Taïp chí Khoa hoïc - Coâng ngheä Thuûy saûn Soá 1/2010 THOÂNG BAÙO KHOA HOÏC. Nguyen Phong Hai 1 and Other 2

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1 THOÂNG BAÙO KHOA HOÏC ASSESSMENTS OF SELECTIVITY PERFORMANCES OF 12 MM, 15 MM AND 18 MM MESH SIZE AT TRAP OF SET - NET FISHERY (NO SAO) AT TAM GIANG - CAU HAI LAGOON, THUA THIEN - HUE PROVINCE, VIETNAM Nguyen Phong Hai 1 and Other 2 1 Faculty of Fishing Technology and Navigation, Nha Trang University 2 Technical staffs of IMOLA project Abstract Selectivity study was applied in the set net fishery at Vinh Hien Commune, Cau Hai Lagoon, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam during Net with three mesh sizes (12mm, 15mm, 18 mm) were selected for the study. Selectivity curves and parameters for selected species were studied. The outcomes showed that large amount of aquatic species escaped from the experimental mesh sizes. Furthermore, 12 mm mesh net seems to be suitable to applied to the fishery since the lost is about 9% of daily catch. The 18 mm mesh net caused serious affects on the catch since about 60% of total catch is lost by the mesh size. I - TAM GIANG - CAU HAI LAGOON AND THE SET NET FISHERY Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon (TGCH) locates in the Northern Center of Vietnam. This is the largest lagoon in Southeast ASEAN region with about square hectare of water surface (IMOLA 2006). Fishing is the most popular activities in the lagoon with about 30 fishing methods (IMOLA 2006), in which Set net (Fish coral, Stake net or Nò Sáo in Vietnamese) is the second most popular fishing method of the lagoon with about 1500 units (IMOLA 2007). Set net is a traditional fishing method at the lagoon and it contains three different parts: (1) Leading barrier, this part include several stakes wall of net deploying in the water to restrict the escape of fish and guide fish to enter the forepart of the gear; (2) playing ground also includes the barrier of net and stakes. This part is constructed in the special shape to encourage fish entering but restricting them to go swim back; (3) Trap with cylinder shape to retain the all animal entering to the trap. Due to the special shape at the mouth of the trap, fish cannot escape back through the mouth. II - THE PROBLEMS OF SET NET FISHERY IN TG-CH Set net is a low selective fishing gear. That is to say it is not able to let the juvenile aquatic animal escape from the net. The result is that this kind of net captures all size of species (including juveniles), interrupting their natural life cycles. The major cause leading the low selective characteristic of this gear is the mesh size of the net (4-6 mm, stretched mesh). According to a previous study, conducted by IMOLA staff, in the lagoon most of the specimens in the catch of fish coral are smaller than the legal size. TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG v 65

2 Figure 1: Sketch of a simple set net Figure 2: A set net deployed in the water of TG-CH The natural role of Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon, as other lagoons in the world, is that of a nursery ground. It means that many species select it as an ideal habitat for the early stages of their life. If we consider that the fish coral is one of the most common fishing methods in the lagoon and the low selective characteristics of this tool, it is easy to understand the impact of this gear on the natural environment in the lagoon. The second problem caused by the small mesh size is the obstruction of the water current inside and around the gear. This factor can reduce the water exchange in some areas of the lagoon and increase the sedimentation ratio leading to ecological problems like low oxygen saturation in the environment, increment of concentration of organic pollutants and a general reduction of the carrying capacity of the lagoon. A proposed management plan for Set net fishery at the lagoon has been prepared by several District People s Committees (DPCs) and the Department of Fisheries (DOFI) of Thua Thien Hue Province. However, the issue of suitable larger mesh size of the gear is controversial issue among fisheries managers and fishermen alike. This paper presents the outcomes of studies to investigate the selectivity performances of the set net with the stretched meshes at trap of 12 mm, 15 mm and 18 mm respectively. III. THE SELECTIVITY STUDIES 3.1. Material and Method In order to conduct the experiments, special cover with mesh size of 5 mm was utilized (figure 3). The function of cover is to retain all animals which escape through the experimental trap (mesh size of12 mm; 15 mm and 18 mm respectively). After each haul, the cover net and then the trap were emptied into two separate sorting areas onboard the vessel. These catches are stored separately and delivered to the shore in order to be sorted, weighted and measured the length of the studied species. 66 v TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG

3 Cover net with mesh size 5 mm (remain all escaped specimens) Experiment mesh (12 mm, 15 m and 18 mm respectively) Figure 3. cover used in the selectivity experiments 3.2. Data analysis Overall exclusions The overall exclusions in weight were estimated for the two catch categories, the fish and the shrimp categories, by using formula 2.1 as follows: M cov % E = x100% (2.1) ( Mcd + M cov) In which: each category. %E: the escape percentage of M cov: the total weight (kg) of each catch category escaping through the lager mesh and retained at the cover Mcd: the total weight (kg) of each catch category retained in the trap 3.3. Selectivity performance of the larger mesh for the studied species The observed retention of the studied species was determined for the trap used in this study by the formula 2.2 as follows: Ncd Ros-L = (2.2) Ncd + N cov In which, Ros- L: the observed retention of the studied species at length L Ncd: the number of individuals of mid-length class L caught in the trap. N cov: the number of individuals of mid-length class L retained in the cover The selection curves and the selectivity parameters for the studied fish species and Metapenaeus ensis were estimated by using the logistic model (Formula 2.3) (Wileman et al. 1996), exp( a + b l) r( l) = (2.3) 1+ exp( a + b l) In which, r(l): the retained proportion at length l; l: the mid-length class of the studied species a, b: the constants that are determined during the analysis Maximum of the log-likelihood was used to fit the logistic curve. The constants (a and b) were subsequently used to calculate the length of 50% retention (L50) and the selection range (SR) of the studied species by formula the 2.4 and 2.5 as follows: a 2 ln L50 = - (2.4) and SR = ( 3) (2.5) b b A Microsoft Excel sheet (Tokai 2003) was TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG v 67

4 applied to determine the selection parameters, standard errors of those parameters as well as the selection curves for studied species. The Solver tool of the MS - Excel was utilized to calculate the maximum likelihood in the Tokai s MS Excel sheet. IV. RESULTS At the 12 mm mesh net experiment, the research team analyzed kg of shrimp (24.44 kg in trap, 2.37 kg in the cover) and 37.5 kg of fish (30.69 remained in the trap and kg escaped to the cover); A total of kg of shrimp (38.42 kg remained in trap and escaped to cover) were captured during the experiment of 15 mm mesh net. The catch of fish in this experiment was kg (29.71 kg in trap and kg in cover); At the 18 mm mesh net experiment, kg of shrimp and kg of fish were captured Overall escapement Table 1 shows the overall exclusion of shrimp and fish when applying the 12 mm, 15 mm and 18 mm mesh net (stretched mesh). The exclusion increases with the increase of the mesh size at the trap. Table 1. Overall exclusion of fish and shrimp Experimental mesh sizes (mm) Fish exclusion (%) (± SE) Shrimp exclusion (%) (± SE) ± ± ± ± ± ± SELECTIVITY PERFORMANCE OF STUDIED SPECIES Metapenaeus ensis Figure 3,4,5 present the length frequency of Metapenaeus ensis in the trap (12, 15, 18 mm respectively) and escaped to cover bag. In general, the proportion of large size Metapenaeus ensis remained in the trap is higher than in the cover. Figure 4. Length frequency of Metapenaeus ensis (12 mm) Figure 5. Length frequency of Metapenaeus ensis (15 mm mesh experiment) 68 v TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG

5 Standard length Figure 6. Length frequency of Metapenaeus ensis (18 mm) Length (cm) Figure 7. Selectivity curve of 12 mm mesh net for Metapenaeus ensis Table 2 presents the selectivity data of Metapenaeus ensis in the trap (12, 15, 18 mm). Table 2. Selectivity parameters of the studied mesh sizes for Metapenaeus ensis Mesh size a b L50 SR 12 mm mm mm Figure 6,7,8 show the selectivity curves of the 12, 15 and 18 mm mesh for Metapenaeus ensis Standard length (cm) Standard Length (cm) Figure 8. Selectivity curve of 15 mm mesh net for Metapenaeus ensis Figure 9. Selectivity curve of 18 mm mesh net for Metapenaeus ensis TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG v 69

6 Oxyurichthys tentacularis Figure 10. Length frequency of Oxyurichthys tentacularis (12 mm) Figure 11. Length frequency of Oxyurichthys tentacularis (15 mm) Figure 9, 10, 11 present the length frequency of Oxyurichthys tentacularis in the trap (12, 15, 18 mm respectively) and escaped to cover bag. Table 3 presents the selectivity data of Oxyurichthys tentacularis in the trap (12, 15, 18 mm). Total length (cm) Figure 12. Length frequency of Oxyurichthys tentacularis (18 mm) Length (cm) Figure 13. Selectivity curve of 12 mm mesh net for Oxyurichthys tentacularis Table 3. Selectivity parameters of the studied mesh sizes for Oxyurichthys tentacularis Mesh size a b L50 SR 12 mm mm mm Figure 12, 13, 14 show the selectivity curve of the 12, 15 and 18 mm mesh for Oxyurichthys tentacularis 70 v TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG

7 Figure 14. Selectivity curve of 15 mm mesh net for Oxyurichthys tentacularis Figure 15. Selectivity curve of 18 mm mesh net for Oxyurichthys tentacularis Glossogobius giuris: Figure 15, 16 and 17 present the length frequency of Glossogobius giuris in the trap (12, 15, 18 mm respectively) and escaped to cover. Table 4 presents the selectivity data of Glossogobius giuris in the trap (12, 15, 18 mm). Figure 18, 19 and 20 show the selectivity curve of the 12, 15 and 18 mm mesh for Glossogobius giuris Figure 16. Length frequency of Glossogobius giuris (12 mm) Figure 17. Length frequency of Glossogobius giuris (15 mm mesh experiment) Figure 18. Length frequency of Glossogobius giuris (18 mm) Figure 19. Selectivity curve of 12 mm mesh net for Glossogobius giuris TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG v 71

8 Figure 20. Selectivity curve of 15 mm mesh net for Glossogobius giuris Figure 21. Selectivity curve of 18 mm mesh net for Glossogobius giuris Table 4. Selectivity parameters of the studied mesh sizes for Glossogobius giuris Mesh size a b L50 SR 12 mm mm mm Discussion Numbers of fish and shrimp which have the length in the vicinity of L50 were rare, while the fish with length in the areas of > L75 or < L25 are existed a lot in the nets. It is ideally if we can carry out more experiments to collect the species in the length of vicinity of L50 to construct the best selectivity curves. V. CONCLUSIONS 1. Large amount of studied species escape through the experimental meshes (12 mm; 15 mm; 18 mm). 2. The average sizes of fish and shrimp escaped through the experimental meshes were far smaller than the size of these species remained in the trap. 3. The Length of 50% retention (L50) is increasing with the increases of mesh sizes. 4. Since the main target species of fishers is Metapenaeus ensis, the 12 mm is seem to be more acceptable by fishers. In this case, the fishers may loose about 9% of the total number of Metapenaeus ensis. 5. The L50 of Metapenaeus ensis at the mesh size of 18 mm is 7.39 cm. This is almost the same with the legal size (MARD 2006). However, in this case (18 mm mesh), the loss of Metapenaeus ensis would be about 60% of total number and this loss seriously affected the income of fishers. Acknowledgment: These studies were funded by the IMOLA project. I would like to thank Prof. Massimo Sarti, Chief Technical Advisor of IMOLA project, for his invaluable supports and comments on the studies. I also acknowledge Mr Arie and Mr Stephano Carbonni, Consultants of IMOLA project, for their comments on the research proposal and accompany during the research works. 72 v TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG

9 REFERENCES 1. IMOLA Report on the Economic base-line in Tam Giang - Cau Hai region, Integrated Management of Lagoon Activities at Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon, Thua Thien Hue province, VietNam 2. IMOLA Report on the Inventory of fisheries activities in tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon, Integrated Management of Lagoon Activities at Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon, Thua Thien Hue province, VietNam 3. MARD Decree No 02 /2006/TT-BTS -20th March 2006, Ministry of Rural and Development of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam. 4. Tokai, T Trawl with seperator- panel for Bycatch reduction and evaluation methodology of their selective performance, Statistic Department, Auckland University. 5. Wileman, D.A., Ferro, R.S.T., Fonteyne, R., Miller, R.B Manual of methods of measuring the selectivity of towed gear, Iternational Concil for the Exploitation of the Sea, report No: 215. TRÖÔØNG ÑAÏI HOÏC NHA TRANG v 73

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