Summary This report covers Japanese ying squid (Todarodes paci cus) captured in Japan, which is the most commonly caught and consumed cephalopod in Japan. The Best Choice rank for all Japanese ying squid jig and purse seine sheries is driven by a combination of a relatively low conservation concern for the stock status, e ective management, and minimal bycatch and ecosystem impacts. The Avoid rank for all Japanese ying squid trap net and bottom trawl sheries is driven by a combination of high concerns for incidental take, lack of bycatch management, and potential ecosystem impacts on the ocean substrate. 6

7 Eco-Certi cation Information None of the sheries assessed are certi ed or being assessed by the Marine Stewardship Council, nor are any in a Fishery Improvement Project. Scoring Guide Scores range from zero to ve where zero indicates very poor performance and ve indicates the shing operations have no signi cant impact. Final Score = geometric mean of the four Scores (Criterion 1, Criterion 2, Criterion 3, Criterion 4). Best Choice/Green = Final Score >3.2, and no Red Criteria, and no Critical scores Good Alternative/Yellow = Final score > , and neither Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) nor Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) are Very High 2, and no more than one Red Criterion, and no Critical scores Avoid/Red = Final Score 2.2, or either Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) is Very High or two or more Red Criteria, or one or more Critical scores. 2 Because e ective management is an essential component of sustainable sheries, Seafood Watch issues an Avoid recommendation for any shery scored as a Very High for either factor under Management (Criterion 3). 7

8 Introduction Scope of the analysis and ensuing recommendation The scope of this recommendation covers Japanese ying squid (Todarodes paci cus) captured in Japanese waters in the Paci c Ocean, the Sea of Japan, and the Sea of Okhotsk. The species is also shed in the East China Sea, though catch numbers there are relatively small. Several shing methods are used. The main method is jigging, which is conducted in coastal waters around much of Japan and in o shore waters in the Sea of Japan. Other sheries include purse seiners, trap (set) nets, and bottom trawls in the Paci c, and bottom trawlers and trap nets in the Sea of Okhotsk (Arkhipkin et al. 2015). Species Overview Japanese ying squid is the most commercially important squid in Japan, making up 77% of the nation's total squid catch in 2015 (MAFF 2016). In Japan, it occurs west of Honshu in the Sea of Japan, east of Honshu and Hokkaido Island in the North Paci c Ocean, and north of Hokkaido Island in the Sea of Okhotsk (Sakurai et al. 2013). With an average life span of 1 year, Japanese ying squid is a highly fecund pelagic spawner, averaging a mantle length of cm at maturity (Kidokoro and Hiyama 1996). Based on spawning seasons, the population comprises three or four cohorts, of which the autumn and winter cohorts are the largest (Arkhipkin et al. 2015). The autumn cohort is commercially shed primarily o shore in the Sea of Japan, and the winter cohort is shed in the North Paci c, Sea of Okhotsk, and coastal waters of the Sea of Japan (Arkhipkin et al. 2015). In Japan, the shery is managed by the Japan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF). The Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency (FRA) performs annual stock assessments and issues allowable biological catch (ABC) recommendations for both cohorts, which are combined to determine the total allowable catch (TAC) amount for the two cohorts (Arkhipkin et al. 2015). Historically, Japan and the Republic of Korea have been the largest commercial shers of Japanese ying squid (Anderson 2003). Until the 1940s, small-scale anglers using 1 2 ton unpowered boats would haul in annual catches of less than 100,000 tons. But the introduction of engine-powered ton shing vessels in the 1950s, along with advancements in jigging machines and generated lighting in the 1960s, greatly expanded the shery to over half a million tons annually (FAO 2015). Based on catch data since 1976, researchers have discovered a positive correlation between stock-spawning areas and ocean surface temperature, suggesting that climatic factors could have in uenced historic uctuating trends in the shery (Sakurai et al. 2000). Production Statistics In 2013, the global capture of Japanese ying squid totaled 330,136 tons, consisting of catches predominantly from Japan and the Republic of Korea (FAO 2015). Until the 1990s, Japan's sheries accounted for roughly 85% of the total catch. In the past decade, Korea's sheries have made signi cant strides in production and now account for about 40% of the total global production. Most of the catch since the 1980s has been by jiggers, though the catch from other 8

9 gears, primarily trawls and trap nets, has increased recently and now accounts for some 40% of total landings. Based on the latest stock assessments, about 46% of the total catch of the winter-spawning stock is taken by jigging, followed by trap nets (approximately 25%), bottom trawlers (approximately 20%), and purse seiners (approximately 9%). Nearly all the catch of the autumn-spawning stock is taken by jigging. Figure 1 Landings of Todarodes paci cus, (FAO 2016). 9

10 Figure 2 Japanese Todarodes paci cus landings by gear type. Chart from (Arkhipkin et al. 2015). Importance to the US/North American market. In 2014, the United States imported a total of 716,420 kilograms of squid from Japan, valued at USD 5,071,326 (NOAA 2014a). On the other hand, U.S. squid exports to Japan in 2014 totaled 3,503,143 kilograms with a value of USD 5,744,313. The majority of Japanese ying squid is consumed domestically, and Japan is one of the world's top importers of squid. Figure 3 Annual total U.S. squid imports from Japan. Source: NOAA O ce of Science and Technology. Common and market names. Common and market names in the U.S. include Japanese ying squid, calamari, and squid (FDA 2015). Its most commonly used name in Japan is surume-ika. Other local names include ma-ika, matsu-ika, mugi-ika, tonkyuu, and ganzeki (Okutani 1995). Primary product forms Popular product forms in the U.S. include sashimi, dried, grilled, tempura, and deep-fried calamari. In Japan, it is commonly consumed fresh (sushi, sashimi), dried, and in fermented products (e.g., shiokara). 10

11 Assessment This section assesses the sustainability of the shery(s) relative to the Seafood Watch Criteria for Fisheries, available at Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment This criterion evaluates the impact of shing mortality on the species, given its current abundance. The inherent vulnerability to shing rating in uences how abundance is scored, when abundance is unknown. The nal Criterion 1 score is determined by taking the geometric mean of the abundance and shing mortality scores. The Criterion 1 rating is determined as follows: Score >3.2=Green or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2=Red or High Rating is Critical if Factor 1.3 (Fishing Mortality) is Critical Criterion 1 Summary JAPANESE FLYING SQUID Region / Method Japan/North Paci c Unassociated purse seine Japan/North Paci c Bottom trawls (nei) Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Score 3.00: Low 5.00: Very Low 3.00: Low 5.00: Very Low Japan/North Paci c Trap nets 3.00: Low 5.00: Very Low Japan/North Paci c Jig 3.00: Low 5.00: Very Low Japan/North Paci c Jig 3.00: Low 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low 5.00: Very Low Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Green (5.000) Japanese ying squid is shed predominantly in Japan and the Republic of Korea. The Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency (FRA) collects sheries data and catch statistics from both countries to establish reference points. The autumn cohort is shed in the Sea of Japan mainly from May through October by o shore and nearshore jiggers. The winter cohort is shed between July and December in the North Paci c o eastern Honshu and Hokkaido by nearshore jiggers, purse seiners, bottom trawlers, and trap nets, and in the Sea of Okhotsk by nearshore jiggers and trap nets. The winter cohort is also shed in the Sea of Japan between December and February by nearshore jiggers. 11

12 Japanese ying squid reaches sexual maturity at young ages and has a low inherent vulnerability, due to its high fecundity rate and short life span. Quantitative stock assessments suggest that both the autumn and winter stocks in Japan are healthy and a very low concern. Fishing mortality has not surpassed management reference points in the past decade, which is a very low concern. Criterion 1 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor Inherent Vulnerability Low The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 0-35, OR species exhibits life history characteristics that make it resilient to shing, (e.g., early maturing). Medium The FishBase vulnerability score for species is 36-55, OR species exhibits life history characteristics that make it neither particularly vulnerable nor resilient to shing, (e.g., moderate age at sexual maturity (5-15 years), moderate maximum age (10-25 years), moderate maximum size, and middle of food chain). High The FishBase vulnerability score for species is , OR species exhibits life history characteristics that make is particularly vulnerable to shing, (e.g., long-lived (>25 years), late maturing (>15 years), low reproduction rate, large body size, and top-predator). Note: The FishBase vulnerability scores is an index of the inherent vulnerability of marine shes to shing based on life history parameters: maximum length, age at rst maturity, longevity, growth rate, natural mortality rate, fecundity, spatial behaviors (e.g., schooling, aggregating for breeding, or consistently returning to the same sites for feeding or reproduction) and geographic range. Factor Abundance 5 (Very Low ) Strong evidence exists that the population is above target abundance level (e.g., biomass at maximum sustainable yield, BMSY) or near virgin biomass. 4 (Low ) Population may be below target abundance level, but it is considered not over shed 3 (Moderate ) Abundance level is unknown and the species has a low or medium inherent vulnerability to shing. 2 (High ) Population is over shed, depleted, or a species of concern, OR abundance is unknown and the species has a high inherent vulnerability to shing. 1 (Very High ) Population is listed as threatened or endangered. Factor Fishing Mortality 5 (Very Low ) likely that shing mortality is below a sustainable level (e.g., below shing mortality at maximum sustainable yield, FMSY), OR shery does not target species and its contribution to the mortality of species is negligible ( 5% of a sustainable level of shing mortality) (Low ) Probable (>50%) chance that shing mortality is at or below a sustainable level, but some uncertainty exists, OR shery does not target species and does not adversely a ect species, but its contribution to mortality is not negligible, OR shing mortality is unknown, but the 12

13 population is healthy and the species has a low susceptibility to the shery (low chance of being caught) (Moderate ) Fishing mortality is uctuating around sustainable levels, OR shing mortality is unknown and species has a moderate-high susceptibility to the shery and, if species is depleted, reasonable management is in place. 1 (High ) Over shing is occurring, but management is in place to curtail over shing, OR shing mortality is unknown, species is depleted, and no management is in place. 0 (Critical) Over shing is known to be occurring and no reasonable management is in place to curtail over shing. JAPANESE FLYING SQUID Factor Inherent Vulnerability JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, JIG JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, JIG Low The Japanese ying squid is a pelagic spawner (Bower and Sakurai 1996), reaching sexual maturity at an average age of 6 8 months and with an average maximum life span of 1 year (Okutani and Watanabe 1983). An overall short life span with high fecundity rates make Japanese ying squid inherently resilient to shing pressure. Rationale: In Japan, Japanese ying squid is found in coastal waters of Honshu and Hokkaido, spanning the East China Sea to the Sea of Japan on Japan's western coastline, and in the North Paci c Ocean and Sea of Okhotsk on the eastern coastline (Kidokoro et al. 2010). The squid has a relatively short life span of 1 year, with males reaching sexual maturity at 6 7 months of age and females at 7 8 months (Okutani and Watanabe 1983). As a pelagic spawner, a female typically spawns once before dying (Ikeda et al. 1993), releasing egg masses that contain many eggs. (Bower and Sakurai (1996) estimated that an 80-cm diameter egg mass contained about 200,000 eggs.) Because the spawning seasons peak in the autumn and winter, the Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency (FRA) separates the species into two assessment stocks: the autumn cohort, primarily in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea; and the winter cohort, in the Northwest Paci c encompassing eastern Honshu and Hokkaido. 13

14 Factor Abundance JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, JIG JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, JIG Very Low The FRA has established a target biomass reference point (B LIMIT) for both the winter stock and the autumn stock. This is the minimum level of spawning biomass required to ensure su cient reproduction for a healthy stock population (Myers et al. 1994). The B LIMIT is cumulative for both the Japanese and Republic of Korea sheries, because the FRA also collects sheries data from the Republic of Korea. For the winter stock, the B LIMIT is set at 46%, which amounts to 188,000 tons or 610,000,000 individuals. The latest 2013 stock assessment suggests that the current total biomass is well above B LIMIT, amounting to 240,000 tons or 770,000,000 individuals (Yamashita et al. 2013). For the autumn stock, B LIMIT is set at 49%, which amounts to 399,000 tons or 1,420,000,000 individuals. The latest 2013 stock assessment suggests that the current total biomass is well above B LIMIT, amounting to 536,000 tons or 1,910,000,000 individuals (Kidokoro et al. 2013). Because there is a reliable quantitative stock assessment estimating current biomass to be well over the B LIMIT reference point, the stock abundance of both stocks is a "very low" concern. Rationale: Winter-spawning stock Historically, the FRA has estimated biomass annually based on catch per unit e ort (CPUE) landings from the commercial jig sheries. Commercial CPUE landings have been collected since 1972 (Kidokoro et al. 2013) and have shown a relatively strong correlation with total catch numbers (Yamashita et al. 2013), which could suggest that CPUE is directly proportional to abundance. Since 1972, the FRA has conducted annual scienti c surveys throughout de ned stations in the shing zones. The surveys have collected jigging CPUE data throughout stations in a wide range of zones within the shing grounds between June and September (mainly, June and August). Squid mantle lengths have been recorded, and annual scienti c surveys for juveniles are also conducted by way of mid-water trawls in May and June. The two types of annual survey data are now used to estimate the present-year biomass and provide a more robust assessment of the shery than data historically obtained from commercial jigging CPUE landings. Autumn-spawning stock The FRA estimates biomass by performing annual scienti c surveys throughout de ned stations in the shing zones in the months of June and July (Kidokoro et al. 2014). Catch per 14

15 unit e ort (CPUE) data have been collected for jig surveys since 1979 (Kidokoro et al. 2013), and the CPUE landings have remained steady since inception. Squid mantle length has been recorded, and annual scienti c surveys for juveniles and paralarvals are also conducted by way of mid-water trawls in April and plankton nets in October and November. CPUE has also been collected annually from commercial jig landings since Commercial CPUE landings have shown a relatively strong correlation with total catch numbers, which could suggest that CPUE is directly proportional to abundance. Factor Fishing Mortality JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, JIG JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC, JIG Very Low The FRA has established an F MED reference point for each stock, which is the shing level at which the stock is able to replace itself given the spawning-recruitment survival ratio (Caddy and Mahon 1995). For the winter stock, the F MED is 0.47 and current shing mortality (F CURRENT) is 0.39 (Yamashita et al. 2013). For the autumn stock, the FMED is and the F CURRENT is (Kidokoro et al. 2014). The FCURRENT is cumulative for both the Japanese and Republic of Korea Japanese ying squid sheries, because the FRA also collects catch statistics from the Republic of Korea. Based on simulation models, the FRA predicts that both stocks will stay above B LIMIT if the current rate of shing mortality continues for the next 5 years (78% chance for the winter stock and 86% for the autumn stock). Because is it highly likely that shing mortality is below a sustainable level, shing mortalities for both the winter and autumn stocks are of a "very low" concern. Rationale: The FRA calculates an annual allowable biological catch (ABC) for the following year, using shing mortality data from the past few years and with biomass estimations. In turn, the MAFF establishes the total allowable catch (TAC) after considering the ABC recommended by the FRA as well as socioeconomic factors. The TAC has not been exceeded in over a decade, suggesting that over shing has not recently been occurring. 15

16 Criterion 2: Impacts on other species All main retained and bycatch species in the shery are evaluated in the same way as the species under assessment were evaluated in Criterion 1. Seafood Watch de nes bycatch as all sheriesrelated mortality or injury to species other than the retained catch. Examples include discards, endangered or threatened species catch, and ghost shing. To determine the nal Criterion 2 score, the score for the lowest scoring retained/bycatch species is multiplied by the discard rate score (ranges from 0-1), which evaluates the amount of non-retained catch (discards) and bait use relative to the retained catch. The Criterion 2 rating is determined as follows: Score >3.2=Green or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2=Red or High Rating is Critical if Factor 2.3 (Fishing Mortality) is Crtitical Criterion 2 Summary Only the lowest scoring main species is/are listed in the table and text in this Criterion 2 section; a full list and assessment of the main species can be found in Appendix B. JAPANESE FLYING SQUID - JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC - BOTTOM TRAWLS (NEI) Subscore: Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: Species Corals and other biogenic habitats Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore 1.00:High 2.00:High 1.00:High Red (1.414) Sharks 1.00:High 2.00:High 3.67:Low Yellow (2.709) Benthic inverts 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Fin sh 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Forage sh 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Green (3.318) Green (3.318) Green (3.318) JAPANESE FLYING SQUID - JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC - JIG Subscore: Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate:

17 Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Japanese ying squid 3.00:Low 5.00:Very Low 5.00:Very Low Green (5.000) JAPANESE FLYING SQUID - JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC - JIG Subscore: Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: Species Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Japanese ying squid 3.00:Low 5.00:Very Low 5.00:Very Low Green (5.000) JAPANESE FLYING SQUID - JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC - TRAP NETS Subscore: Discard Rate: 0.95 C2 Rate: Species Corals and other biogenic habitats Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore 1.00:High 2.00:High 3.67:Low Yellow (2.709) Benthic inverts 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate Fin sh 2.00:Medium 3.00:Moderate 3.67:Low 3.67:Low Green (3.318) Green (3.318) JAPANESE FLYING SQUID - JAPAN/NORTH PACIFIC - UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE Subscore: Discard Rate: 1.00 C2 Rate: Species No other main species caught Inherent Vulnerability Abundance Fishing Mortality Subscore Seafood Watch is not aware of any collection of bycatch data for sheries targeting Japanese ying squid, which has been an issue across many Japanese sheries. The sheries are therefore scored according to the Seafood Watch unknown bycatch matrix, which rates the bycatch susceptibility of di erent taxonomic groups based on a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature and expert opinion on the bycatch impacts of each gear type. More information is available in Appendix 2 of the Seafood Watch standard. Jig and purse seine squid sheries typically have low bycatch numbers across the globe, and it is also likely that incidental take is not a signi cant concern for Japanese ying squid jig and purse seine sheries. The taxa most likely to interact with the trap shery are corals and other biogenic habitats, other benthic invertebrates, and n sh. The taxa are also like to interact with 17

18 the trawl shery, as are sharks and forage sh. Criterion 2 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor Inherent Vulnerability (same as Factor 1.1 above) Factor Abundance (same as Factor 1.2 above) Factor Fishing Mortality (same as Factor 1.3 above) CORALS AND OTHER BIOGENIC HABITATS Factor Inherent Vulnerability High In the absence of species-speci c information, marine mammals, turtles, sharks, seabirds, deepwater corals and other biogenic habitat are considered to be of "high" vulnerability. Other taxa are considered to be of "medium" vulnerability. Factor Abundance High In the absence of shery-speci c information, the impact of sheries on each taxon assessed is considered a "moderate" concern (i.e., unknown impact), except where the taxon is made up largely of species that are either of high vulnerability as scored in Factor 2.1, or over shed, endangered, or threatened within the range of the shery (e.g., sea turtles, seabirds, marine mammals, and sharks). Factor Fishing Mortality 18

19 Low Where there are no shery-speci c data, shing mortality is considered a "low" concern for unknown benthic invertebrates, n sh, and corals and other biogenic habitats caught with trap nets. It is considered a "moderate" concern for unknown benthic invertebrates, n sh, forage sh, and sharks caught with bottom trawls, and a "high" concern for unknown corals and other biogenic habitats caught by bottom trawls. High Where there are no shery-speci c data, shing mortality is considered a "low" concern for unknown benthic invertebrates, n sh, and corals and other biogenic habitats caught with trap nets. It is considered a "moderate" concern for unknown benthic invertebrates, n sh, forage sh, and sharks caught with bottom trawls, and a "high" concern for unknown corals and other biogenic habitats caught by bottom trawls. Factor Discard Rate 20-40% There are no reliable data on discard rates and landings associated with the Japanese ying squid trap net sheries. Seafood Watch assumes a 50% post-release mortality rate for trap net sheries as a conservative estimate, based on a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature and expert opinion. But Japanese anglers are allowed to keep all captured species and are known to retain species with market value, so it is possible that discard rates may be low. < 20% There are no reliable data on discard rates and landings associated with the Japanese ying squid bottom trawl sheries. But Japanese anglers are allowed to keep all captured species and are known to retain species with market value, so it is possible that discard rates may be low. 19

20 Criterion 3: Management Effectiveness Management is separated into management of retained species (harvest strategy) and management of non-retained species (bycatch strategy). The nal score for this criterion is the geometric mean of the two scores. The Criterion 3 rating is determined as follows: Score >3.2=Green or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2 or either the Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) is Very High = Red or High Rating is Critical if either or both of Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) and Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) ratings are Critical. Criterion 3 Summary Region / Method Harvest Strategy Bycatch Strategy Score Japan / North Paci c / Unassociated purse seine Green (5.000) Japan / North Paci c / Bottom trawls (nei) Critical (0.000) Japan / North Paci c / Trap nets Yellow (3.162) Japan / North Paci c / Jig Green (5.000) Overall, the harvest strategy for Japanese ying squid is e ective because robust stock assessments are performed annually for both the winter and autumn cohorts. Although enforcement is based on reporting through an honor-based system, management has historically followed scienti c advice, and the total allowable catches have not been exceeded in over a decade. All bycatch species are likely retained for the jig and purse seine sheries. But the trap net sheries are of a very high concern due to a lack of overall management and no recovery plan. Furthermore, the trawl net shery is critical due to a lack of management and the probability of vulnerable species being captured. Criterion 3 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor 3.1: Harvest Strategy Seven subfactors are evaluated: Management Strategy, Recovery of Species of, Scienti c Research/Monitoring, Following of Scienti c Advice, Enforcement of Regulations, Management Track Record, and Inclusion of Stakeholders. Each is rated as ine ective, moderately e ective, or highly e ective. 20

21 5 (Very Low ) Rated as highly e ective for all seven subfactors considered 4 (Low ) Management Strategy and Recovery of Species of rated highly e ective and all other subfactors rated at least moderately e ective. 3 (Moderate ) All subfactors rated at least moderately e ective. 2 (High ) At minimum, meets standards for moderately e ective for Management Strategy and Recovery of Species of, but at least one other subfactor rated ine ective. 1 (Very High ) Management exists, but Management Strategy and/or Recovery of Species of rated ine ective. 0 (Critical) No management exists when there is a clear need for management (i.e., shery catches threatened, endangered, or high concern species), OR there is a high level of Illegal, unregulated, and unreported shing occurring. Factor 3.1 Summary FACTOR 3.1: MANAGEMENT OF FISHING IMPACTS ON RETAINED SPECIES Region / Method Strategy Recovery Research Advice Enforce Track Inclusion Japan / North Paci c / Unassociated purse seine Japan / North Paci c / Bottom trawls (nei) Japan / North Paci c / Trap nets Japan / North Paci c / Jig Subfactor Management Strategy and Implementation Considerations: What type of management measures are in place? Are there appropriate management goals, and is there evidence that management goals are being met? To achieve a highly e ective rating, there must be appropriate management goals, and evidence that the measures in place have been successful at maintaining/rebuilding species. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, BOTTOM TRAWLS (NEI) JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, JIG Management is e ectively in place to curb any excessive sheries take. Reference points, including B LIMIT, F LIMIT, and TAC, and annual stock assessments are calculated and based on both shery and scienti c surveying data to ensure a high degree of accuracy (Kidokoro et al. 2013) (Yamashita et al. 2013). Reference points are implemented annually for both the Japanese and Korean commercial squid sheries to maintain a healthy population, and the 21

22 TAC has not been exceeded in over a decade (MAFF 2016). Subfactor Recovery of Species of Considerations: When needed, are recovery strategies/management measures in place to rebuild over shed/threatened/ endangered species or to limit shery s impact on these species and what is their likelihood of success? To achieve a rating of, rebuilding strategies that have a high likelihood of success in an appropriate timeframe must be in place when needed, as well as measures to minimize mortality for any over shed/threatened/endangered species. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, BOTTOM TRAWLS (NEI) JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, JIG The target species is likely not over shed (Kidokoro et al. 2013), and has likely neither been subject to over shing nor over shed for over a decade (Yamashita et al. 2013). Subfactor Scienti c Research and Monitoring Considerations: How much and what types of data are collected to evaluate the health of the population and the shery s impact on the species? To achieve a rating, population assessments must be conducted regularly and they must be robust enough to reliably determine the population status. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, BOTTOM TRAWLS (NEI) JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, JIG Research is rate "highly e ective" because the FRA conducts annual and up-to-date stock assessments, using both shery-dependent and scienti c surveying data for both the winter and autumn cohort stocks (Sakurai et al. 2013). The FRA estimates biomass annually by performing annual scienti c surveys throughout de ned stations in the shing zones during June and July (Kidokoro et al. 2014). Catch per unit e ort (CPUE) data have been collected in jig surveys since Squid mantle lengths have been recorded, and annual scienti c surveys for juveniles and paralarvals are also conducted using mid-water trawls in April and plankton nets in October and November. The ABC limit is calculated from the F LIMIT and the forecasted stock abundance, which is in turn estimated based on the spawner-recruitment relationship (Arkhipkin et al. 2015). 22

23 Subfactor Management Record of Following Scienti c Advice Considerations: How often (always, sometimes, rarely) do managers of the shery follow scienti c recommendations/advice (e.g. do they set catch limits at recommended levels)? A rating is given if managers nearly always follow scienti c advice. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, BOTTOM TRAWLS (NEI) JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, JIG Although the MAFF does establish the TAC based on recommendations from the FRA's ABC limit calculations, socio-economic factors are also taken into consideration in implementing these catch limits (Arkhipkin et al. 2015). The FRA also provides an ABC target, which is a reference number 20% lower than the ABC limit (Kidokoro et al. 2013) (Yamashita et al. 2013), as a more conservative catch limit. The MAFF adopts the ABC target value to establish the annual TAC (MAFF 2015). Subfactor Enforcement of Management Regulations Considerations: Do shermen comply with regulations, and how is this monitored? To achieve a rating, there must be regular enforcement of regulations and veri cation of compliance. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, BOTTOM TRAWLS (NEI) JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, JIG Although monitoring is likely based more on a voluntary honor system for reporting (Arkhipkin et al. 2015), the TAC has not been exceeded in over a decade (MAFF 2016). The sheries also do not sh in closed areas and where there are moratoriums, so enforcement can be considered "highly e ective." Subfactor Management Track Record Considerations: Does management have a history of successfully maintaining populations at sustainable levels or a history of failing to maintain populations at sustainable levels? A rating is given if measures enacted by management have been shown to result in the longterm maintenance of species overtime. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, BOTTOM TRAWLS (NEI) JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, JIG 23

24 The shery's track record is "highly e ective" because management has enacted regular stock assessments and appropriate reference points for decades to maintain healthy populations (Arkhipkin et al. 2015). Subfactor Stakeholder Inclusion Considerations: Are stakeholders involved/included in the decision-making process? Stakeholders are individuals/groups/organizations that have an interest in the shery or that may be a ected by the management of the shery (e.g., shermen, conservation groups, etc.). A rating is given if the management process is transparent and includes stakeholder input. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, UNASSOCIATED PURSE SEINE JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, BOTTOM TRAWLS (NEI) JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, JIG The process of determining the annual ABC is completely open for public comment, and the meetings, which are open to the public, are held by the national and prefectural scientists, shers, and other potential stakeholders. Public input is requested before the nal ABC determinations. The MAFF proposes TACs while taking into consideration economic issues as well as stakeholder input. The Fisheries Policy Council, which includes well-informed and independent interested parties, anglers, and other stakeholders, discusses the drafting of proposed TACs, which are then later nalized by the MAFF. Because stakeholder input is included and a vital aspect for sheries management decisions, stakeholder inclusion is "highly e ective." Factor 3.2: Bycatch Strategy SCORING GUIDELINES Four subfactors are evaluated: Management Strategy and Implementation, Scienti c Research and Monitoring, Record of Following Scienti c Advice, and Enforcement of Regulations. Each is rated as ine ective, moderately e ective, or highly e ective. Unless reason exists to rate Scienti c Research and Monitoring, Record of Following Scienti c Advice, and Enforcement of Regulations di erently, these rating are the same as in (Very Low ) Rated as highly e ective for all four subfactors considered 4 (Low ) Management Strategy rated highly e ective and all other subfactors rated at least moderately e ective. 3 (Moderate ) All subfactors rated at least moderately e ective. 2 (High ) At minimum, meets standards for moderately e ective for Management Strategy but some other factors rated ine ective. 1 (Very High ) Management exists, but Management Strategy rated ine ective. 0 (Critical) No bycatch management even when over shed, depleted, endangered or threatened species are known to be regular components of bycatch and are substatntially 24

25 impacted by the shery FACTOR 3.2: BYCATCH STRATEGY Region / Method Japan / North Paci c / Unassociated purse seine Japan / North Paci c / Bottom trawls (nei) All Kept Critical Strategy Research Advice Enforce Yes No Yes Japan / North Paci c / Trap nets No No Moderately Japan / North Paci c / Jig Yes Ine ective Ine ective Ine ective There are no known problems with bycatch in the jig and purse seine sheries (see Criterion 2), so bycatch management in these sheries is not assessed further in this assessment. There is no bycatch management in the bottom trawl and trap sheries. Based on a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature and expert opinion on probable bycatch impacts of this gear type, it is probable that marine mammals, sharks, and albatross are also caught in this shery (see Appendix 3 in {SFW 2014}), and there are no mitigation measures in place to reduce the shery's impact on these taxa, thus warranting a critical rating. Subfactor Management Strategy and Implementation Considerations: What type of management strategy/measures are in place to reduce the impacts of the shery on bycatch species and how successful are these management measures? To achieve a rating, the primary bycatch species must be known and there must be clear goals and measures in place to minimize the impacts on bycatch species (e.g., catch limits, use of proven mitigation measures, etc.). JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS Moderately There are no known bycatch limits or reduction techniques in place, but there probably are not any major concerns that incidental take is likely occurring, based on the gear type in this area. Subfactor Scienti c Research and Monitoring Considerations: Is bycatch in the shery recorded/documented and is there adequate monitoring of bycatch to measure shery s impact on bycatch species? To achieve a rating, assessments must be conducted to determine the impact of the shery on species of concern, and an adequate bycatch data collection program must be in place to ensure bycatch management goals are being met 25

26 JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS Ine ective Although long-term scienti c research and monitoring of the sheries' impact on Japanese ying squid populations is e ective (see above), scienti c research for incidental take is rated "ine ective" because there is no known collection and analysis of bycatch data associated with this shery. Subfactor Management Record of Following Scienti c Advice Considerations: How often (always, sometimes, rarely) do managers of the shery follow scienti c recommendations/advice (e.g., do they set catch limits at recommended levels)? A rating is given if managers nearly always follow scienti c advice. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS Ine ective Scienti c advice is "ine ective" because management has not enacted any known guidelines or strategies related to bycatch for this shery. Subfactor Enforcement of Management Regulations Considerations: Is there a monitoring/enforcement system in place to ensure shermen follow management regulations and what is the level of shermen s compliance with regulations? To achieve a rating, there must be consistent enforcement of regulations and veri cation of compliance. JAPAN / NORTH PACIFIC, TRAP NETS Ine ective Enforcement is "ine ective" because there are no known rules governing bycatch related to this shery. 26

27 Criterion 4: Impacts on the habitat and ecosystem This Criterion assesses the impact of the shery on sea oor habitats, and increases that base score if there are measures in place to mitigate any impacts. The shery s overall impact on the ecosystem and food web and the use of ecosystem-based sheries management (EBFM) principles is also evaluated. Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management aims to consider the interconnections among species and all natural and human stressors on the environment. The nal score is the geometric mean of the impact of shing gear on habitat score (plus the mitigation of gear impacts score) and the Ecosystem Based Fishery Management score. The Criterion 2 rating is determined as follows: Score >3.2=Green or Low Score >2.2 and 3.2=Yellow or Moderate Score 2.2=Red or High Rating cannot be Critical for Criterion 4. Criterion 4 Summary Region / Method Japan / North Paci c / Unassociated purse seine Japan / North Paci c / Bottom trawls (nei) Japan / North Paci c / Trap nets Gear Type and Substrate Mitigation of Gear Impacts EBFM Score 5.00: None 0.00: Not Applicable 3.00: Moderate 2.00: Moderate 2.00: Moderate 0.00: No Mitigation 0.00: No Mitigation 3.00: Moderate 3.00: Moderate Japan / North Paci c / Jig 5.00: None 0.00: Not Applicable 3.00: Moderate Green (3.873) Yellow (2.449) Yellow (2.449) Green (3.873) Criterion 4 Assessment SCORING GUIDELINES Factor Impact of Fishing Gear on the Habitat/Substrate 5 (None) - Fishing gear does not contact the bottom 4 (Very Low) - Vertical line gear 3 (Low) Gears that contacts the bottom, but is not dragged along the bottom (e.g. gillnet, bottom longline, trap) and is not shed on sensitive habitats. Bottom seine on resilient mud/sand habitats. Midwater trawl that is known to contact bottom occasionally ( 2 (Moderate) Bottom dragging gears (dredge, trawl) shed on resilient mud/sand habitats. Gillnet, trap, or bottom longline shed on sensitive boulder or coral reef habitat. Bottom seine except on mud/sand 1 (High) Hydraulic clam dredge. Dredge or trawl gear shed on moderately sensitive 27