EFFICIENT IRRIGATION FOR RECREATIONAL TURF IN NEW ENGLAND: EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CROP COEFFICIENTS. Principal Investigators
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1 EFFIIENT IRRIGATIN FR REREATINA TURF IN NEW ENGAND: EVAPTRANSPIRATIN AND RP EFFIIENTS Principal Investigators J. Poro, J. S. Ebdon, and M. Daosta Stockbridge School of Agriculture University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA Phone: SUMMARY Scheduling irrigation according to actual turfgrass evapotranspiration rates (ET a ) reduces waste and increases irrigation efficiency. andscape and crop coefficients ( c values) are used in association with weather station reference ET (ET 0 ) to accurately predict ET a. Experimentally derived c values need to be developed at the local level to ensure optimum turf function and effective irrigation efficiency specific to the region. Specifications (i.e., WaterSense) developed by the US EPA have been drafted restricting irrigation to only 0 to 80% of ET 0. These EPA WaterSense guidelines may severely impact turf function since EPA c values are base on alifornia data. The objective of this study was to compare ET a and c values for golf species (creeping bentgrass) maintained as green and fairway with sports grass species (entucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass) using the standard reference ET 0 values computed using the UN Food and Agricultural rganization report 5 (FA 5 equation). Studies were initiated in 00 at the Joseph Troll Turf Research Facility, South Deerfield, MA. Pure stands of Exacta perennial ryegrass and Touchdown entucky bluegrass were established to represent sports grass while Memorial creeping bentgrass was used as green and fairway turf. Sports grass height of cut (H) was maintained at.5 and.5 inch while creeping bentgrass plots were maintained at 0.5 and 0.75 inch H. All treatment plots received either or lbs N 000ft - yr -. Thirty daily ET a (using weighing lysimeters), reference ET 0 (using FA 5 equation) and c values (calculated as ET a /ET 0 ) were made during the summer of 0 beginning in late June and ending August.
2 Reference ET 0 values derived using the FA 5 equation was effective in predicting daily ET a in short and tall grass turf accounting for 8% of the total variation in ET a during the 0 irrigation season. Results show that a lower c value may be more appropriate for short grass such as golf fairway and green turf requiring a c value approaching 0.90 (i.e., irrigating at 90% of FA 5 reference ET 0 ) (Table ). Higher c values ranging from.0 to.0 may be more appropriate for taller grass such as sports and lawn grass (Table ). ur results indicate a crop coefficient of.0 (i.e., irrigating at 00% of FA 5 reference ET 0 ) should not be used in weather station software using FA 5 to estimate seasonal irrigation requirements because golf turf c is below.0 while tall grass lawn and sports turf c is greater than.0. Furthermore, golf turf offers a potential water savings of 5 to 0% compared to lawn and sports turf because of its closer H and slower leaf growth rates, which effectively lowers leaf area components and reduces turf ET a. Higher N and taller H increased c values by increasing ET a by as much as 5% over shorter H and lower N. Practices that promoted higher leaf growth rates increased c values (and ET a ) (Table, Figure ). Implementation of WaterSense specifications of 0 to 80% of reference ET 0 as part of the irrigation systems software for calculating turf ET a may significantly under estimate turf water use in summer for the cool-humid New England region.
3 Table. Three year averages (00-0) for leaf growth rate and c values derived using the daily mean (ratio) method from daily ETa and ET0 measured over the growing season from late June to late August. Factor Species G, lawn and sports PRG, lawn and sports c value (ETa/ET0).9a eaf growth rate (in. d - ) 0.a.08b 0.b G, golf 0.9c 0.08c N fertilization (lb 000ft - ) ow, 0.0b 0.0a High,.09a 0.a H ow.0b 0.a High.09a 0.0b Species by N G-ow N.7a 0.b G-High N.a 0.a PRG-ow N.0b 0.0c PRG-High N.a 0.b G-ow N 0.9bc 0.08d G-High N 0.89c 0.07d Numbers followed by the same letter within a factor are not significantly different. Numbers followed by the same letter(s) for species by N combination are not significantly different.
4 Figure. Relationship between leaf growth rate and c values (00-0 average)..5.. r =0.9 (P<0.00) c (ET a -to-et 0 ) eaf growth rate (in d - )
5 5 PRG lbs N G lbs N 5ft PRG lbs N 0ft -ET STUDY PT PAN G lbs N G lbs N PRG lbs N PRG lbs N 5 G lbs N PRG lbs N G lbs N 5 PRG lbs N PRG lbs N G lbs N 5 PRG lbs N G lbs N G lbs N
6 -ET TREATMENTS. Touchdown entucky bluegrass lbs N/000ft /yr. Touchdown entucky bluegrass lbs N/000ft /yr. Exacta perennial ryegrass lbs N/000ft /yr. Exacta perennial ryegrass lbs N/000ft /yr 5. Memorial creeping bentgrass lbs N/000ft /yr. Memorial creeping bentgrass lbs N/000ft /yr All main plots are split according to height of cut (H) G & PRG: (.5 in.) & (.5 in.) G: (/8 in.) & (/8 in.)
7 TENNIS GRASS URTS (PTS) AND REPIATINS (S) River Road A ongwood Poa arbeta P. Ryegrass.75 ft Villa Velvet bentgrass P-05. luegrass apri olonial bentgrass -Way. luegrass 7 ft ongwood Poa -Way. luegrass -Way P. Ryegrass P-05. luegrass Pure Distinction r. entgrass arbeta P. Ryegrass Villa Velvet entgrass Pure Distinction r. entgrass -Way P. Ryegrass apri olonial entgrass ft 88 ft All orders: -Way P. Ryegrass (arenbrug) D -Way. luegrass apri olonial bentgrass Pure Distinction r. entgrass arbeta P. Ryegrass Pure Distinction r. entgrass ongwood Poa P-05. luegrass Villa Velvet bentgrass P-05. luegrass Villa Velvet bentgrass -Way. luegrass ongwood Poa -Way P. Ryegrass arbeta P. Ryegrass apri olonial entgrass -Way P. Ryegrass Drainage
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