BIOMECHANICAL LOADING OF INSTEP KICK FOR MALAYSIAN FOOTBALLER DAYANG KHAIRUNNISA BINTI ABANG KIPRAWI

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1 BIOMECHANICAL LOADING OF INSTEP KICK FOR MALAYSIAN FOOTBALLER DAYANG KHAIRUNNISA BINTI ABANG KIPRAWI Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering with Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2012

2 ii UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS JUDUL: BIOMECHANICAL LOADING OF INSTEP KICK FOR MALAYSIAN FOOTBALLER SESI PENGAJIAN: 2011/2012 Saya, DAYANG KHAIRUNNISA BINTI ABANG KIPRAWI ( ) mengaku membenarkan tesis (Sarjana Muda / Sarjana / Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis ini adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi / badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh: (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) Alamat tetap: No. 133, JS1/45 MLNG HOUSING, JLN PERSIARAN PANGERAN MATUSIN, TANJUNG KIDURONG, 97000, BINTULU SARAWAK IR AHMAD RASDAN BIN ISMAIL (Nama Penyelia) Tarikh: 25 JUNE 2012 Tarikh: 25 JUNE 2012 CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak brkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara Penyelidikan atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).

3 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE APPROVAL PAGE SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION STUDENT S DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TRANSLATION OF ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Page i ii iii iv v vi vii viii xii xiv xv xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Background of the Study Problem Statement Objective of the Study Scope of Study Significant of the Study Structure of Report Conclusion 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Biomechanical Loading on Instep Kick Quantitative Analysis Factors That Contributed to a Success Instep Kick Training Equipment Involved 9

4 ix Injuries of Players Role of Arm and Supporting Leg Conservation of the Linear Momentum in Collision Velocity of the Foot Speed of the Ball Accuracy of Kicking The Length, Speed and Angle Approach Hip Linear Motion Age Dominant and Non-Dominant Limb Position of the Players Fatigue Reviews on Previous Biomechanical Study Kinematic Analysis on Number of Trials for Soccer Instep 18 Kick Biomechanics of Instep Kick Between Different Positions Biomechanics Analysis and Optimization of Instep Kicking The Effect of Hip Linear Motion on Lower Leg Angular 21 Velocity Effect of Leg Muscle Fatigue on Instep Soccer Kick Foot to Ball Interaction in Preferred and Non Preferred Leg Run Up Deceleration Kinematic Analysis of Instep Penalty Kick Lower Extremity Muscle and Alignment during Soccer 25 Instep and Side Foot Kick Kinematic Comparison of Successful and Unsuccessful 29 Instep Kick Biomechanical Differences in Soccer Kicking with the 30 Preferred and Non- Preferred Leg Effect of Training Programs during Instep Kick Isokinetic Strength and Anaerobic Power of Elite, Sub Elite 31 and Amateur Soccer Players Ball Foot Interaction in Impact Phase Biomechanical Characteristics and Determinant of Instep 32 Kick Effect of Approach Angle on Penalty Kicking Accuracy Conclusion 33 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Subject Selection Experimental Setup Data Analysis 40

5 x 3.5 Conclusion 40 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction Segment Weight Subjects Picture of Kicking Picture of Subject with Knee Pad Picture of Subject without Knee Pad Calculation of Mass of Subjects and Force Example for Calculation of Force to the Ball Data Collection of Velocity, Acceleration, Distance, Angle of Hip and Angle of Knee Comparison of Ball Velocity Between Kicking Double 48 Instep Kick using Knee Pad and Without Using Knee Pad Comparison of Ball Acceleration between Kicking Double 49 Instep Kick using Knee Pad and without Knee Pad Comparison of Ball Distance after Kicking Double Instep 50 Kick using Knee Pad and without Using Knee pad Comparison of Angle of Hip and Knee while Kicking 50 Double Instep Kick using Knee Pad and without Knee Pad Discussion on Comparison with and Without using Knee Pad Correlation and ANOVA Analysis One Step with Knee Pad One Step without Knee Pad Two Steps with Knee Pad Two Steps without Knee Pad Correlation Analysis Discussion Multi Linear Regression One Step with Knee Pad Two Steps with Knee Pad One Step without Knee Pad Two Steps without Knee Pad Perception Analysis Conclusion CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 116

6 xi 5.2 Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion 118 REFERENCES 119 APPENDICES 127 A1 Questionnaire 128

7 xii Table No. LIST OF TABLES Title Page 2.1 Definition and calculation of measured parameters Phases of kicking Lower extremity alignment data Mass of subjects Ball velocity between kicking double instep kick using knee pad 48 and without knee pad 4.3 Ball acceleration between kicking double instep kick using knee 49 pad and without knee pad 4.4 Ball distance after kicking double instep kick using knee pad and 50 without knee pad 4.5 Angle of hip and knee while kicking double instep kick using knee 51 pad and without knee pad 4.6 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (one step 54 with knee pad-force versus velocity) 4.7 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (one step 57 with knee pad-force versus acceleration) 4.8 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (one step 60 with knee pad-force versus distance) 4.9 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (one step 63 without knee pad-force versus velocity) 4.10 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (one step 66 without knee pad-force versus acceleration) 4.11 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (one step 69 without knee pad-force versus distance) 4.12 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (two steps 72 with knee pad-force versus velocity) 4.13 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (two steps 75 with knee pad-force versus acceleration) 4.14 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (two steps 78 with knee pad-force versus distance) 4.15 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (two steps 81 without knee pad-force versus velocity) 4.16 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (two steps 84 without knee pad-force versus acceleration) 4.17 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test (two steps 87 without knee pad-force versus distance) 4.18 Correlation table of one step with knee pad Correlation table of one step without knee pad Correlation table of two steps with knee pad Correlation table of two steps without knee pad Force, velocity, acceleration and distance between frames Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test Force, velocity, acceleration and distance between frames Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test Force, velocity, acceleration and distance between frames 100

8 4.27 Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test Force, velocity, acceleration and distance between frames Correlation analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA, t-test Characteristics of the sample Correlation 112 xiii

9 xiv Figure No. LIST OF FIGURES Title Page 1.1 High intensity running in 5-min period during game, the following 17 5-min period as well as the game average for elite players during competitive matches. 2.1 The instep kick is divided into five phases delimited by six events The side-foot kick is divided into five phases delimited by six 27 events 3.1 High speed camera Study design Front side of knee pad Back side of knee pad Experiment setup at ISN Methodology process Picture from side view of subject from start to kick until finish 44 performing instep kick with knee pad 4.2 Picture from side view of subject from start to kick until finish 46 performing instep kick without knee pad 4.3 Graph of force versus velocity Graph of force versus acceleration Graph of force versus distance Graph of force versus velocity Graph of force versus acceleration Graph of force versus distance Graph of force versus velocity Graph of force versus acceleration Graph of force versus distance Graph of force versus velocity Graph of force versus acceleration Graph of force versus distance Graph of force versus velocity, acceleration and distance between 92 frames 4.16 Graph of force versus velocity, acceleration, and distance between 96 frames 4.17 Graph of force versus velocity, acceleration and distance between 100 frames 4.18 Graph of force versus velocity, acceleration and distance between 104 frames 4.19 Likert scale analysis on knee pad perception 110

10 xv LIST OF SYMBOLS r L m L a hip t SD Vector from lower leg CG to knee joint centre Mass of the lower leg hip linear acceleration vector Time difference Standard deviation

11 xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACL DLT EMG MHLA SSC Anterior cruciate ligament Direct linear transformation Electromyography Moment due to hip linear acceleration Stretch shortening cycle