Today you will learn.. Ten Common Poisonous Mushrooms of Missouri. Missouri Mycological Society Mushroom Classes. Maxine Stone

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1 Common Poisonous Mushrooms of Missouri Maxine Stone Missouri Mycological Society Missouri Mycological Society Mushroom Classes These classes are designed to educate scientific minded, or just the curious, to 40 different mushroom species through four consecutive courses. Course One: Course Two: Course Three: Course Four: Ten Common Poisonous Mushrooms of Missouri Ten Common Mushrooms of Missouri Part I Ten Common Mushrooms of Missouri Part II Ten Common Edible Mushrooms of Missouri Each class is organized into training and field segments. Additional optional work includes collection, recording and submittal of three discussed species. After successful completion of training, field experience, homework and test for each of the four classes, the student will receive a beautiful award pin acknowledging the student s proficiency in that area of mycology. A student who completes all four courses will be awarded the Missouri Mycological Society s Harry S. Thiers Certificate for Mushroom Proficiency Today you will learn.. Today you will learn to identify 10 of the most common poisonous mushrooms in Missouri You will learn common names, Latin names, and certain identifying features 1

2 The names of these 10 mushrooms are: 1. Amanita bisporigera - Destroying Angel 2. Amanita citrina Citron Amanita 3. Chlorophyllum molybdites Green-spored Lepiota 4. Coprinopsis atramentaria Alcohol Inky 5. Galerina autumnalis Deadly Galerina 6. Gymnopilus spectabalis Big Laughing Gym 7 Gyromitra caroliniana False Morel 8. Gyromitra brunnea False Morel 9. Omphalotus illudens Jack O Lantern 10. Scleroderma citrinum Pigskin Puffball In general, poisonous mushrooms are ones that could cause illness, vomiting or death. There are only a few mushrooms that are so poisonous that if ingested could cause death. 2

3 Amanita bisporigera, The Destroying Angel Know this mushroom! The Destroying Angel The Destroying Angel (Amanita bisporigera) is a gorgeous mushroom, but it is also among the deadliest mushrooms on earth! It should be learned by anyone hunting mushrooms and that means YOU! The Destroying Angel can cause vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, kidney and/or liver dysfunction, and possibly death 3

4 Identifying features of the Amanita bisporigera or Destroying Angel This is an all white mushroom with a flairing to ragged ring on the stalk and a large, sac-like cup around the base Cap: white, wide, convex to flat Gills: white Stalk: thick, shaggy, has ring, white Habitat: mixed woods, in grass, June November Poisonous: DEADLY Amanita bisporigera or Destroying Angel Flairing to ragged ring on white stalk 4

5 sac-like cup around the base It s a good idea to stay away from an all white mushroom especially if it has a cup An all white mushroom means one that has a white cap, stem and gills and cup. There are other white mushrooms. Is this the Destroying Angel? 5

6 Notice the color of the gills? Does it have a cup? Agaricus campestris Amanita citrina or Citron Amanita 6

7 Amanita citrina Identifying features of the Amanita citrina or Citron Amanita This mushroom has a yellowish cap with buff-white patches, a stalk with a ring and abruptly bulbous, marshmallow-like base Cap: yellow-lt. green, wide, convex, sticky when wet Gills: white, smells like raw potatoes Stalk: thick, white, bulbous at base, Habitat: oak and pine woods, August November Poisonous: can be confused with A. phalloides and therefore should not be eaten Chlorophyllum molybdites or Green-spored Lepiota 7

8 Chlorophyllum molybdites or Green-spored Lepiota Identifying features of the Chlorophyllum molybdites or Green-spored Lepiota This mushroom is large, white, with buff scales, white gills maturing gray-green, and a ring on the stalk Cap: doorknob shaped, becoming flat, large pinkish-buff patches Gills: white, becoming sordid gray-green or darker Stalk: thick, enlarging downward, smooth, white Habitat: lawns, pastures, August September Poisonous: can cause days of violent purging Chlorophyllum molybdites or Green-spored Lepiota These are often found in fairy rings 8

9 Galerina autumnalis or Deadly Galerina Galerina autumnalis or Deadly Galerina 9

10 Identifying features of the Galerina autumnalis or the Deadly Galerina This is a brownish mushroom, with a tacky cap, yellowish gills becoming rust with a ring on its brownish stalk Cap: convex becoming flat, sticky, slight knob, brown to ochre-tawny fading to yellowish or buff Gills: close, yellowish, becoming rust Stalk: hollow, darker towards base Habitat: on well-decayed logs Note: This mushroom has a ring. The edible look-alike, Flammulina velutipeds, does not have a ring but. Galerina autumnalis or Deadly Galerina This is one of the only LBM s that are DEADLY. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, kidney and/or liver dysfunction, and possibly death Coprinopsis atramentaria or Alcohol Inky 10

11 Coprinopsis atramentaria or Alcohol Inky Identifying features of the Coprinopsis atramentaria or the Alcohol Inky This is a fleshy, gray-brown mushroom with a radically lined cap and inky gills Cap: egg-shaped, becoming bell-shaped, gray to gray-brown, margin pleated Gills: white at first, then blackish darker and inky Stalk: thick, white, hollow Habitat: clustered in grass and wood debris Edibility: good with caution - do not drink alcoholic beverage within 1-2 days before or after eating causes flushing, tingling, headache and nausea Coprinopsis atramentaria or the Alcohol Inky This mushroom auto-digests itself! 11

12 Gymnopilus spectabalis or Big Laughing Gym Identifying features of the Gymnopilus spectabalis or Big Laughing Gym This is a large mushroom, clustered, yellowish-orange with a ringed stalk Cap: wide, convex, orange-yellowochre, odor is anise-like, taste is very bitter Gills: crowded, pale yellow-rust Stalk: solid, pale yellow-ochre, minute fibers Habitat: clustered on wood, or buried wood Poisonous: Hallucinogenic! In Japan, this species was named because its ingestion has caused unmotivated laughter and foolish behavior (Gary Linkoff) 12

13 Gyromitra caroliniana or False Morel Identifying features of the Gyromitra caroliniana or False Morel This is a reddish brown, pitted and ridged mushroom with a heavily stuffed and chambered interior. Can be very large Cap: brainlike to pitted and ridged; reddish brown; underside paler, ingrown with stem where contact occurs. Gills: no gills Stalk: pale tan to pure white; large, sometimes massive; smooth; sometimes discoloring grayish on handling Habitat: on ground in deciduous and coniferous woods Poisonous: Despite the fact that it is consumed by many, this mushroom is not a safe edible! Could be DEADLY! Gyromitra caroliniana or False Morel 13

14 This is a Morel Comparing the False Morel and True Morel Gyromitra brunnea or False Morel (another false morel) 14

15 Gyromitra brunnea or False Morel Identifying features of the Gyromitra brunnea or False Morel This is a brownish, convoluted, saddle-shaped mushroom with a whitish, branched stalk Cap: convoluted, saddle-shaped to lobed, folds arching up and out, brownish above, underside buff to tan Gills: no gills Stalk: thick, white, interior somewhat hollow to stuffed with cottony white tissue Habitat: on humus in hardwood forests Poisonous: can cause blood poisoning, diarrhea, severe headaches and vomiting. Could be DEADLY! Comparing two False Morels 15

16 Omphalotus illudens or Jack O Lantern Omphalotus illudens or Jack O Lantern Identifying features of the Omphalotus illudens or Jack O Lantern Orange to yellowish-orange mushroom with sharp-edged gills, in clusters on wood or buried wood Cap: circular becoming sunken, dry, smooth, saffron Gills: sharp-edged, decending, close, yellow-orange Stalk: solid, smooth, curved, saffron Habitat: clustered, on deciduous wood Poisonous: causes gastric upset for 2 hours 2 days 16

17 When the Jack O Lantern mushroom is gathered fresh and taken into a dark room, the gills give off an eerie green glow Comparing a Jack O Lantern to a choice Chanterelle The Jack O Lantern has sharp gills The Chanterelle has ridges Omphalotus illudens or Jack O Lantern 17

18 Scleroderma citrinum or Pigskin Puffball Scleroderma citrinum or Pigskin Puffball Identifying features of the Scleroderma citrinum or Pigskin Puffball Warted, thick-skinned, yellowbrownish ball, opening by pore at top, dark inside No cap, gills or stalk Roundish to flattened ball covered with rough warts. Rind flesh is white. Inside spore mass is whitish, becoming purplish to black. Habitat: single to many, on ground, wood debris, in woods and sandy soil Poisonous: can cause nausea and vomiting 18

19 The Pigskin Puffball could be confused with an edible puffball Comparing the Pigskin Puffball to the edible puffball The Pigskin Puffball has a white, tough skin a dark interior An edible Puffball has a soft skin and when cut through the middle is white and looks like marshmallow. Those are your 10 Common Poisonous Mushrooms. Here are a couple of others that you should know but are not found in Missouri 19

20 Amanita phaloides or Death Cap Identifying features of the Amanita phaloides or the Death Cap This mushroom has a smooth, greenish cap with a skirtlike ring at the top of the stalk, and a sac-like cup. Cap: yellow-green to green-brown, often pale on margin convex, smooth with small flattened fibers Gills: close, white, odor becoming foul Stalk: thick, white to dull, smooth, enlarging Habitat: conifers and hardwood, Sept. Nov. Poisonous: DEADLY Symptoms delayed hrs. Vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, kidney and/or liver dysfunction, and possibly death Amanita Muscaria or Fly Agaric 20

21 Identifying features of the Amanita muscaria or the Fly Agaric This mushroom has a blood red cap with pyramidal, white patches, a stalk with a ring and a bulbous base with rows of cottony patches. Cap: blood-red, with white, cottony patches Gills: crowded, broad, whitish Stalk: thick, cottony or scaly, white to cream Habitat: woods of Rockies and west, July October Poisonous: can cause delirium, raving, and sweating supposedly, the US species does not induce visions Note: This is called the Fly Agaric because it has been used to stupefy houseflies. The Harry S. Thiers Award for Mushroom Proficiency Homework: 1. Identify and record 3 mushrooms in the category of the class (ie. poisonous, common, edible). List each one by scientific name and common name. 2. Note the date, location, habitat, and abundance of each mushroom. 3. Include a dried specimen and/or a spore print of each mushroom. 4. Illustrate each mushroom with a photograph or drawing. 5. Write a short essay (approximately one page), with two references, on anything of interest to you in the category of the class. 21