Relative Salary Efficiency of PGA Tour Golfers: A Dynamic Review
|
|
- Clifton Harmon
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Relatve Salary Effcency of PGA Tour Golfers: A Dynamc Revew Julo Cesar Alonso Unversdad Ices Julan Benavdes Unversdad Ices Based on one-year sample, Nero (2001) estmated golfers' usng four performance measures. We study the effects of the golfers abltes and sklls on ther by estmatng a producton functon for four dfferent years (1995, 2000, 2005 and 2009). Our fndngs suggest that the effect of each skll and ablty changes over tme. In ths sense, our results show that prevous work as Nero (2001) cannot be extrapolated to other years. We also show that a dynamc approach s needed to understand the nature of professonal golfers' job performance. Our analyss s complemented by estmaton of a stochastc producton possblty boundary for each year under study. Ths allows us to classfy PGA golfers accordng to ther relatve effcency. We found that for the 2009 season Phl Mckelson was the most effcent golfer and Bran Bateman the least effcent one. The results also allow us to estmate how much a golfer would have earned gven hs abltes and sklls assumng that he had played as well as the most effcent golfer. Camlo Vllegas, for example (the Colomban golfer also known as spder man), earned US$1.8 mllon n If he were as effcent as Phl Mckelson was n the 2009 season, he would have earned US$7.8 mllon: 4.33 tmes more than what he actually earned. INTRODUCTION Studes on professonal athletes' shed lght on the knds of abltes that lead to generatng the hghest returns. In a broader sense, these studes help to advance our understandng of costs and productvty. Professonal sports also provde a specal opportunty for applyng job performance measures to real data that s free of measurement error (Nero, 2001). Another advantage of studyng professonal sports s that sports statstcs allow us to accurately measure athletes' productvty and fnd drect relatons between the dfferent components of ther game and ther results. It's common to fnd these types of studes carred out usng statstcs of baseball players' battng records, runs scored, and games won. Nevertheless, baseball s a team sport and thus adds an addtonal varable to measurements. Golf s essentally dfferent: beng a fundamentally ndvdual sport, a golfer's productvty depends solely on hs ndvdual abltes. Surprsngly, there are few productvty studes that make use of golf statstcs (Moy and Law, 1998; Nero, 2001; Scully, 2002; Scott and Thomas, 2007, Shmanske, 2007; Rnehart, 2009). Ths document evaluates the relatve effcency of PGA Tour golfers. We study the effect of golfers abltes and sklls on ther by estmatng a producton functon. To ths end, we use the przes earned by professonal golfers and a set of varables that represent ther sklls n the game to buld a lnear regresson model that allows us to: ) determne what facets of a players' game are the most 120 Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1) 2013
2 mportant for wnnng larger przes, and ) determne whch golfers have the hghest prze-derved ncome gven ther performance statstcs; and fnally, ) determne whch golfers have a more effcent performance than ther fellow colleagues. Ths document also presents an estmate of the effcent boundary of PGA Tour golfers. The model produces estmates for dfferent years. Ths approach enables us to answer the queston "what factors determne professonal golfers' salares?" whle stll takes nto account temporary and dynamc factors - absent n almost all prevous studes (Rnehart, 2009). Our results suggest that the effect of each skll and ablty changes over tme. In ths sense, our results show that prevous fndngs (Nero, 2001) based on one-year samples cannot be extrapolated and that a dynamc approach s needed to understand the nature of professonal golfers' job performance. Moreover, our results demonstrate that, n general, the model qualty deterorates over tme, even gvng a varable wth counterntutve sgn n In terms of golfers' rankng, we found that 2009's most effcent golfer was Phl Mckelson. Ths artcle s organzed as follows: The frst secton s the ntroducton, the second s the lterature revew, the thrd s the results report, and the fourth provdes the conclusons. LITERATURE REVIEW The present artcle follows n the lne of Nero (2001) who studes golf professonals' performance n Nero (2001) chooses the 130 golfers wth the hghest n 1996 and performs a logarthmc regresson on ther, the length of ther drves, ther accuracy, and ther abltes. As also found n the present artcle for the years under study, for the years 1995 and 2000, Nero (2001) concludes that mprovements n puttng pay off more than an ncrease n drve dstance. Addtonally, Nero (2001) analyzes a golfer's maxmum ncome gven hs abltes f he had been as effectve as the most effectve golfer, thus ncludng hs ablty to deal wth pressure. Scott and Thomas (2007) model golfers' performance usng a set of equatons and argue that the money that they earn s an ndrect result of the golfer's ablty. In ther calculatons, a golfer's number of strokes s the result of hs abltes and experence whle hs average rankng s a functon of the number of strokes and the number of events/tournaments (Scully 2002). Lastly, a golfer's are determned by hs rankng and number of completed events, the last beng the producton equaton and the frst two beng ntermedate outcomes. Although ther contrbuton s mportant, ther conclusons are smlar to those found n earler artcles, n whch puttng s the most mportant factor n a golfers' set of abltes. Shmanske (2008) proposes that the use of players' annual averages does not provde an accurate estmate of players' performance, so he assembles a database that ncludes performance per tournament. Ths allows us to ncorporate the partculartes of each golf course nto the model. Addtonally, Shmanske (2008) makes use of a two-stage equaton system for comparng golfers' performance wth ther fnancal achevements. In hs tests he also ncludes the varance and asymmetry of each varable as a determnng factor of the number of strokes and, consequently, of a golfer's wnnngs. Hs contrbuton focuses on the hgh R2 of hs regressons. Fnally, Rnehart (2009) goes back to usng annual statstcs to study whether returns on golfers' performance changed between 2002 and He does not fnd any evdence that ths has happened. Hs nteracton varables are not sgnfcant for any of the basc ablty varables. ASSUMPTIONS As a sport, golf s not complex n and of tself. The goal s to ht a ball wth a stck from a preestablshed pont (a "tee") nto a hole n the least possble number of strokes. Each golf course has 18 holes and a 72-stroke par. Ths means that t s expected that a golfer complete the course n 72 strokes. From the startng pont to the hole there s an area (the farway) over whch the golfer wll drve the ball. The farway s bordered by forested areas and sand traps (bunkers) that make drvng dffcult f the ball lands there. Farways are so long as to be traversed between one and three strokes. The hole s surrounded by the green, an area wth hghly mancured grass that makes puttng easer. Each hole also has ts own Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1)
3 par. The number of strokes n whch a player should complete a hole vares from three to fve, two of whch are putts on the green and are added to strokes requred for traversng the farway. A golfer's skll thus depends on hs power and precson. Strokes on the farway must be strong and precse: a strong golfer can reach a par fve green n two strokes. Meanwhle, strokes on the green must smply be precse. Moreover, golfers must be able to recover when ther strokes don't land them n frendly terrtory. When a golfer scores one stroke less than the hole's par, t's called a brde. If two strokes less, then t's called an eagle. On the other hand, f a golfer scores one stroke more than the hole's par, t's a bogey. If two more, then a double bogey, and so on. Hence, n order to measure a golfer's skll, you must know the average length of hs drves (strength), the number of tmes that hs drve lands on the farway (drve precson), the average number of putts (putt precson), and the number of tmes that he completes the hole and scores par after havng landed off the farway or n bunkers (ablty). Good scores on each of these parameters are expected to be statstcally correlated to ther wnnngs. It s evdent that ther wnnngs wll also be correlated wth the number of tournaments n whch golfers partcpate. Followng Nero (2001), the below formula wll be used to model prze money made by each golfer n a season: ( EARN ) ln EARN DRIVE PUTT SAND Events DRIVEACC (1) whereas, DRIVE represents the average drve length, and PUTT represents the average number of putts (strokes on the green) per player. Lkewse, SAND s the percentage of tme that a player completes a hole n a maxmum of two strokes after havng landed n a bunker that borders the green. Events s the number of tournaments n whch a player partcpates each year. DRIVEACC s the percentage of tmes that a drve lands on the farway. Lastly, s a homoscedastc, non-autocorrelated zeromean random error term. Varable defntons are contaned n Table 1a whle descrptve statstcs for the same are reported n Table 1b. Averages shown n Table 1b reveal an mprovement n drve dstance from 2005 onward, ncreasng from 273 to 299 yards. Ths mprovement seems to have been obtaned at the cost of precson, whch fell from 68% to 62%. The SAND percentage also drops from 53% n 2000 to nearly 49% n 2005 and The average number of putts falls slghtly n 2009 from 1.6 n 2000 and 2005 to 1.55 n TABLE 1a VARIABLE DESCRIPTION Name EARN DRIVE PUTT SAND Events DRIVEACC Varables Descrpton Wnnngs. Amount of prze money won. Drve dstance. Average dstance n yards. Puttng. Average number of strokes on the green. Gettng out of bunkers. The percentage of tmes that a player requres a maxmum of two strokes to make a hole from a bunker that borders the green. Events. The number of tournaments played per year per player. Strokes on the farway. The percentage of strokes that land on the farway. 122 Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1) 2013
4 Year EARN (prces as of 2009) TABLE 1b DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS DRIVE PUTT SAND Events DRIVEACC Average 2000 $ 963, SD 2000 $ 1,163, Asymmetry coeffcent Average 2005 $ 1,234, SD 2005 $ 1,025, Asymmetry coeffcent Average 2009 $ 1,292, SD 2009 $ 1,263, Asymmetry coeffcent Usng nformaton from the PGA's (Professonal Golf Assocaton) database and employng the ordnary least squares method, Model 1 was estmated separately for the years 1995, 2000, 2005 and The results are reported n Table 2. For each of the models, Breush-Pagan, Goldfeld-Quandt, and Whte heteroscedastcty tests (see Appendx 1) as well as normalty tests (see Appendx 2) were performed. There was not suffcent evdence n favor of heteroscedastcty n any case. As can be seen n Table 2, all varables n the 1995 sample are sgnfcant (ndvdually and overall), but ths s not the case wth the other three samples. In the case of the 2000 sample, the SAND varable doesn't affect the prze logarthm and, therefore, the followng model was used: ln EARN DRIVE PUTT Events DRIVEACC (2) Ths model s also used n Table 2. For the 2005 and 2009 samples, the coeffcent assocated wth the Events varable sn't sgnfcant. Therefore, the followng model was used: ln EARN DRIVE PUTT SAND DRIVEACC (3) These models are also reported n Table 2. It's worth notng a couple of thngs regardng the models. For all years, the expected coeffcent sgns are obtaned. The only excepton s the PUTT coeffcent for the year 2009, a sample for whch counterntutve results arse. The PUTT coeffcent for 2009 s not only counterntutve, t s also not consstent wth the effect of ths varable for the other two samples n queston. These results may be due to: A mult-colnearty problem n the 2009 sample causng the change to the sgn. A change n the way n whch affects the logarthm. There was ndeed a major change n the effect of the varable. Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1)
5 TABLE 2 ESTIMATION OF DE DIFFERENT MODELS Dependent varable: ln(earn) (Statstcal t n parentheses) Model Sample Constant * ** *** *** *** (-0.719) (1.682) (2.292) (-0.598) (-0.573) (-4.163) (-4.135) (-3.196) DRIVE *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (8.716) (9.802) (9.738) (7.008) (7.167) (5.87) (5.846) (6.118) PUTT *** *** *** * ** ** *** *** *** ( ) (-9.233) (-9.991) (-2.368) (-2.387) (4.042) (4.295) (2.761) PUTT *** (-2.644) SAND *** *** *** *** *** *** (3.475) (1.457) (5.438) (5.349) (7.388) (7.534) (7.169) Events *** ** ** (5.123) (2.442) (2.441) (1.308) DRIVEACC *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** (7.827) (8.782) (8.752) (4.676) (4.77) (4.2) (4.272) (4.619) R Adjusted R F *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** N Note: (***), (**), and (*) mply rejecton of the null hypothess of no ndvdual sgnfcance wth sgnfcance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectvely. Wth respect to the frst possble reason, dfferent mult-colnearty tests were performed, and no evdence of ths problem was found. For ths reason, t was rejected as causng the counterntutve result. Wth respect to the second possble reason, the followng model was used for all samples: 2 ln EARN 1 2DRIVE 3PUTT PUTT 4SAND 6DRIVEACC (4) In the case of samples from the 1995, 2000, and 2005, the coeffcent s not sgnfcant. On the other hand, ths coeffcent s sgnfcant for the 2009 sample 2 (see Table 2). In other words, there s evdence that there s a change n the way that PUTT affects the logarthm. In ths case, Model (4) s more sutable than Model (3) for the 2009 samples (see for example the adjusted R2). Accordng to ths model, the margnal effect of an ncrease n the average of on-green strokes ( PUTT ) causes a margnal effect, the sgn of whch depends on the actual average. In other words, usng Model 4 you get: 124 Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1) 2013
6 % EARN PUTT PUTT (5) Gven the estmated coeffcents, f n 2009 a player has more than 1.6 average on-green strokes ( PUTT ), the margnal effect expressed n Model (5) s negatve, as would be expected. On the other hand, f a golfer has less than 1.6 average on-green strokes, then the margnal effect s postve - a result that contnues to be counterntutve (see Fgure 1). Accordng to the sample, only 25% of golfers have more than 1.6 average on-green strokes. Therefore, the margnal effect of PUTT has the expected sgn only for the 25% of golfers wth the hghest number of on-green strokes. Ths ponts to a knd of structural change n the effect of PUTT on startng n Incdentally, the models ft relatvely well, though ft seems to dmnsh over tme: R2 goes down from 62.6% n 1995 to 39.05% n FIGURE 1 MARGINAL EFFECT OF THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF ON-GREEN STROKES If we compare the confdence ntervals for the estmated coeffcents for the dfferent samples, we fnd that all the ntervals for coeffcents assocated wth the DRIVE varable overlap each other. Ths means that t can be expected that the effect of sad varable on prze s statstcally smlar for all samples. The same happens wth coeffcents that are assocated wth DRIVEACC and SAND. In the case of coeffcents assocated wth PUTT, the ntervals overlap for 1995, 2000, and 2005, but are not comparable for Ths means that, unlke the Events varable for the years 2005 and 2009 and Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1)
7 PUTT n 2009, there are no mportant changes n the effect of these varables. TABLE 3 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS* Model Sample Constant Lower Lmt Upper Lmt Model Sample Lower Lmt SAND Upper Lmt N.A. N.A DRIVE Events N.A. N.A N.A. N.A. PUTT DRIVEACC N.A. N.A * A Bonferon correcton was performed to allow for multple comparsons We can derve other nterestng results from the estmates such as, e.g. the average elastcty of prze wth respect to other varables (see Table 4). In 2009, an ncrease of 1% n average drve yards n the vcnty of the mean resulted n an ncrease of 15.2% n. As a matter of fact, when elastcty rates are compared, t's found that the largest elastcty for each year s assocated wth drve. In other words, f golfers are lookng to mprove ther by dedcatng themselves to a 1% ncrease n any of ther abltes, they wll beneft most by mprovng drve dstance. Nevertheless, perhaps a 1% mprovement n drvng sn't as easy to acheve as mprovng 1% n other aspects of the game. Ths the reason that t s mportant to ask what part of the game matters most when tryng to account for ts effect on prze (or more exactly, the logarthm of ). To answer ths queston, we can use standardzed coeffcents (see Table 5). 126 Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1) 2013
8 TABLE 4 AVERAGE ELASTICITY OF PRIZE EARNINGS Model Sample Varable Elastcty DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE DRIVE DRIVEACC DRIVEACC DRIVEACC DRIVEACC Events Events PUTT PUTT PUTT PUTT SAND SAND SAND TABLE 5 STANDARDIZED COEFFICIENTS Model Sample Varable Standardzed coeffcent DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC DRIVE PUTT Events DRIVEACC DRIVE PUTT SAND DRIVEACC DRIVE PUTT PUTT^ SAND DRIVEACC Note: +/- means that ths standardzed coeffcent s the largest or the smallest n absolute value terms. For 1995, 2000, and 2009, the largest standardzed coeffcent s assocated wth PUTT. For example, on average n 1995 a one-standard-devaton decrease 3 n the number of putts correlates to an ncrease of standard devatons n the logarthm, whch equals USD1.6 as of These Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1)
9 results match those found by Nero (2001), who usng 1996 data, concludes that t s better to mprove puttng than drvng. In 2005, on the contrary, the largest standardzed coeffcent s that of the DRIVE varable. Ths dffers from the prevously dscussed Nero (2001) results. Here t would seem that t s better to mprove drvng than puttng. These results pont at a dynamc n the behavor of explanatory varables that couldn't be captured n the Nero (2001) study. GOLFERS' RELATIVE EFFICIENCY In order to determne golfers' relatve effcency, we can follow Nero's (2001) example n usng a non-stochastc producton boundary derved from estmated errors. Intutvely, the estmated error ( ˆ ), represents the devaton (from the logarthm) as compared to what average golfers can expect to earn gven ther sklls. In ths way, resduals show us to what extent a player s above or below ther expected averages gven hs abltes. Thus, the largest postve error allows us to dentfy the golfer who earns much more than others gven ther skll level,.e. the most effcent one. TABLE 6 GOLFERS WITH THE LARGEST AND SMALLEST RESIDUALS Year Largest error rate Player wth the Smallest error rate 1995 Blly Mayfar Tm Loustalot 2000 Carlos Franco John Daly 2005 Chrs DMarco Hdeto Tanhara 2009 Phl Mckelson Bran Bateman Table 6 shows golfers wth the best performance and worst performance gven ther performance statstcs. In 2009, for example, the most effcent golfer was Phl Mckelson and the least Bran Bateman. Now f we use a determnstc approxmaton of an effcency boundary, we can compare the relatve performance of each golfer to the performance of each season's best golfer (Nero, 2001). Each golfer's performance can be measured by adjustng observatons so that they all fall below the boundary. Ths s to say that the fronter logarthm ( LRF ) can be calculated as follows: max LRF ln EARN (6) Usng ths formula, we can nfer the amount of prze money that golfers would have earned gven ther actual performance supposng that they had played as well as the season's best. The results for these calculatons for the years 1995, 2000, and 2005 are reported n Appendx 3 whle the results for 2009 are presented n Table 7 and Table 8. These two Tables show the ten most effcent and ten least effcent golfers, respectvely. 128 Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1) 2013
10 TABLE 7 THE TEN MOST EFFICIENT GOLFERS IN 2009 Player Actual Expected Boundary Effcency Phl Mckelson 5,332, ,223 5,332, Bran Gay 3,201, ,974 4,235, Steve Strcker 6,332,636 1,376,519 8,664, Brett Qugley 1,412, ,468 2,105, Jason Dufner 2,190, ,699 3,378, John Mallnger 1,717, ,308 2,865, Fred Couples 1,197, ,836 2,063, Paul Goydos 1,619, ,019 2,927, John Merrck 1,438, ,989 2,681, Padrag Harrngton 2,628, ,291 5,005, TABLE 8 THE TEN LEAST EFFICIENT GOLFERS IN 2009 Player Actual Expected Boundary Effcency Brad Adamons 333,971 1,226,956 7,722, Shaun Mcheel 257, ,976 6,206, Matthew Borchert 34, , , Steve Elkngton 243,404 1,118,180 7,038, Rck Prce 66, ,152 2,027, Darron Stles 199,385 1,102,425 6,939, Krk Trplett 155,480 1,053,318 6,630, Tommy Ganey 128,347 1,015,410 6,391, Peter Tomasulo 128,706 1,119,848 7,048, Bran Bateman 43, ,714 2,994, For example, n 2009 Bran Gay won 3.2 mllon dollars. Gven hs performance n the game, t would be expected that he would wn 700,000 dollars. If Gay were as effcent as Mckelson, he would have won 4.2 mllon dollars. In ths way, hs "effcency-boundary " are 1.32 greater than what ths golfer actually earned. Colomban golfer Camlo Vllegas won 1.8 mllon dollars n Gven hs performance n the game, t would be expected that he would wn 1.2 mllon dollars. Ths s to say, he exceeded what would have been expected of hm based on hs averages. In terms of effcency, Camlo Vllegas ranked 62nd out of 188 players n 2009 wth 23% effcency wth respect to Mckelson. On the other hand, f Vllegas had performed as effcently as Mckelson, he would have won 7.8 mllon dollars. In ths way, hs "effcency-boundary " are 4.33 greater than what he actually earned. Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1)
11 CLOSING COMMENTARY Ths artcle studes the relaton between professonal golfers' abltes and ther performance n the years 1995, 2000, 2005, and We fnd that for all years n queston the varables that are tradtonally assocated wth performance are statstcally sgnfcant and have the expected sgns. Ths s wth the excepton of the PUTT varable, whch n 2009 had a counterntutve postve sgn for three-quarters of the golfers beng studed. In ths case we have found a structural change n the effect of the PUTT varable on the logarthm - a result whch has not been documented n other studes. Ths may be due to the ndrect relaton between golfers' sklls and ther. As suggested by Scully (2002), golfers' sklls result n low scores, whch are n turn awarded wth przes. Ths mples an ndrect relaton or equaton system that we wll analyze n future artcles. Wth respect to what sklls are most worth mprovng, results show that n the last decade t was better to mprove n drvng than n puttng. In terms of effcency, the two measures that we have used both descrbe Phl Mckelson as the most effcent golfer n In future research we wll delve further nto the counterntutve behavour of the PUTT varable n samples startng n 2009 and changes n returns that occur n the sample years for the dfferent sklls that characterze a golfer's performance. ENDNOTES 1. Prze money was deflated usng the Unted States Consumer Prce Index so as to be expressed n 2009 equvalents. 2. In order to save space, only the results from the 2009 sample are reported here. 3. Ths would mean decreasng the on-green puttng average by REFERENCES Nero, P. (2001). Relatve salary effcency of PGA Tour golfers. Amercan Economst, 45, no. 2: Rnehart, K.L. (2009). The Economcs of Golf: An Investgaton of the Returns to Skll of PGA Tour Golfers. Major Themes n Economcs, Sprng, Callan, S.J. & Thomas, J.M. (2007). Modelng the Determnants of a Professonal Golfer s Tournament Earnngs. A Multequaton Approach. Journal of Sports Economcs, 8, no. 4: Moy, R.L. & Law, T. (1998). Determnants of professonal golf tournament. Amercan Economst, 42, Scully, G.W. (2002). The dstrbuton of performance and n a prze economy. Journal of Sports Economcs, 3, no. 2: Shmanske, S. (2008). Sklls, Performance, and Earnngs n the Tournament Compensaton Model: Evdence From PGA Tour Mcrodata. Journal of Sports Economcs, 9, no. 6: \ APPENDIX 1: HETEROSCEDASTICITY TESTS The Breush-Pagan test was carred out for each of the models. In all cases, tests whose alternatve hypotheses meant that an explanatory varable was causng the heteroscedastcty problem and that all the explanatory varables caused the problem were performed. Results are presented n Table 9. In no case dd we fnd evdence of a heteroscedastcty problem. Fnally, Table 11 presents the results of a Goldfeld- Quandt test for all estmated models. In ths case, there was also no evdence of a heteroscedastcty problem. 130 Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1) 2013
12 TABLE 9 BREUSH-PAGAN TESTS FOR THE ESTIMATED MODELS. Model Sample Ha: s =f() Statstcal-t p- value DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC * ALL DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC ALL DRIVE PUTT Events DRIVEACC ALL DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC ALL * DRIVE PUTT SAND DRIVEACC ALL DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC ALL DRIVE PUTT SAND DRIVEACC ALL Note: (***), (**), and (*) mply rejecton of the null hypothess of homoscedastcty wth sgnfcance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10% respectvely. Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1)
13 TABLE 10 WHITE TEST FOR ESTIMATED MODELS Model Sample Statstcal-t p-value TABLE 11 GOLFELD-QUANDT TEST FOR ESTIMATED MODELS Model Sample Ha: s =X s Statstcal-t p-value DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC * DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC DRIVE PUTT Events DRIVEACC DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC DRIVE PUTT SAND DRIVEACC DRIVE PUTT Events SAND DRIVEACC DRIVE PUTT SAND DRIVEACC Note: (***), (**), and (*) mply rejecton of the null hypothess of homoscedastcty wth sgnfcance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectvely. 132 Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1) 2013
14 APPENDIX 2: NON-NORMALITY TESTS FOR ERRORS Table 12 presents four tradtonal normalty tests. There s no evdence that allows for rejectng the null hypothess of normalty for the estmated resduals n any of the models. TABLE 12 NORMALITY TESTS FOR THE RESIDUALS IN ESTIMATED MODELS Shapro-Wlk Kolmogorov-Smrnov Pearson ch-cuadrado Jarque Bera Model Sample Statstcal-t p-value Statstcal-t p-value Statstcal-t p-value Statstcal-t p-value * * * ** * *** Note: (***), (**), and (*) mply rejecton of the null hypothess of normalty wth sgnfcance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectvely. APPENDIX 3: EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS FOR THE YEARS 1995, 2000, AND 2005 TABLE 13 THE TEN MOST EFFICIENT GOLFERS IN 1995 Player Actual Expected Boundary Effcency Blly Mayfar 2,172, ,745 2,172, D.A. Webrng 727, , , Corey Pavn 1,886, ,316 2,063, Mark Webe 237,669 71, , Tom Lehman 1,168, ,855 1,487, Scott Smpson 1,120, ,955 1,516, Mark O'Meara 1,286, ,437 1,751, Jm Furyk 753, ,220 1,046, Marco Dawson 367, , , Lenne Clements 499, , , Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1)
15 TABLE 14 THE TEN LEAST EFFICIENT GOLFERS IN 1995 Player Actual Expected Boundary Effcency John Huston 414, ,903 3,954, Tommy Armour III 189, ,839 1,903, Fuzzy Zoeller 240, ,537 2,476, John Daly 452,932 1,239,530 4,907, Tom Watson 451,576 1,271,445 5,033, Doug Tewell 64, , , Bob Burns 83, , , Carl Paulson 90, ,434 1,082, Fulton Allem 76, , , Tm Loustalot 24, , , TABLE 15 THE TEN MOST EFFICIENT GOLFERS IN 2000 Player Actual Expected Boundary Effcency Carlos Franco 1,931, ,967 1,931, Duffy Waldorf 1,724, ,266 1,808, Hal Sutton 3,814,129 1,125,578 5,214, Crag Stadler 787, ,272 1,131, Frankln Langham 1,999, ,465 2,971, Scott Hoch 1,705, ,762 2,584, Vjay Sngh 3,206,637 1,120,530 5,191, Tom Lehman 2,577, ,378 4,426, Stewart Cnk 2,703,175 1,005,985 4,660, Gary Ncklaus 503, , , TABLE 16 THE TEN LEAST EFFICIENT GOLFERS IN 2000 Player Actual Expected Boundary Effcency Aaron Bengoechea 75, ,065 1,251, P.H. Horgan III 100, ,002 1,672, Casey Martn 178, ,636 3,042, Ted Tryba 310,763 1,191,446 5,519, Davd Frost 188, ,177 3,359, Sergo Garca 1,313,557 5,441,909 25,212, Crag Bowden 42, , , Keth Nolan 57, ,764 1,393, Nck Faldo 344,584 2,199,156 10,188, John Daly 143,847 1,500,564 6,952, Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1) 2013
16 TABLE 17 THE TEN MOST EFFICIENT GOLFERS IN 2005 Player Actual Expected Boundary Effcency Chrs DMarco 3,913, ,062 3,913, Bart Bryant 3,569, ,427 4,284, Tm Petrovc 1,879, ,544 2,282, Brad Faxon 1,868, ,163 2,274, Padrag Harrngton 2,873, ,212 3,550, Fred Funk 3,108, ,832 4,016, Adam Scott 2,847, ,592 3,754, Peter Lonard 2,084, ,215 2,898, Davd Toms 4,352,270 1,099,440 6,345, Jm Furyk 4,674,522 1,250,446 7,216, TABLE 18 THE TEN LEAST EFFICIENT GOLFERS IN 2005 Player Actual Expected Boundary Effcency Larry Mze 227, ,719 4,973, Wll MacKenze 302,669 1,155,828 6,670, Jose Coceres 296,271 1,146,451 6,616, Maro Tzan 199, ,034 4,975, Charle W 274,714 1,207,851 6,971, Brenden Pappas 306,855 1,596,211 9,212, Mchael Long 198,189 1,056,754 6,099, Bradley Hughes 84, ,439 3,026, John Ellott 74, ,758 2,843, Hdeto Tanhara 69, ,660 2,976, Journal of Appled Busness and Economcs vol. 14(1)
PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION ON THE EUROPEAN PGA TOUR: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION ON THE EUROPEAN PGA TOUR: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS C. Barry Pftzner and Chrs Spence, Department of Economcs/Busness, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, bpftzne@rmc.edu, cspence@rmc.edu
More informationMuscle drain versus brain gain in association football: technology transfer through
Muscle dran versus bran gan n assocaton football: technology transfer through player emgraton and manager mmgraton G. J. Allan a * and J. Moffat b a Correspondng Author: Department of Economcs, Sr Wllam
More informationReduced drift, high accuracy stable carbon isotope ratio measurements using a reference gas with the Picarro 13 CO 2 G2101-i gas analyzer
Reduced drft, hgh accuracy stable carbon sotope rato measurements usng a reference gas wth the Pcarro 13 CO 2 G2101- gas analyzer Chrs Rella, Ph.D. Drector of Research & Development Pcarro, Inc., Sunnyvale,
More informationThe impact of foreign players on international football performance
MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve The mpact of foregn players on nternatonal football performance Orhan Karaca Ekonomst Magazne, Research Department October 008 Onlne at http://mpra.ub.un-muenchen.de/11064/
More informationEngineering Analysis of Implementing Pedestrian Scramble Crossing at Traffic Junctions in Singapore
Engneerng Analyss of Implementng Pedestran Scramble Crossng at Traffc Junctons n Sngapore Dr. Lm Wee Chuan Eldn Department of Chemcal & Bomolecular Engneerng, Natonal Unversty of Sngapore, 4 Engneerng
More informationEquilibrium or Simple Rule at Wimbledon? An Empirical Study
Equlbrum or Smple Rule at Wmbledon? An Emprcal Study Shh-Hsun Hsu, Chen-Yng Huang and Cheng-Tao Tang Revson: March 2004 Abstract We follow Walker and Wooders (200) emprcal analyss to collect and study
More informationJIMAR ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 2001 (Project ) Project Title: Analyzing the Technical and Economic Structure of Hawaii s Pelagic Fishery
1 JIMAR ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 2001 (Project 653540) P.I. Name: PngSun Leung, Khem Sharma and Sam Pooley Project Research Assstant: Naresh Pradhan Project Ttle: Analyzng the Techncal and Economc Structure
More informationEvaluation of a Center Pivot Variable Rate Irrigation System
Evaluaton of a Center Pvot Varable Rate Irrgaton System Ruxu Su Danel K. Fsher USDA-ARS Crop Producton Systems Research Unt, Stonevlle, Msssspp Abstrat: Unformty of water dstrbuton of a varable rate center
More informationJournal of Environmental Management
Journal of Envronmental Management 90 (2009) 3057 3069 Contents lsts avalable at ScenceDrect Journal of Envronmental Management journal homepage: www.elsever.com/locate/jenvman Sustanable value assessment
More informationModeling the Performance of a Baseball Player's Offensive Production
Brgham Young Unversty BYU ScholarsArchve All Theses and Dssertatons 006-03-09 Modelng the Performance of a Baseball Player's Offensve Producton Mchael Ross Smth Brgham Young Unversty - Provo Follow ths
More informationEvaluating Rent Dissipation in the Spanish Football Industry *
Evaluatng Rent Dsspaton n the Spansh Football Industry * Gudo Ascar Dp. d Economa Poltca e Metod Quanttatv Va S. Felce 5 27100 Pava, Italy Tel: (+39) 0382 506211 Fax: (+39) 0382 304226 gascar@eco.unpv.t
More informationMajor League Duopolists: When Baseball Clubs Play in Two-Team Cities. Phillip Miller. Department of Economics. Minnesota State University, Mankato
Major League Duopolsts: When Baseball Clubs Play n Two-Team Ctes Phllp Mller Department of Economcs Mnnesota State Unversty, Mankato September 2006 Abstract: Ths paper focuses on examnng the attendance
More informationBeating a Live Horse: Effort s Marginal Cost Revealed in a Tournament
Clemson Unversty From the SelectedWorks of Mchael T. Maloney March, 2008 Beatng a Lve Horse: Effort s Margnal Cost Revealed n a Tournament Mchael T. Maloney, Clemson Unversty Bentley Coffey, Clemson Unversty
More informationMethodology for ACT WorkKeys as a Predictor of Worker Productivity
Methodology for ACT WorkKeys as a Predctor of Worker Productvty The analyss examned the predctve potental of ACT WorkKeys wth regard to two elements. The frst s tme to employment. People takng WorkKeys
More informationOWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN U.S. CORPORATIONS. Mohammad Rahnamaei. A Thesis. in the. John Molson School of Business
OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN U.S. CORPORATIONS Mohammad Rahnamae A Thess n the John Molson School of Busness Presented n Partal Fulfllment of the Requrements For the Degree of Master of Scence (Busness Admnstraton)
More informationEXPLAINING INTERNATIONAL SOCCER RANKINGS. Peter Macmillan and Ian Smith
EXPLAINING INTERNATIONAL SOCCER RANKINGS Peter Macmllan and Ian Smth School of Economcs and Fnance Unversty of St Andrews St Andrews Ffe, KY16 9AL Unted Kngdom Tel: + 44 1334 46430 (Smth), + 44 1334 46433
More informationFirst digit of chosen number Frequency (f i ) Total 100
1 4. ANALYSING FREQUENCY TABLES Categorcal (nomnal) data are usually summarzed n requency tables. Contnuous numercal data may also be grouped nto ntervals and the requency o observatons n each nterval
More informationA non-parametric analysis of the efficiency of the top European football clubs
MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve A non-parametrc analyss of the effcency of the top European football clubs George Halkos and Nckolaos Tzeremes Unversty of Thessaly, Department of Economcs May 2011 Onlne
More informationInternet Appendix for Industry Interdependencies and Cross-Industry Return Predictability
Internet Appendx for Industry Interdependences and Cross-Industry Return Predctablty June 2, 2014 Ths Internet Appendx reports the complete set of addtonal results descrbed n the paper. Tables AI and AII
More informationThe Initial Phases of a Consistent Pricing System that Reflects the Online Sale Value of a Horse
Unversty of Kentucky UKnowledge Lews Honors College Capstone Collecton Lews Honors College 2014 The Intal Phases of a Consstent Prcng System that Reflects the Onlne Sale Value of a Horse Curran A. Prettyman
More informationWhat does it take to be a star?
Unversty of Freburg Department of Internatonal Economc Polcy Dscusson Paper Seres Nr. 1 What does t take to be a star? The role of performance and the meda for German soccer players Erk E. Lehmann and
More informationJohnnie Johnson, Owen Jones and Leilei Tang. Exploring decision-makers use of price information in a speculative market
Johnne Johnson, Owen Jones and Lele Tang Explorng decson-makers use of prce nformaton n a speculatve market Abstract We explore the extent to whch the decsons of partcpants n a speculatve market effectvely
More informationReferee Bias and Stoppage Time in Major League Soccer: A Partially Adaptive Approach
Econometrcs 2014, 2, 1-19; do:10.3390/econometrcs2010001 OPEN ACCESS econometrcs ISSN 2225-1146 www.mdp.com/journal/econometrcs Artcle Referee Bas and Stoppage Tme n Major League Soccer: A Partally Adaptve
More informationPrice Determinants of Show Quality Quarter Horses. Mykel R. Taylor. Kevin C. Dhuyvetter. Terry L. Kastens. Megan Douthit. and. Thomas L.
Prce Determnants of Show Qualty Quarter Horses Mykel R. Taylor Kevn C. Dhuyvetter Terry L. Kastens Megan Doutht and Thomas L. Marsh* The authors would lke to thank Professonal Aucton Servces, Inc. for
More informationChinese and foreign men s decathlon performance comparison and structural factor correlation test based on SPSS regression model
ISSN : 0974-7435 Volume 10 Issue 3 Chnese and foregn men s decathlon performance comparson and structural factor correlaton test based on SPSS regresson model Pengfe Zhang*, Jngjng Lu Insttute of Physcal
More informationITRS 2013 Silicon Platforms + Virtual Platforms = An explosion in SoC design by Gary Smith
ITRS 2013 Slcon Platforms + Vrtual Platforms = An exploson n SoC desgn by Gary Smth 2013 2013 Gary Gary Smth Smth EDA, EDA, Inc. Inc. All All Rghts Rghts Reserved. Reserved. 1 The Fve Desgn Constrants
More informationCAREER DURATION IN THE NHL: PUSHING AND PULLING ON EUROPEANS?
UNC CHARLOTTE ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES CAREER DURATION IN THE NHL: PUSHING AND PULLING ON EUROPEANS? Crag A. Depken II Johnny Duckng Peter A. Groothus Workng Paper No. 2016-005 THE UNIVERSITY OF
More informationCrash Frequency and Severity Modeling Using Clustered Data from Washington State
Proceedngs of the IEEE ITSC 2006 2006 IEEE Intellgent Transportaton Systems Conference Toronto, Canada, September 17-20, 2006 WB7.1 Crash Frequency and Severty Modelng Usng Clustered Data from Washngton
More informationRandomization and serial dependence in professional tennis matches: Do strategic considerations, player rankings and match characteristics matter?
Judgment and Decson Makng, Vol. 13, No. 5, September 2018, pp. 413 427 Randomzaton and seral dependence n professonal tenns matches: Do strategc consderatons, player rankngs and match characterstcs matter?
More informationEnglish Premier League (EPL) Soccer Matches Prediction using An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for
Englsh Premer League (EPL) Soccer Matches Predcton usng An Adaptve Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for Amadn, F. I 1 and Ob, J.C. 2 Department of Computer Scence, Unversty of Benn, Benn Cty. Ngera.
More informationCOMPENSATING FOR WAVE NONRESPONSE IN THE 1979 ISDP RESEARCH PANEL
COMPENSATING FOR WAVE NONRESPONSE IN THE 1979 ISDP RESEARCH PANEL 1. Introducton Graham Kalton, Unversty of Mchgan ames Lepkowsk, Unversty of Mchgan Tng-Kwong Ln. Natonal Unversty of Sngapore The choce
More informationCost Effective Safety Improvements for Two-Lane Rural Roads
Fnal Techncal Report TNW2008-04 Research Project Agreement No. 61-2394 Cost Effectve Safety Improvements for Two-Lane Rural Roads Ynha Wang Assocate Professor Ngan Ha Nguyen Graduate Research Assstant
More informationFree Ride, Take it Easy: An Empirical Analysis of Adverse Incentives Caused by Revenue Sharing
MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve Free Rde, Take t Easy: An Emprcal Analyss of Adverse Incentves Caused by Revenue Sharng Danel, Rascher; Matt, Brown; Mark, Nagel and Chad, McEvoy Unversty of San Francsco,
More informationHedonic Price Analysis of Thoroughbred Broodmares in Foal
Hedonc Prce Analyss of Thoroughbred Broodmares n Foal Agrcultural Economcs Staff Paper # 460 June 2006 Kelly M. Stoeppel and Legh J. Maynard Unversty of Kentucky Department of Agrcultural Economcs 400
More informationDecomposition guide Technical report on decomposition
June 2013 Decomposton gude Techncal report on decomposton Erasmus MC Start date of project: 20 Aprl 2012 Duraton: 36 months 1 Table of contents Abstract... 4 Acknowledgements... 5 Introducton... 6 Part
More informationRADIAL STIFFNESS OF A BICYCLE WHEEL AN ANALYTICAL STUDY
ADIAL TIFFE OF A BICYCLE WHEEL - A AALYTICAL TUDY José aría ínguez Dpto. de Físca Aplcada II Facultad de Cenca y Tecnología Unversdad del País Vasco Aptdo. 644 488 Blbao PAI Emal: osemara.mnguez@ehu.es
More informationReport No. FHWA/LA.13/508. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD PAGE Report No. FHWA/LA.13/508 4. Ttle and Subttle A Comprehensve Study on Pavement Edge Lne Implementaton 7. Author(s) Xaoduan Sun, Ph.D., P.E. Subassh Das 9. Performng Organzaton
More informationValuing Beach Quality with Hedonic Property Models
Valung Beach Qualty wth Hedonc Property Models Crag E. Landry* Department of Economcs Center for Natural Hazards Research East Carolna Unversty, Greenvlle, NC 27858 landryc@ecu.edu; 252-328-6383 and Paul
More informationDevelopment of Accident Modification Factors for Rural Frontage Road Segments in Texas
Development of Accdent Modfcaton Factors for Rural Frontage Road Segments n Texas Domnque Lord* Zachry Department of Cvl Engneerng & Center for Transportaton Safety Texas Transportaton Insttute Texas A&M
More informationEvaluating the Effectiveness of Price and Yield Risk Management Products in Reducing. Revenue Risk for Southeastern Crop Producers * Todd D.
Evaluatng the Effectveness of Prce and Yeld Rsk Management Products n Reducng Revenue Rsk for Southeastern Crop Producers * Todd D. Davs ** Abstract A non-parametrc smulaton model ncorporatng prce and
More informationRCBC Newsletter. September Richmond County Baseball Club. Inside this issue: Johnny Ray Memorial Classic. RCBC on You Tube
September 2016 Rchmond County Baseball Club 1400 Travs Ave. Staten Island, NY 10314 RCBC Newsletter If you have any nterestng nfo or news you would lke ncluded n a future newsletter, please emal to jm@rcbclub.com.
More informationSectoral Business Cycle Synchronization in the European Union *
Sectoral Busness Cycle Synchronzaton n the European Unon * Antóno Afonso, # $ Davde Furcer + January 2007 Abstract Ths paper analyses sectoral busness cycle synchronzaton n an enlarged European Unon usng
More informationAn Enforcement-Coalition Model: Fishermen and Authorities forming Coalitions. Lone Grønbæk Kronbak Marko Lindroos
An Enforcement-Coalton Model: Fshermen and Authortes formng Coaltons Lone Grønbæ Kronba Maro Lndroos December 003 All rghts reserved. No part of ths WORKING PAPER may be used or reproduced n any manner
More informationALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEWS RELEASE
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEWS RELEASE Cora Campbell, Commssoner Jeff Regnart, Drector Contact: Cordova ADF&G Steve Mofftt, PWS Fnfsh Research Bologst 401 Ralroad
More informationSECOND-ORDER CREST STATISTICS OF REALISTIC SEA STATES
SECOND-ORDER CREST STATISTICS OF REALISTIC SEA STATES MARIOS CHRISTOU Shell Internatonal Exploraton and Producton, 2288 GS Rjswjk, The Netherlands. E-mal: maros.chrstou@shell.com PETER TROMANS Ocean Wave
More informationRisk analysis of natural gas pipeline
Rsk analyss of natural gas ppelne Y.-D. Jo 1, K.-S. Park 1, J. W. Ko, & B. J. Ahn 3 1 Insttute of Gas Safety Technology, Korea Gas Safety Corporaton, South Korea Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Kwangwoon
More informationRecreational trip timing and duration prediction: A research note
Recreatonal trp tmng and duraton predcton: A research note Ataelty Halu a and Le Gao a* a School of Agrcultural and Resource Economcs, The Unversty of Western Australa, Crawley, WA 6009, Australa *E-mal
More informationDynamic Analysis of the Discharge Valve of the Rotary Compressor
Purdue Unversty Purdue e-pubs Internatonal Compressor Engneerng Conference School of Mechancal Engneerng 8 Dynamc Analyss of the Dscharge Valve of the Rotary Compressor Bo Huang Shangha Htach Electrcal
More informationAn intro to PCA: Edge Orientation Estimation. Lecture #09 February 15 th, 2013
An ntro to PCA: Edge Orentaton Estmaton Lecture #09 February 15 th, 2013 Revew: Edges Convoluton wth an edge mask estmates the partal dervatves of the mage surface. The Sobel edge masks are: " #!1 0 1!2
More informationPedestrian Crash Prediction Models and Validation of Effective Factors on Their Safety (Case Study: Tehran Signalized Intersections)
Open Journal of Cvl Engneerng, 2014, 4, 240-254 Publshed Onlne September 2014 n ScRes. http://www.scrp.org/journal/ojce http://dx.do.org/10.4236/ojce.2014.43021 Pedestran Crash Predcton Models and Valdaton
More informationThe fish community of Rat Cove, Otsego Lake, sumn,er 1997
74 The fsh communty of Rat Cove, Otsego Lake, sumn,er 1997 Mcah ngalls ABSTRACT n Rat cove thrteen speces of fsh were documented durng the summer of 1997: alewfe (Alosa pseudoharengus), yellow perch (Percaflavenscens),
More informationRespondent Incentives in a Multi-Mode Panel Survey: Cumulative Effects on Nonresponse and Bias
Respondent Incentves n a Mult-Mode Panel Survey: Cumulatve Effects on Nonresponse and Bas Annette Jäckle and Peter Lynn 1 ISER Workng Paper 2007-01 1The vews epressed are those of the authors and not necessarly
More informationKeywords: Ordered regression model; Risk perception; Collision risk; Port navigation safety; Automatic Radar Plotting Aid; Harbor pilot.
Modelng perceved collson rsk n port water navgaton Hoong Chor Chn Assocate Professor, Department of Cvl Engneerng, Natonal Unversty of Sngapore, Engneerng Drve, EA #07-03, Sngapore 7576 Emal: cvechc@nus.edu.sg
More informationUnderground Natural Gas Storage
CHAPTER 8 Underground Natural Gas Storage 8.1 Introducton In the Unted States and a few other countres, the underground storage of natural gas has become ncreasngly mportant after World War II. The obvous
More informationPeak Field Approximation of Shock Wave Overpressure Based on Sparse Data
Peak Feld Approxmaton of Shock Wave Overpressure Based on Sparse Data Yongl Zhang, Taln Han, Yuqun Chen, Enku Zhang, and Xuan Lu Abstract To obtan the shock wave feld dstrbuton, two knds of calber weapons
More informationA Climbing Robot based on Under Pressure Adhesion for the Inspection of Concrete Walls
A Clmbng Robot based on Under Pressure Adheson for the Inspecton of Concrete Walls K. Berns, C. Hllenbrand, Robotcs Research Lab, Department of Computer Scence, Techncal Unversty of Kaserslautern P.O.
More informationHigh Speed 128-bit BCD Adder Architecture Using CLA
Hgh Speed 128-bt BCD Archtecture Usng CLA J.S.V.Sa Prasanth 1, Y.Yamn Dev 2 PG Student [VLSI&ES], Dept. of ECE, Swamy Vvekananda Engneerng College, Kalavara, Andhrapradesh, Inda 1 Assstant Professor, Dept.
More informationDegassing of deep groundwater in fractured rock
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 36, NO. 9, PAGES 2477-2492, SEPTEMBER 2000 Degassng of deep groundwater n fractured rock around boreholes and drfts Jerker Jarsj6 and Georga Destoun Dvson of Water Resources
More informationarxiv: v1 [cs.ne] 3 Jul 2017
Modelng preference tme n mddle dstance trathlons Iztok Fster, 1 Andres Iglesas, 2 Suash Deb, 3, 4 Dušan Fster, 5 and Iztok Fster Jr. 6 1 Unversty of Marbor, Faculty of Electrcal Engneerng and Computer
More informationRCBC Newsletter. August Richmond County Baseball Club. Inside this issue: 2016 College Showcase Camp. Tournament Update.
August 2016 Rchmond County Baseball Club 1400 Travs Ave. Staten Island, NY 10314 RCBC Newsletter If you have any nterestng nfo or news you would lke ncluded n a future newsletter, please emal to jm@rcbclub.com.
More informationDETECTION AND REFACTORING OF BAD SMELL
Internatonal Journal of Software Engneerng & Applcatons (IJSEA), Vol.4, No.5, September 2013 DETECTION AND REFACTORING OF BAD SMELL CAUSED BY LARGE SCALE Jang Dexun 1, Ma Pejun 2, Su Xaohong 3, Wang Tantan
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 5, October Model Systems. Yang Jianjun and Li Wenjin
Internatonal Journal of Engneerng and Technology, Vol. 8, No. 5, October 2016 1 Relablty Optmzaton Desgn of Submarne Free-Runnng Model Systems Yang Janjun and L Wenjn Abstract Wth regard to the relablty
More informationAquatics at ASV 1
Aquatcs at ASV www.aberdeensportsvllage.com/aquatcs Aquatcs at ASV 1 One bg aquatcs programme! Aberdeen Sports Vllage has a wde and vared aquatcs programme, wth a varety of classes sutable for babes to
More informationBudgets and Standardized Accounting for Golf Course Maintenance
May 1928. 89 my own accounts call "green _servce" be accumulated under another head. Under actual ~'mantenance" nclude such expenses as electrc lght and power -new and replaced equpment express and freght
More informationMass Spectrometry. Fundamental GC-MS. GC-MS Interfaces
Mass Spectrometry Fundamental GC-MS GC-MS Interfaces Wherever you see ths symbol, t s mportant to access the on-lne course as there s nteractve materal that cannot be fully shown n ths reference manual.
More informationPlanning of production and utility systems under unit performance degradation and alternative resource-constrained cleaning policies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Plannng of producton and utlty systems under unt performance degradaton
More informationADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ISU SYNCHRONIZED SKATING TECHNICAL CONTROLLERS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS
A ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ISU SYNCHRONIZED SKATING TECHNICAL CONTROLLERS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS DIFFICULTY GROUPS OF FEATURES 1 DEFINITIONS: Change of Rotaton: Refers to TURNS or LINKING STEPS rotatng
More informationCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Growth of Rainbow Trout in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, AZ
Seasonal and Spatal Patterns of Growth of Ranbow Trout n the Colorado Rver n Grand Canyon, AZ Journal: Manuscrpt ID cjfas-15-2.r1 Manuscrpt Type: Artcle Date Submtted by the Author: 23-Jun-15 Complete
More informationA PROBABILITY BASED APPROACH FOR THE ALLOCATION OF PLAYER DRAFT SELECTIONS IN AUSTRALIAN RULES
Journal of Sports Scence and Medcne (2006) 5, 509-516 http://www.jssm.org Research artcle The 8th Australasan Conference on Mathematcs and Computers n Sport, 3-5 July 2006, Queensland, Australa A PROBABILITY
More informationCS 2750 Machine Learning. Lecture 4. Density estimation. CS 2750 Machine Learning. Announcements
CS 75 Machne Learnng Lecture 4 ensty estmaton Mlos Hauskrecht mlos@cs.ptt.edu 539 Sennott Square CS 75 Machne Learnng Announcements Homework ue on Wednesday before the class Reports: hand n before the
More informationPERMIT TRADING AND STABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AGREEMENTS 19. MICHAEL FINUS * University of Hagen and National University of Singapore
Journal of Appled Economcs. Vol IX, No. 1 (May 2006), 19-47 PERMIT TRADING AND STABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AGREEMENTS 19 PERMIT TRADING AND STABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE AGREEMENTS JUAN-CARLOS
More information11. Contract or Grant No. Lubbock, Texas
Tee hnalr c eport D ocwnentaton Page 1. ReportNo. 2. Government Accesson No.. Recpent's Catalog No. TX -917-951-S. Ttle and Subttle 5. Report Date Proposed Geometrc Desgn for Two-Lane, Two-Way Hghway ntermttent
More informationA NEW METHOD FOR IMPROVING SCATTEROMETER WIND QUALITY CONTROL
A NEW METHOD FOR IMPROVING SCATTEROMETER WIND QUALITY CONTROL M. Portabella (, A. Stoffelen (, A. Verhoef (, J. Verspeek ( ( Undad de Tecnología Marna CSIC, Pg. Marítm Barceloneta 37-9, 3 Barcelona, Span
More informationLSSVM Model for Penetration Depth Detection in Underwater Arc Welding Process
ISS 1746-7659, England, UK Journal of Informaton and Computng Scence Vol. 5, o. 4, 2010, pp. 271-278 LSSVM Model for Penetraton Depth Detecton n Underwater Arc Weldng Process WeMn Zhang 1, 2, GuoRong Wang
More informationTerminating Head
Termnatng Head 58246-1 Instructon Sheet for MTA- 100 Receptacle Connectors 408-6929 Usng Dscrete Wre 07 APR 11 Locatng Pawl Feed Slde Tool Base Wre Inserter Adjuster (Inserton Rod) Mass Termnaton Assembly
More informationSafety Impact of Gateway Monuments
*Manuscrpt Clck here to vew lnked References Ye, Venezano, and Lord 1 Safety Impact of Gateway Monuments Zhru Ye a,*, Davd Venezano a, Domnque Lord b a Western Transportaton Insttute, Montana State Unversty,
More informationIncidence and Risk Factors for Concussion in High School Athletes, North Carolina,
Amercan Journal of Epdemology Copyrght 2004 by the Johns Hopkns Bloomberg School of Publc Health All rghts reserved Vol. 160, No. 10 Prnted n U.S.A. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh304 Incdence and Rsk Factors for
More informationBETHANY TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT NO. 1 NOTICE OF TWO PUBLIC HEARINGS
BETHANY TAX NCREMENT FNANCNG DSTRCT NO. 1 NOTCE OF TWO PUBLC HEARNGS On December 12, 2017 at 7:00 P.M., at Bethany Cty Hall, 6700 N.W. 36th Street, Bethany, Oklahoma, the Cty Councl of the Cty of Bethany
More information1.1 Noise maps: initial situations. Rating environmental noise on the basis of noise maps. Written by Henk M.E. Miedema TNO Hieronymus C.
TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 1 of 34 DELIVERABLE D 1.5 CONTRACT N PROJECT N ACRONYM TITLE TIP4-CT-2005-516420 FP6-516420 QCITY Quet Cty Transport Subproject 1 Nose mappng & modellng Work Package 1.1 Nose maps:
More informationComprehensive evaluation research of volleyball players athletic ability based on Fuzzy mathematical model
ISSN : 0974-7435 Volume 10 Issue 3 Comprehensve evaluaton research of volleyball players athletc ablty based on Fuzzy mathematcal model Shangbn L, Peyu Zhao, Yngshuang Lu, Lxn Wu* Physcal Educaton Department,
More informationGAS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA IN OXYGEN ABSORPTION INTO OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS
AS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA IN OXYEN ABSORPTION INTO OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS ómez-díaz, D. a, omes, N. b, Texera, J.A. b, Belo, I. b a Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Unversty of Santago de Compostela,
More informationStudy on coastal bridge under the action of extreme wave
Study on coastal brdge under the acton of extreme wave Bo Huang Bng Zhu Jawe Zhang School of Cvl Engneerng, Southwest Jaotong Unversty, Chengdu 610031, Chna Abstract In order to research the catastrophc
More informationA Study on Parametric Wave Estimation Based on Measured Ship Motions
1 A Study on Parametrc Wave Estmaton Based on Measured Shp Motons Ulrk Dam NIELSEN * and Tosho ISEKI ** Abstract The paper studes parametrc wave estmaton based on the wave buoy analogy, and data and results
More informationDriver s Decision Model at an Onset of Amber Period at Signalised Intersections
Probablty to stop 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.40 0.30 0-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-100 1st veh n platoon 2nd veh n platoon
More informationErgonomics Design on Bottom Curve Shape of Shoe-Last Based on Experimental Contacting Pressure Data
Ergonomcs Desgn on Bottom Curve Shape of Shoe-Last Based on Expermental Contactng Pressure Data 1 L Zaran, 2 Sh Ka *1Correspondng Author Wenzhou Vocatonal and Techncal College, lzr_101@sna.com 2 Wenzhou
More informationTransportation Research Forum
Transportaton Research Forum On the Impact of HOT Lane Tollng Strateges on Total Traffc Level Author(s): Sohel Sbdar and Mansoureh Jehan Source: Journal of the Transportaton Research Forum, Vol. 48, No.
More informationA Prediction of Reliability of Suction Valve in Reciprocating Compressor
Purdue Unversty Purdue e-pubs nternatonal Compressor Engneerng Conference School of Mechancal Engneerng 1996 A Predcton of Relablty of Sucton Valve n Recprocatng Compressor W. H. You Samsung Electroncs
More informationWORKING PAPER SERIES Long-term Competitive Balance under UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations Markus Sass Working Paper No. 5/2012
WORKING PAPER SERIES Impressum ( 5 TMG) Herausgeber: Otto-von-Guercke-Unverstät Magdeburg Fakultät für Wrtschaftswssenschaft Der Dekan Verantwortlch für dese Ausgabe: Otto-von-Guercke-Unverstät Magdeburg
More informationAerator Performance in Reducing Phenomenon of Cavitation in Supercritical Flow in Steep Channel Bed
Engneerng Internatonal Conference UNNES Conservaton 13 Proceedng Aerator Performance n Reducng Phenomenon of Cavtaton n Supercrtcal Flow n Steep Channel Bed Yer Sutopo 1, Bud Wgnyosukarto, Istarto, dan
More informationComparative Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of Two Unsaturated Soil Slope Models after Rainfall Infiltration
Jordan Journal of Cvl Engneerng, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017 Comparatve Determnstc and Probablstc Analyss of Two Unsaturated Sol Slope Models after Ranfall Infltraton Manoj Kr. Sahs 1) and Partha Pratm Bswas
More informationOCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES
OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES NO. 4 / DECEMBER 5 WHAT DOES EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONAL INTEGRATION TELL US ABOUT TRADE INTEGRATION? by Francesco Paolo Mongell, Ettore Dorrucc and Ita Agur OCCASIONAL PAPER SERIES
More informationComparisons of Means for Estimating Sea States from an Advancing Large Container Ship
Downloaded from orbt.dtu.dk on: Jan 31, 18 Comparsons of Means for Estmatng Sea States from an Advancng Large Contaner Shp Nelsen, Ulrk Dam; Andersen, Ingrd Mare Vncent; Konng, Jos Publshed n: Proceedngs
More informationWheels. Wheels 2. Wheels 4. Wheels 3. Wheels 5. Wheels 6
Wheels 1 Wheels 2 Introductory Queston Wheels The lght turns green and you re n a hurry. Wll your car accelerate faster f you skd your wheels and burn rubber or f you just barely avod skddng your wheels?
More informationCost theory and the cost of substitution a clarification
Cost theory and the cost of substtuton a clarfcaton Walter J. ReMne The cost of substtuton has been wdely msnterpreted, whch has lmted ts utlty. Ths paper clarfes the cost concept and re-establshes ts
More informationProduct Information. Long-stroke gripper PFH-mini
Product Informaton PFH-mn PFH-mn Loadable. Flexble. Relable. PFH-klen long-stroke grpper 2-fnger parallel grpper wth large jaw stroke for large parts and / or a broad range of parts Feld of applcaton clean
More informationKelsey Schroeder and Roberto Argüello June 3, 2016 MCS 100 Final Project Paper Predicting the Winner of The Masters Abstract This paper presents a
Kelsey Schroeder and Roberto Argüello June 3, 2016 MCS 100 Final Project Paper Predicting the Winner of The Masters Abstract This paper presents a new way of predicting who will finish at the top of the
More informationM. Álvarez-Mozos a, F. Ferreira b, J.M. Alonso-Meijide c & A.A. Pinto d a Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of
Ths artcle was downloaded by: [b-on: Bbloteca do conhecmento onlne UP] On: 29 May 205, At: 02:46 Publsher: Taylor & Francs Informa Ltd Regstered n England and Wales Regstered Number: 072954 Regstered offce:
More informationCoastal Engineering Technical Note
Coastal Engneerng Techncal Note CETN V-10 Even-Odd Functon Analyss of Shorelne Poston and Volume Change by Jule Dean RoSllt and Nchollls C. Kraus Purpose: To present the background and methodology for
More informationWave Breaking Energy in Coastal Region
ave Breang Energy n Coastal Regon Ray-Qng Ln and Lwa Ln Dept. of Seaeepng Davd Taylor Model Basn NSCCD U.S. Army Engneer Researc and Development Center. INTERODUCTION Huang 006 suggested tat wave breang
More informationResearch and Application of Work Roll Contour Technology on Thin Gauge Stainless Steel in Hot Rolling
Send Orders for Reprnts to reprnts@benthamscence.ae The Open Mechancal Engneerng Journal, 215, 9, 111-116 111 Open Access Research and Applcaton of Work Roll Contour Technology on Thn Gauge Stanless Steel
More information