2015 SENIOR REPRODUCTION (easy) HIH910-5 Q: You do the math A mare that was bred on May 20th should foal in what month the next year?

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1 2015 SENIOR REPRODUCTION EASY 5540 (easy) FCH39/HIH940-5 Q: What is foal heat? A: Mare's first heat after foaling 5542 (easy) HIH910-5 Q: You do the math A mare that was bred on May 20th should foal in what month the next year? A: April 5543 (easy) HIH940-4/TH422 Q: In a normal birth, which legs appear first? A: Front 5544 (easy) HIH950-5 Q: Why is creep feeding of foals recommended when foals are days old? A: Mare s milk production declines 5545 (easy) HS26 Q: Breaking of the navel cord stimulates the newborn animal to do what? A: Breathe 5546 (easy) HIH 450-2/DET p. 171 Q: What is a long yearling? A: A horse more than 1 year old but not yet 2 years old 5547 (easy) HS22/TH384 Q: What does alter mean? A: To castrate or geld a horse 5548 (easy) HIH920-1/TH387/HS23 Q: What is the term used when a male horse has retained one or both testicles in his body cavity? A: Ridgling or cryptorchid 5549 (easy) HIH950-4 Q: The mother of a horse is called what? A: Dam 5550 (easy) TH537/HS18 Q: The father of a horse is called what? A: Sire 5551 (easy) FCH389/HS22 Q: Define the word "filly" Q: Immature female horse OR Female horse 3 years old & younger

2 5552 (easy) HS26/TH Q: What do you call the charge for breeding services rendered by a stallion? A: Stud fee 5553 (easy) FCH389/TH322/HS22 Q: What is the term for an immature female horse? A: Filly 5554 (easy) HS23 Q: What is a ridgling? A: A male horse that has retained one or both testicles in his body cavity 5555 (easy) FCH385/HS22 Q: The correct term to use when describing a male foal is what? A: Colt 5556 (easy) HIH342/H3-34/DET175 Q: What is a mare? A: Mature female horse OR female horse 4 years old & older 5557 (easy) HS22/FCH385 Q: What is a colt? A: Male foal (immature male horse) 5558 (easy) HIH950-4 Q: A foal is normally weaned at what age? A: 4-6 months (accept any number within this range) 5559 (easy) TH930/HS24 Q: What is a weanling? A: A weaned foal or foal that's been taken away from its mother 5560 (easy) HS22 Q: What is a foal? A: Colt or filly under one year old (a baby horse) 5561 (easy) HIH910-5 Q: How long is the gestation period for horses? A: Approximately 11 months OR days (accept any number within range) 5562 (easy) HIH910-1/DET258 Q: What do you call an unaltered male horse? A: Stallion (stud) 5563 (easy) HIH110-5/FCH390 Q: What is a gelding? A: A castrated male horse

3 5564 (easy) HIH110-5 Q: An altered or castrated male horse is called what? A: Gelding 5565 (easy) HIH950-2 Q: What is colostrum? A: The first milk a mare produces after the birth of the foal 5566 (easy) HH56/DET120 Q: What is the breeding term for the offspring of a sire? A: Get 5567 (easy) HH58 Q: What is the slang term for a horse breeding establishment? A: Stud (stud farm) 5568 (easy) HH56 Q: What is the breeding term for the offspring of a dam? A: Produce 5569 (easy) HIH940-1/FCH382 Q: What is a barren mare? A: A mare that's not in foal but who was bred (mare that's been bred, but isn't pregnant) 5570 (easy) HH12 Q: Define sex characteristic. A: Masculinity in the stallion & femininity in the mare 5571 (easy) TH323/ADV336-1L Q: What is the term for the stallion that is used to determine if a mare is receptive to breeding? A: Teaser 5572 (easy) HIH910-5 Q: The length of time (usually 11 months) for the development of the foal from the time of breeding until birth is called what? A: Pregnancy or gestation period 5573 (easy) HIH910-4 Q: What do the ovaries produce? A: Eggs (also accept estrogen and progesterone) 5574 (easy) HIH950-1 Q: What care should be given to the navel stump of a newborn foal? A: Apply mild iodine solution to prevent bacteria from entering body 5575 (easy) HIH940-1 Q: What do you call a mare that's never been bred? A: Maiden

4 5576 (easy) HIH940-1 Q: What is a maiden mare? A: Mare that's never been bred 5577 (easy) DET152 HIH940-1 Q: What does the term in foal mean? A: The mare is pregnant 5578 (easy) BEG112-2 Q: During what time period are most foals born? A: Night 5579 (easy) HIH940-2 Q: In months, what is the gestation period of the Rangerbred? A: 11 months 5580 (easy) HIH940-1 Q: What does the term "open mare" refer to? A: Mare that is currently not pregnant (not bred this season) 5581 (easy) TH323/HIH910 Q: How long is the estrous cycle of the mare? A: days (accept any number within range) 5582 (easy) HIH781-1 Q: A nursing foal's nutrient requirements exceed those provided by the dam's milk within how many months? A: Two 5583 (easy) H2-35/FCH234 Q: What is lactating? A: Producing milk 5584 (easy) HIH920-1/TH387 Q: What is another name for a ridgling? A: Cryptorchid 5585 (easy) HIH940-1 Q: What do you call a mare that was bred, but didn't produce a foal? A: Barren 5586 (easy) HS24/TH326 Q: What is the average length of estrus (heat period)? A: 6 days 5587 (easy) HS24/TH361 Q: At what age are most mares capable of reproduction? A: Three

5 5588 (easy) HS23 Q: At what age can you start using a stallion for breeding purposes? A: Two (additional info -- only for limited breeding) 5589 (easy) HS24/TH322 Q: What is another name for heat? A: Estrus 5590 (easy) HIH930-3 Q: Other than hormones, what can be used to bring mares into heat earlier than the normal breeding season? A: Artificial lights 5591 (easy) HIH930-1 Q: What is a common method used to determine if a mare is in heat? A: Teasing 5592 (easy) H2-35/FCH234 Q: Lactation means the production of what? A: Milk 5593 (easy) HIH950-1 Q: Normal foals will nurse for the first time within how many hours of birth? A: 2 3 (accept either) 5594 (easy) HS22/TH384 Q: What does it mean to geld? A: Castrate a male horse 5595 (easy) HIH950-1 Q: What is the nutritious, high-protein first milk for the foal called? A: Colostrum 5596 (easy) HIH781-1old Q: How much weight will a foal typically gain per day during the first 3 months? A: pounds per day (accept any number in range) 5597 (easy) HIH910-4 Q: Of all of our domestic animals, which animal has the lowest reproductive efficiency? A: Horse 5598 (easy) HH46 Q: What is a colt or filly under one year of age called? A: Foal 5599 (easy) BEG112 Q: Why should you treat the naval stump of a newborn foal with iodine or antiseptic? A: To prevent bacteria from entering the body through it

6 MEDIUM 5600 (medium) TH323 Q: What is the term for the rhythmic opening & closing of the labia as exhibited in mares? A: Winking 5601 (medium) HIH910-6 Q: What does FSH cause in the mare? A: Follicle growth 5602 (medium) CAHA73/FCH246 Q: What is the last event to occur in the mare's labor? A: Expulsion of the placenta (afterbirth) 5603 (medium) HIH910-6/ADV326-3 Q: What hormone does the maturing follicle on the ovary release to stimulate the sexual behavior of mares during heat? A: Estrogen 5604 (medium) FCH235/TH323/HIH930-1 Q: What event triggers the end of estrus or heat - usually within 24 hours? A: Ovulation 5605 (medium) HIH910-3 Q: What is the name for the structure in the abdomen that's multi-layered, hollow, Y-shaped & is suspended by the broad ligaments? A: Uterus 5606 (medium) HIH910-1/FCH235 Q: Frequent urination & eversion of the vulva or winking will occur during what phase of the mare's reproductive cycle? A: Estrus or heat 5607 (medium) FCH245 Q: What can be done to delay foaling until the veterinarian arrives if there is an indication of abnormal presentation of the foal? A: Walk the mare and keep her standing 5608 (medium) HIH950-2 Q: What is the name of the first feces that the foal excretes? A: Meconium 5609 (medium) TH340 Q: How do nutrients get from the mare to the fetus after it's attached to the uterus? A: Through the placenta (additional info -- via the umbilical cord) 5610 (medium) TH340 Q: What is the correct name for the membranous organ referred to as the afterbirth? A: Placenta

7 5611 (medium) CAHA71 Q: In comparison to the horse, how is the length of the estrous cycle of donkeys and ponies different? A: Estrous cycles are longer (additional info -- usually 25 days instead of days) 5612 (medium) DET280 Q: What is the reproductive organ that holds the fetus from conception to birth? A: Uterus 5613 (medium) TH321 Q: What is the narrow passage between the female's vagina & uterus? A: Cervix 5614 (medium) TH432 Q: What does "return privilege in season" mean? A: You may bring your mare back until she's in foal for that breeding season only. A second fee will be charged after the current season if the mare is returned 5615 (medium) TH323 Q: What word means without estrus? A: Anestrus 5616 (medium) TH319 Q: What is the process of the uniting of the sperm & egg? A: Fertilization 5617 (medium) TH427 Q: Colostrum is especially important to the foal because it contains what 2 things? A: Antibodies (proteins) that protect the foal from infection & laxatives (fats) that help foal pass meconium 5618 (medium) TH271 Q: When does the most rapid period of fetal growth take place? A: During the last 3-4 months of pregnancy 5619 (medium) HS25 Q: How are identical twins produced? A: A single fertilized egg (zygote) divides & produces offspring with identical genetic makeup 5620 (medium) TH346 Q: What technique of pregnancy diagnosis is the easiest &the most accurate. It can detect pregnancy as early as 2 weeks after conception? A: Ultrasound 5621 (medium) TH128 Q: What is the primary sex organ of the mare? A: Ovary 5622 (medium) HIH910-3 Q: What is the largest part of the female reproductive system? A: Uterus

8 5623 (medium) TH318 Q: How many follicles are on an ovary? A: Hundreds 5624 (medium) TH361 Q: Puberty - or the capacity to produce sex cells - occurs in the stallion at approximately what age? A: One year 5625 (medium) HS22 Q: What is the unborn animal called as it develops in the uterus? A: Fetus 5626 (medium) TH361 Q: What hormone does the testicle produce? A: Testosterone (also estrogen) 5627 (medium) TH128 Q: What is the primary sex organ of the stallion? A: Testes (testicle) 5628 (medium) TH355 Q: As compared to body temperature, should the temperature of the scrotum & testicles be higher, lower or the same? A: Lower 5629 (medium) TH355 Q: What is the sack-like pouch that suspends the testicles outside the male animal? A: Scrotum 5630 (medium) TH128 Q: What is an ovary? A: A female reproductive organ that produces eggs & sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone) 5631 (medium) HIH940-1 Q: What is the slang term for a mare that's nursing a foal? A: Wet mare 5632 (medium) HIH950-2 Q: About how long does it take for a foal's immune system to become functional & produce significant levels of antibodies? A: 2-4 months (accept any number within range) 5633 (medium) TH322 Q: What is the average age of puberty in the mare? A: months (accept any number within range) 5634 (medium) TH427 Q: How long does the mare produce colostrum? A: Up to 48 hours after birth of the foal (foal absorbs antibodies from colostrum for 36 hours)

9 5635 (medium) FCH400 Q: What is the slang term for a gelding that shows stallion-like aggressive behavior? A: Proud cut, rig, false rig (accept any) 5636 (medium) DET258 Q: What are 2 meanings of the term stud? A: A stallion & an establishment at which horses are kept for breeding purposes 5637 (medium) FCH235 Q: What is a silent heat? A: Ovulation without outward signs of estrus 5638 (medium) INT226-2L Q: Name the tube which carries the egg from the ovary to the uterus? A: Oviduct or Fallopian tube 5639 (medium) TH376 Q: What do the initials AI stand for? A: Artificial insemination 5640 (medium) CAHA73 Q: Parturition is another name for what? A: Birth 5641 (medium) TH346 Q: What is a common method of diagnosing pregnancy in the mare? A: Ultrasound or rectal palpation (accept either) 5642 (medium) TH323/HIH910-5 Q: During what season would a mare be naturally in anestrus? A: Winter 5643 (medium) CAHA73 Q: Within a few days of birth, what begins to form on the mare's teats? A: Wax 5644 (medium) TH427 Q: What is the VERY FIRST step in taking care of a foal immediately after birth? A: Remove anything from foal's nostrils that might restrict breathing 5645 (medium) HIH940-1 Q: What is the difference between a barren mare & an open mare? A: Barren not pregnant, but was bred; Open not pregnant, but was NOT bred this season (has had foals in the past) 5646 (medium) TH409/HIH930-3 Q: What is the most important environmental cue in inducing estrus in mares? A: Light

10 5647 (medium) TH425 Q: Delivery in which the foal's rump or hind feet are presented first in the birth canal is called what? A: Breech birth 5648 (medium) TH339 Q: What is the hormone responsible for the mare's outward sexual behavior? A: Estrogen (specifically estradiol) Accept either general or specific answer 5649 (medium) TH427 Q: The foal s digestive tract permits absorption of the colostrum antibodies for approximately how long? A: 36 hours 5650 (medium) TH127 Q: What does the hormone prolactin do? A: Initiates lactation 5651 (medium) TH425 Q: What is the expulsion of the fetus before the time of normal foaling called? A: Abortion 5652 (medium) TH400 Q: What does the term "proud cut" refer to? A: A gelding that shows stallion-like behavior 5653 (medium) TH323 Q: What is the name of the long period between breeding seasons when the ovaries are inactive? A: Anestrus 5654 (medium) TH362 Q: Where in the stallion is sperm produced? A: Testes/testicles (more specifically in the seminiferous tubules) Accept either general or specific 5655 (medium) TH365 Q: What is the general term for the substance emitted by a stallion during the breeding of a mare? A: Semen or seminal fluid 5656 (medium) HIH940-1 Q: What is a wet mare? A: Mare that's nursing a foal 5657 (medium) HIH910-5 Q: At what part of a mare's estrous cycle is she NOT responsive to the stallion? A: Diestrus 5658 (medium) TH428 Q: What is a nurse mare? A: A lactating mare known for her foster mother qualities -- she will accept a strange/orphan foal & let it nurse

11 5659 (medium) CAHA5 Q: What is the term for the black, waxy substance that can build up in a horse's sheath? A: Smegma 5660 (medium) TH781 Q: What is a breeding shed? A: Specialized building where mares are bred 5661 (medium) HIH940-1 Q: Name the major cause of infertility in mares? A: Uterine infections 5662 (medium) HIH940-2 Q: What time period during a mare's pregnancy would NOT be a good time to deworm her? A: Last 30 days 5663 (medium) TH343 Q: On average, how many days longer are colts carried than mares? A: 2-7 days (accept any number within range) 5664 (medium) TH781 Q: A barn where stallions are kept for breeding is called what? A: Stud barn or stallion barn 5665 (medium) TH417 Q: How long before birth will pregnant mare's teats begin to wax? A: 2-4 days (accept any number within range) 5666 (medium) TH346/FCH239 Q: How soon after ovulation can pregnancy be diagnosed by ultrasound? A: days (accept any number within range) 5667 (medium) HIH910-5 Q: What is the difference between estrus & diestrus? A: Estrus - period during which mare is receptive to stallion & encourages mating Diestrus - period during which mare is not receptive to stallion & will resist him 5668 (medium) TH340 Q: Between what 2 structures is the umbilical cord? A: Fetus & placenta 5669 (medium) HIH910-5 Q: The mare's estrous cycle is divided into 2 distinct phases. What are they? A: Estrus & diestrus 5670 (medium) TH327 Q: When a mare ovulates, but fails to show behavioral signs of estrus, this is called what? A: Silent heat

12 5671 (medium) FCH245 Q: In the pregnant mare, the first stages of foaling can often mimic what condition? A: Colic 5672 (medium) CAHA5a Q: 2 part question : What is smegma & where is it found? A: Waxy substance that builds up in a horse's sheath 5673 (medium) HIH930-1 Q: When during the estrous cycle is conception rate the highest in mares? A: At the end of estrus (1-2 days prior to ovulation) OR foal heat 5674 (medium) TH428 Q: What is the term used for a lactating mare that takes care of an orphaned foal as her own? A: Nurse mare 5675 (medium) TH319 Q: Where do the sperm & egg unite? A: Oviducts or fallopian tubes (accept either) 5676 (medium) TH337 Q: What is the hormone called that caused follicle growth? A: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) 5677 (medium) TH326/HIH910-5/FCH235 Q: What term describes when a mare undergoes multiple estrous cycles only during a specific part of the year? A: Seasonally polyestrous 5678 (medium) TH317 Q: 2 part question: What are the size & the shape of the ovaries? A: 2-3 inches long, bean shaped 5679 (medium) TH317HIH910-4 Q: What is the scientific name for the egg? A: Ovum (additional info -- ova is plural) 5680 (medium) TH781 Q: What is the name for the specialized building where mares are bred? A: Breeding shed 5681 (medium) HIH940-1 Q: Reproductive ability in the mare decreases after what age? A: 16 (accept any number within range) 5682 (medium) DET97 Q: What does the term "entire" refer to? A: Stallion

13 5683 (medium) TH431 Q: What is the difference between a booking deposit & a booking fee? A: Booking deposit is refundable if mare isn't pregnant, booking fee is non-refundable 5684 (medium) BEG112 Q: In the newborn foal the navel stump is a site that allows easy access for the invasion of what microorganism into the body? A: Bacteria 5685 (medium) HIH940-6/FCH234 Q: What is mastitis? A: Inflammation/infection of the udder 5686 (medium) CAHA69 Q: In mare's milk, which is higher -- milk fat or lactose? A: Lactose 5687 (medium) TH393 Q: What type of lights makes a photo-stimulation effective? A: Regular bulbs on a timer OR fluorescent bulbs (accept either) 5688 (medium) FCH250 Q: After birth, when a mare passes the placenta, what should you do with it? A: Examine it to make sure it's all there 5689 (medium) TH355 Q: What is the main function of the scrotum? A: Encloses testicles OR controls the temperature of the testicles (accept either) 5690 (medium) HIH1380-1,2 Q: What breeding policy involves payment of the stud fee when the mare is pronounced in foal at a 42 day exam? A: Guaranteed in foal 5691 (medium) HIH940-4 Q: Difficult foaling (dystocia) may be caused by several situations. Name one. A: Abnormal presentation, foal too large for mare s pelvis, twins, red bag (accept any reasonable answer) 5692 (medium) TH340 Q: Approximately how many days does it take for the fertilized ovum to migrate to the uterus? A: 4-6 (accept any number within range) 5693 (medium) INT226-2L Q: Give another name for the oviducts. A. Fallopian Tubes

14 5694 (medium) DET100 Q: During what stage of the mare's estrous cycle is she receptive to the stallion? A: Estrus 5695 (medium) HIH Q: What breeding policy involves payment in advance of the entire price for the season with the payment non-refundable? A: No guarantee 5696 (medium) TH423 Q: How soon after birth should a mare pass her placenta? A: 3 hours 5697 (medium) CAHA74 Q: How does the scrotum regulate testicular temperature? A: Raising or lowering the testicles close to or away from the body 5698 (medium) DET222 Q: What is the term for the change that occurs in an animal that results in the animal being able to produce sex cells? A: Puberty 5699 (medium) FCH44 Q: Lactating mares have an increased need for water due to what? A: Milk production 5700 (medium) TH430 Q: When weaning a foal from the mare, why is it recommended to reduce the mare's food? A: To help the drying up process 5701 (medium) TH245 Q: What percent of mare's milk is water? A: 90% 5702 (medium) HIH421 Q: What happens in the 3rd stage of labor? A: Expulsion of the placenta (afterbirth) 5703 (medium) DET92 Q: Define endometrium A: Lining of the uterus 5704 (medium) DET92 Q. What is the name for the lining of the uterus? A. Endometrium

15 5705 (medium) FCH395 Q: What is the meconium? A: First manure passed by the foal OR dark green/brown/black tarry stools formed prior to birth - normally begin to pass 1/2 hour to 6 hours after birth 5706 (medium) FCH234 Q: What is the term for a bacterial infection of the udder? A: Mastitis 5707 (medium) HIH930-2 Q: When using the system for scoring of behavioral estrus in mares, what behavior is seen in a mare scoring 1? A: Mare isn't aggressive towards stallion OR looks away/isn't interested 5708 (medium) HIH940-5 Q: A normal foal weighs what percent of the mare's body weight at birth? A: 9-10% (accept either) 5709 (medium) HIH1380 Q: When the breeder guarantees a live foal, what must that foal do to fulfill the guarantee? A: Stand & suck 5710 (medium) DET298 Q: What is a zygote? A: Fertilized egg 5711 (medium) FCH240 Q. Which breed has the highest incidence of twinning? A. Thoroughbred 5712 (medium) INT227-2 Q: Which structure of the horse is responsible for maintaining proper temperature for sperm production? A: Scrotum 5713 (medium) FCH240 Q: What general type of equine has the lowest incidence of twin pregnancies? A: Ponies 5714 (medium) TH Q: What is meant by the term seasonally polyestrous? A: Mare undergoes multiple estrous cycles only during certain times of the year

16 HARD 5715 (hard) DET91 Q: This type of breeding is not accepted by all breed associations. It is the process of recovering a fertilized egg from the uterus of one mare and transferring it to the uterus of another for gestation. What is this type of breeding? A: Embryo transfer 5716 (hard) HS16 Q: What hormone regulates testosterone in the stallion? A: LH (luteinizing hormone) Accept either 5717 (hard) HIH782-5 Q: On average, how much milk is a light horse mare capable of producing per day? A: pounds (accept any number within this range) 5718 (hard) TH424 Q: When a foal is in the transverse ventral presentation for delivery, what part of the foal s body is lodged against the pelvis of the mare and preventing the delivery of the foal? A: The foal s back 5719 (hard) TH358 Q: What is the vas deferens? A: Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra in the male 5720 (hard) TH365 Q: What is the definition of semen? A: Sperm mixed with fluids from the accessory glands 5721 (hard) TH127 Q: What does the hormone progesterone do? A: Stimulates the glands & tissues responsible for maintaining the pregnancy OR Aids in development of the uterus for implantation & nutrition of the embryo 5722 (hard) TH358 Q: What is the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra? A: Vas deferens 5723 (hard) HIH940-4 Q: During the second stage of labor, you notice the appearance of a red, velvety bulb at the vulva which looks like a basketball. This is commonly referred to as a red bag. What does this indicate? A: Premature placental separation (This is an emergency requiring immediate rupture of this membrane to expedite delivery of the foal) 5724 (hard) TH358 Q: What is the tube through which both semen & urine pass through the male's penis? A: Urethra

17 5725 (hard) TH128 Q: 2 part question -- What is the birth canal & what organs does it consist of? A: Organs through which the unborn animal passes at birth. Consists of cervix & vagina 5726 (hard) TH319 Q: What is the funnel-like membrane which surrounds the ovary & catches the egg when it's released? A: Infundibulum 5727 (hard) CAHA72 Q: What does the urachus do? A: Takes urine away from the foal during pregnancy 5728 (hard) TH362 Q: Where, specifically, does sperm production take place? A: Seminiferous tubules 5729 (hard) HIH920-4 Q: What is the function of the cremaster muscle? A: Raises & lowers the scrotum 5730 (hard) HIH920-4 Q: What is the name for the major muscle that raises & lowers the scrotum? A: Cremaster 5731 (hard) TH321 Q: What is the canal that leads from the uterus to outside the female? The male deposits sperm there & the fetus passes through it at birth? A: Vagina 5732 (hard) TH340 Q: Why are the testicles suspended outside the body cavity? A: Because the scrotal temperature is several degrees cooler than that of the body cavity which is necessary for normal development of the sperm 5733 (hard) TH361 Q: The glands located along the urethra of the male produce fluids which nourish & preserve the sperm. What are these glands called? A: Accessory glands 5734 (hard) TH319 Q: Define corpus luteum. A: A solid mass that forms on the ovary after ovulation; produces the hormone progesterone that helps maintain pregnancy 5735 (hard) TH358 Q: What is the main function of the epididymis? A: To store sperm (additional info -- where they undergo maturation)

18 5736 (hard) TH128 Q: Define reproductive organs A: Special organs that produce sex cells & carry out the process of reproduction 5737 (hard) TH339 Q: Hormones that stimulate the development & maintenance of feminine sexual characteristics are called what? A: Estrogenic hormones OR Estrogens 5738 (hard) TH Q: Define follicle A: Bubble-like structure on the ovary which contains the egg 5739 (hard) TH319 Q: Define ovulation A: Time when the follicle bursts & the egg is released 5740 (hard) DET213/CAHA72-73/TH340,127 Q: What is the placenta? A: Membrane/organ that attaches the fetus to the uterus & transports nutrients & wastes between the uterus & fetus (additional info -- via the umbilical cord) 5741 (hard) HIH950-2 Q: What does agalactic mean? A: Without milk 5742 (hard) HIH930-4 Q: Regumate is the synthetic form of which hormone? A: Progestrone 5743 (hard) HIH930-3 Q: What ratio of daylight to darkness seems to bring mares into heat? A: 16 hours of daylight to 4 hours of darkness OR 4:1 Accept either 5744 FCH237 Q: Use of an artificial lighting program to induce early estrous cycling and ovulation should include 16 hours of light each day and begin how long before the desired breeding season? A: 2 to 3 months (accept anything within this range) 5745 (hard) TH319 Q: What is the infundibulum? A: Funnel-like membrane that surrounds the ovary & catches the egg 5746 (hard) HIH920-3 Q: What is spermatogenesis? A: Process of producing sperm cells

19 5747 (hard) TH339 Q: What does a lutenizing hormone do? A: Causes ovulation & initiates the formation of the corpus luteum 5748 (hard) TH423DET87 Q: What is dystocia? A: Difficulty in giving birth (foaling problems) 5749 (hard) HIH910-3 Q: What is the main purpose of the myometrium? A: Responsible for the contractions that expel the foal at birth 5750 (hard) HIH910-6 Q: In response to GnRH release from the hypothalmus, what structure releases FSH & LH? A: Pituitary gland 5751 (hard) TH422 Q: Give 2 reasons for injecting a mare with oxytocin A: Help with delivery of foal, stimulate milk let down 5752 (hard) ADV327-1 Q: The Sertoli cells located in the seminiferous tubules of the stallion's testes stimulate spermatogenesis in the stallion. What hormone from the pituitary gland controls the Sertoli cells? A: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) 5753 (hard) TH344 Q: What does PMSG stand for? A: Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin 5754 (hard) HIH910-6/CAHA71 Q: What hormone released by the uterus if the mare isn't pregnant is responsible for the regression of the corpus luteum & the return of the mare cycling? A: Prostaglandin 5755 (hard) TH427 Q: What is the protein in colostrum that provides the foal with temporary immunity against infectious diseases? A: Immunoglobulin (antibodies) 5756 (hard) CAHA71 Q: When during the estrous cycle does ovulation usually occur? A: hours before end of estrus (accept any number within range) 5757 (hard) FCH239 Q: 2 part question: What substances in the urine & in the blood are used to test for pregnancy & what specifically are they tested for? A: Urine estrogen; blood --PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)

20 5758 (hard) TH376 Q: Name the operation performed on mares where the upper part of the vulva is stitched to reduce infection? A: Caslicks 5759 (hard) HIH910-4 Q: What organ is responsible for the production of estrogen & progesterone? A: Ovary 5760 (hard) TH396 Q: How long can sperm cells survive in the female reproductive tract? A: 48 hours 5761 (hard) HIH Q: You do the math A newborn foal normally weighs 9-10% of the mare s body weight. What would be the approximate weight of a foal if the mare weighs 1200 pounds? A: Approximately 108 to 120 pounds (accept anything within this range) 5762 (hard) HIH910-6 Q: Once the follicle has ruptured & released the ova, the luteal phase begins. The corpus luteum begins to form & is responsible for the release of what hormone? A: Progesterone 5763 (hard) TH341/CAHA72 Q: What is the name of the innermost membrane of the fetal placenta that forms the water bag for the developing fetus? A: Amnion 5764 (hard) CAHA72 Q: What is the name of the hard disc-like structure found in the placental fluids after birth? A: Hippomane 5765 (hard) ADV327-2 Q: What structures in the testes serve as the location for spermatogenesis? A: Seminiferous tubules 5766 (hard) HIH910-1 Q: What is the purpose of a Caslick's operation? A: To seal the vulva OR to prevent air/debris from being sucked into reproductive tract of the mare 5767 (hard) CAHA5 Q: What do the sebaceous glands in the prepuce of a stallion produce? A: Smegma 5768 (hard) TH358 Q: In what part of the stallion's reproductive tract do sperm undergo modifications or maturation? A: Epididymis

21 5769 (hard) TH338 Q: What 2 hormones increase just before ovulation in the mare? A: Estrogen & Lutenizing Hormone/LH 5770 (hard) HIH920-1 Q: 2 part question: What is a bilateral cryptorchid stallion & explaining your answer, can they be used for breeding? A: Stallion that's retained both testicles in the body cavity. No, they can t be used for breeding because they're infertile (additional info -- due to suppressed spermatogenesis) 5771 (hard) HIH910-4 Q: What is the function of the cilia in the oviducts? A: Transporting the ovum/egg down the oviduct & moving sperm in opposite direction 5772 (hard) HIH920-2 Q: What is the primary hormone that's produced & secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes? A: Testosterone 5773 (hard) HIH910-3 Q: Which layer of the mare's uterus is responsible for the powerful contractions which expel the foal at birth? A: Myometrium (middle layer) Accept either 5774 (hard) HIH920-2 Q: Leydig cells in the stallion are responsible for the production of what 2 hormones? A: Testosterone & estrogen 5775 (hard) TH127 Q: What hormone causes the cervix of the mare to become relaxed during estrus? A: Estrogen 5776 (hard) ADV327 Q: What is the primary purpose of FSH in the stallion? A: Stimulates production of sperm 5777 (hard) TH387 Q: How is it determined that a stallion has ejaculated while breeding a mare? A: Tail flagging 5778 (hard) TH360 Q: The vesicular gland is responsible for adding what to the semen? A: Gel fraction 5779 (hard) TH340 Q: What hormone is responsible for both milk let-down & contractions during parturition? A: Oxytocin 5780 (hard) HIH910-3 Q: Name the 2 tough sheet-like structures by which the uterus is suspended within the body cavity? A: Broad ligaments

22 5781 (hard) TH339 Q: What are the 2 ovarian hormones that control the mare's estrous cycle? A: Estrogen & progesterone 5782 (hard) HIH910-6 Q: Which hormone do the luteal cells within the corpus luteum secrete? A: Progesterone 5783 (hard) TH595 Q: Give a good reason for not breaking the foal's umbilical cord too soon after birth? A: Foal would be deprived of about 30% of the blood that flows from mare to her foal immediately after birth 5784 (hard) TH411 Q: Define embryo transfer A: Transfer of fertilized egg from a donor mare to another recipient mare who carries it to term 5785 (hard) TH363 Q: How long is the spermatogenic cycle in a stallion? A: 49 days or 7 weeks 5786 (hard) HIH910-1 Q: During which stage of a mare's reproductive cycle will she exhibit eversion of the vulva? A: Estrus 5787 (hard) ADV327-1 Q: Which hormone stimulates spermatogenesis or the production of sperm in the stallion? A: FSH 5788 (hard) TH340 Q: The amnion, allantois, & chorion comprise what structure? A: Placenta 5789 (hard) ADV327-1 Q: The process of the production of sperm cells is called what? A: Spermatogenesis 5790 (hard) TH Q: The gestation period of a mare carrying a horse foal is approximately how many days shorter than it would be if she were carrying a mule foal? A: 10 days 5791 (hard) TH218 Q: Lactation increases the energy requirements of a mare above maintenance by what percentage? A: 50-70% (accept any number within range)

23 BONUS 5792 (bonus) FCH245/TH417 Q. List three things that you might observe in your pregnant mare that would indicate she is starting the first stage of labor. A. Seeks isolation from other horses Stops eating Becomes restless pacing, lies down and gets up repeatedly Tail swishing Sweating Frequent urination Wax on the end of the teats may fall off and milk starts to drip 5793 (bonus) HS22 Q: What are the terms used for a baby horse, a baby female horse, a baby male horse? A: Baby horse is a foal, baby female horse is a filly, & baby male horse is a colt 5794 (bonus) HIH Q: Name 3 distinct layers of the uterus. A: Endometrium, myometrium, serosa 5795 (bonus) ADV336-2 Q: When scoring the behavioral estrus in mares, give 3 examples of behavior that would indicate a score of 4 A: Mare shows intense interest in stallion, turning hindquarters to him, leaning towards him, exhibits continuous winking & urination, squats, tail lifting, calling 5796 (bonus) HIH445-3 Q: What 3 booster vaccinations should the broodmare receive 4-6 weeks before foaling? A: Tetanus, rhinopneumonitis, flu 5797 (bonus) H3-34 Q: Give 3 negative aspects of breeding your horse. A: Mare could die during foaling, years of training before foal can be ridden, foal could be a "dud"/have none of parents desirable traits, medical expenses, need to trailer mare to stallion, need to pay for mare care, need to monitor mare's heat cycle, might not be able to sell foal, mare could have serious complications during pregnancy and/or birth, may be unable to use mare during some parts of pregnancy & lactation, need to foalproof your facility, need to monitor foal's intake of colostrum 5798 (bonus) H3-9 Q: Give 3 positive aspects of breeding your horse. A: Good learning experience, can imprint/train foal, can plan mating to produce type of offspring you want, possible income from sale of foal or pregnant mare 5799 (bonus) HIH940-1 Q: Give 3 of the 5 reproductive classifications of mares. A: Pregnant, open, barren, maiden, wet/lactating/nursing

24 5800 (bonus) FCH230 Q: 2 part question: Reproductively, name 3 ways mares can be classified & explain each classification. A: Barren mare that's been bred, but isn't pregnant; In foal pregnant mare; lactating nursing a foal; Maiden never been bred; Open currently not in foal (hasn't been bred this season, but has produced foal in previous seasons) Also accept Lactating/wet/nursing mare that s nursing a foal 5801 (bonus) TH365 Q: Name 3 of the criteria used to evaluate stallion semen. A: Concentration, motility/movement, volume, morphology 5802 (bonus) INT226-2/ADV326 Q: Name 3 behaviors of a mare in diestrus towards a stallion. A: Biting, kicking, striking, squealing, tail switching, ignoring/disinterested 5803 (bonus) TH374 Q: Give 3 causes of infertility in the stallion. A: Poor health, poor nutrition, anxiety, masturbation, unnecessary rough handling, scared by aggressive mares, injury, worry, improper management, overuse as a teaser, overbreeding, pain 5804 (bonus) TH339 Q: What are the 3 principal estrogenic hormones? A: Estradiol, estrone, estriol 5805 (bonus) TH375 Q: You have recently opened a Quarter Horse breeding operation. You think you've found the ideal stallion for your program. His conformation is nearly flawless. However, there are other considerations when purchasing a stallion -- Name 3 other considerations. A: Semen evaluation, weight (over or under), cardiovascular system, reproductive tract palpation, temperament/manners, condition of respiratory tract, record of settling mares, general health, hindleg soundness, arthritis, parasite infestation, colic frequency, libido evaluation, melanomas 5806 (bonus) TH323 Q: Name 3 signs of estrus in the mare. A: Frequent urination, flexed pelvis, winking, elevated tail, acceptance of stallion 5807 (bonus) TH374 Q: Name3 general causes of infertility in either a mare or stallion. A: Infection, hormonal disturbance/imbalance, nutritional factors, anatomical problems, age, psychological, mechanical, management factors 5708 (bonus) TH341 Q: Name the 3 membranes of the placenta. A: Amnion, allantois, chorion 5809 (bonus) TH346 Q: What are 3 methods that can be used to determine if a mare is pregnant? A: Blood test for PMSG after 45 days, palpation, failure to come into heat, ultrasound

25 5810 (bonus) TH Q: Name 3 causes of equine abortion A: Infectious: acute infections, chronic infections, bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, noninfectious: fetus in the uterine body instead of uterine horn, endometrial fibrosis, strangulation of umbilical cord, fetal abnormalities, trauma, twins, fetal malnutrition, problems with placenta, drugs, plants, hormone imbalance, nutritional deficiencies 5811 (bonus) HIH910/TH128 Q: Name 3 parts of the reproductive tract of the mare. A: Ovaries, oviducts/fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva 5812 (bonus) TH128 Q: Name 3 parts of the stallion's reproductive tract. A: Testicle, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis 5813 (bonus) HS22 Q: Name 3 terms that mean the removal of testicles in a horse. A: Alter, geld, castrate 5814 (bonus) TH128 Q: Name the 4 parts of the female's reproductive system known as the duct system. A: Oviducts, uterus, vagina, cervix 5815 (bonus) TH385 Q: Give 3 advantages of castration. A: Geldings are safer for novice horsemen, geldings are easier to care for, geldings are easier to transport, geldings are less prone to injuries, can keep several geldings together, can keep geldings with mares, prevents accidental pregnancy 5816 (bonus) TH363 Q: Name the 3 parts of the sperm cell A: Head, midpiece, tail 5817 (bonus) ADV336 Q: Prostaglandin, human chorionic gonadotropin & progesterone (Regumate) are 3 hormones that can be used to do what? A: Manipulate estrus in mares 5818 (bonus) TH360 Q: What are the 3 accessory glands located along the urethra in the stallion? A: Prostate, seminal vesicles/vesicular glands, Cowper's/bulbourethral glands