A pheasant researcher notebook:
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- Rosanna Holland
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1 A pheasant researcher notebook: what we are learning about pheasants and pheasant hunters in Nebraska TJ Fontaine Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit
2 Managing pheasants is challenging Birds Access Time and money
3 Challenge 1: What is habitat? Distribution Geography/Climate
4 Challenge 1: What is habitat? Regional Policy
5 Challenge 1: What is habitat? Nesting Local Home range Management
6 pheasant habitat in Nebraska Surveyed 155 sites Map: C. Jorgensen
7 Locally More CRP = More pheasants Section Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
8 Challenge 2: Habitat is context dependent
9 Even habitat the looks the same may not have the same value
10 How can two CRP fields have different habitat value?
11 How can two homes have different value? $
12 Update your kitchen to
13 Update your CRP Fledglings per nesting hen None Discing Mid-contract management Matthews et al. 2012
14 Even fields with the same management can have different habitat value?
15 How can two updated homes have different value? $
16 How can two updated homes have different value? $ Location! Location! Location!
17 GIS to look at land-use in the neighborhood around a CRP field Township
18 Local CRP habitat value What is in the neighborhood can be good or bad Township Proportion of the township in a land-use practice
19 Pheasant abundance CRP adds habitat value Township with no small grain Township with 15% small grain 200 roosters 95 roosters 85 roosters 45 roosters 40 roosters 15 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
20 Pheasant abundance CRP adds habitat value Township with no small grain Township with 15% small grain 200 roosters 95 roosters 85 roosters 45 roosters 40 roosters 15 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
21 Pheasant abundance CRP adds habitat value Township with no small grain Township with 15% small grain 200 roosters 95 roosters 85 roosters 15 roosters 40 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
22 Pheasant abundance The neighborhood shapes the value of CRP Township with 15% small grain Township with no small grain 200 roosters 95 roosters 85 roosters 45 roosters 40 roosters 15 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
23 Pheasant abundance The neighborhood shapes the value of CRP Township with 15% small grain Township with no small grain 200 roosters 95 roosters 85 roosters 45 roosters 40 roosters 15 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
24 Pheasant abundance The neighborhood shapes the value of CRP Township with 15% small grain Township with no small grain 200 roosters 95 roosters 85 roosters 45 roosters 40 roosters 15 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
25 Pheasant abundance The neighborhood shapes the value of CRP Township with 15% small grain Township with no small grain 200 roosters 95 roosters 85 roosters 45 roosters 40 roosters 15 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
26 Pheasant abundance The neighborhood shapes the value of CRP Township with no trees 72 roosters 37 roosters 17 roosters 4 roosters 10 roosters 21 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
27 Pheasant abundance The neighborhood shapes the value of CRP Township with no trees Township with 15% trees 72 roosters 37 roosters 17 roosters 4 roosters 10 roosters 21 roosters Proportion of a section enrolled in CRP
28 Neighborhoods can be good... or bad
29 What makes a neighborhood bad? Poor schools Narrow streets High crime
30 What makes a neighborhood bad?
31 2013 Nest predation study Monitored 150 artificial nests on CRP fields Measured land-use in the surrounding neighborhood Pasture Site
32 Percentage of nest that survive incubation Increasing CRP, wheat, and pasture around a nest increases nest survival Predicted Predicted daily nest daily survival nest survival Wheat Wheat CRP Pasture Percentage of the landscape in a land-use practice CRP Pasture
33 Where are Nebraska s best pheasant neighborhoods? Increasing habitat value Map: C. Jorgensen
34 Lets build in the good neighborhoods... right? Increasing habitat value Map: C. Jorgensen
35 Challenge 3: Landscapes are dynamic Neighborhood is always changing Figure: Powell et al. 2015
36 8600 All Crops Land-use in Nebraska (X 1000ha) Corn Wheat Policies affects land-use change CRP Year
37 Change can be profound 2012 Gage County Increasing habitat value
38 Transitioning 25% of corn to small grain 2012 Gage County Gage County Increasing habitat value
39 Transitioning 50% of small grain to corn 2012 Gage County Gage County Increasing habitat value
40 Challenge 3: Landscapes are dynamic Where will the best habitat be in the future??
41 When future policy is unpredictable scenario planning has value
42
43 Some locations appear very sensitive to policy shifts Increasing habitat value
44 Other locations appear to maintain favorable habitat even under challenging policy scenarios Increasing habitat value
45 Lets build in the most resilient neighborhoods... right? Increasing habitat value
46 Challenge 4: Opportunity
47 What is opportunity?
48 Is access translating to opportunity?
49 Hunter field survey
50 Pheasant hunters depend on public access Relative use (Cars per survey stop) Pheasant Opener Youth Pheasant Opener Rifle Deer Opener Pheasant hunting accounts for half of the highest use days 0.0 Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.
51 50 n = 58 Regions are unique n = n = 69 Waterfowl Pheasant Quail Grouse Dove Whitetail Deer Mule Deer Turkey n = n = n =
52 Pheasant hunting is uneven n = 69 Waterfowl Pheasant Quail Grouse Dove Whitetail Deer Mule Deer Turkey 0 50 n = n =
53 Residency differs by region
54 Opportunity is a balance Birds Time and money
55 Southwest Nebraska Opportunity = (+birds)( dollars/time)
56 Southeast Nebraska Opportunity = (-birds)(+dollars/time)
57 The opportunity balance ultimately affects how people use the resource
58 Challenge 5: Hunting affects pheasants
59 Harvesting only roosters means hunting has no population impact... Right?
60 Landscapes were more favorable and populations larger Figure: Powell et al. 2015
61 2012-present How does hunting influence pheasants? 12 Study Sites 6 High Hunting Pressure (Open Access CRP) 6 Low Hunting Pressure (Private CRP)
62 Hunting pressure is 12X higher on high pressure sites, but only early on High pressure sites Low pressure sites
63 Hunting pressure How does hunting influence pheasants during the hunting season? Pre- Early Late Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul.
64 Home range size (acres) Males DO NOT change home range size in response to hunting High Pressure Low Pressure
65 Home range size (acres) Females quadruple their home range size on high pressure sites, but quickly return to normal High Pressure Low Pressure
66 Change in home range location October to December (Miles) Females move their home range by more than ½ mile on high pressure sites High Low Hunting Pressure
67 Hens move from public to private fields during the hunting season
68 There movement is not random Observed Network Edge density: 1.16 Random Walk Network Edge density: 1.34
69 Hunting pressure Does hunting influence pheasants? Pre- Early Late Breeding YES NO Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul.
70 Hunting pressure is continuous and declines seasonally
71 Home ranges increases for females and males
72 Males and females shift home range center
73 How do pheasants interact with hunters in the field?
74 Hunters move between sites looking for pheasant
75 Hunters also move within sites looking for pheasant
76 1. Divide sites into grids 2. Monitor hunter and pheasant use
77 12 hunters, 148 acres Low Hunting Effort High
78
79 Time spent hunting Hunters spend more time near parking areas and along edges
80 Time spent hunting Hunters are not so good at finding pockets of birds Birds per grid section
81 Time spent hunting Change in hen use (during-before season) Birds move to thick vegetation but hunters don t Vegetation height
82 So is hunting affecting the winter population of pheasants? Photos: J.J. Fontaine
83 Percentage of birds surviving Day 11 of the hunting season male mortality is ~20% higher on high pressure sites 11 11
84 Percentage of birds surviving and female mortality is ~7% higher 11 11
85 Percentage of birds surviving however the survival consequences of hunting diminish as the season progresses
86 Hunting pressure Does hunting influence pheasants? Pre- Early Late Breeding YES NO Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul.
87 Hunting pressure Does hunting influence pheasants? Pre- Early Late Breeding YES? NO Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul.
88 12 Study Sites 6 High Hunting Pressure (Open Access CRP) 6 Low Hunting Pressure (Private CRP) 2012-present Does fall hunting pressure affect hens the following spring?
89 Hunting does not impact female condition the following spring, but High Low F 1,55 = 0.071; p = 0.79
90 Females on high pressure sites reduce egg size by 10% Egg volume (cm 3 ) High Low Hunting Pressure
91 Hunting pressure Does hunting influence pheasants? Pre- Early Late Breeding YES YES NO Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul.
92 Challenge 6: We still cannot control the weather
93 Drought clearly impacts the great plains
94 2013 drought 3 rd worst in SW Nebraska history
95 Population implications of drought
96 Hens Roosters Significant 1100 annual variation in Mass (g) body size Structural size (tarsus length mm) Capture year
97 Mass (g) Male Female Body size correlates with drought conditions 76 Structural size (tarsus length mm) Palmer Drought Severity Index
98 Reproductive implications of drought
99 Pheasant breeding season
100 Drought does not affect the peak ~May 10th breeding season
101 Drought may delay the onset of the breeding season
102 Drought limits the length of the breeding season
103 Drought limits the length of the breeding season
104 Drought limits egg size Egg volume (cm3) Palmer Drought Severity Index
105 Hunting pressure also reduces egg size Egg volume (cm 3 ) High Low Hunting Pressure
106 Drought mediates the cost of fear 26 Egg volume (cm3) Palmer Drought Severity Index
107 Challenge 7: Science to implementation
108 Improving access to information Managers have limited access to scientific libraries So much research/monitoring has never been published
109 Accounting for space and time when translating science Most research is from the 70s and 80s or even older Most research is from SD and IA Almost all research is done on good populations
110 Developing planning tools Pheasant Habitat Simulator
111 Managing pheasants is challenging Birds Access Time and money
112 Prairiebirds.unl.edu
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