A Comparison of Peak Linear and Angular Headform Accelerations Using Ice Hockey Helmets
|
|
- Peter Sharp
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 6, No. 1 Paper ID JAI Available online at P. Rousseau, 1 A. Post, 1 and T. B. Hoshizaki 1 A Comparison of Peak Linear and Angular Headform Accelerations Using Ice Hockey Helmets ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to quantify the ability of hockey helmets to manage peak angular and linear acceleration of the center of gravity of a Hybrid III headform at six impact locations and three velocities 5, 7, and 9 m/s. The method was intended to represent a reconstruction of helmet, shoulder, and elbow strikes to the head. Six different ice hockey helmets were impacted using a pneumatic linear impactor at velocities similar to those encountered in ice hockey. The results were then compared to impacts to an unhelmeted headform. The data demonstrated that under certain conditions, peak angular accelerations were above estimated injury thresholds, while peak linear accelerations remained below. This confirmed the importance of measuring peak angular acceleration and peak linear acceleration in order to better predict minor traumatic brain injuries. KEYWORDS: angular acceleration, ice hockey, helmet, mtbi Introduction Athletes performing in the National Hockey League NHL are bigger and stronger than 20 years ago 1. Combined with high skating velocities km/h 2, risks of sustaining an injury are high for ice hockey players. Reports have shown an increase in minor traumatic brain injuries mtbi in the NHL over the last 10 years 3. This type of injury represents 18 % of all reported ice hockey injuries 4 and is considered a dangerous injury, often requiring prolonged periods of time away from the game 5. Despite the introduction of helmets, originally designed to prevent severe head injuries, the incidence of mtbi has remained relatively stable for the past 30 years 5 7. Additional equipment, including visors and mouth guards, were believed to mitigate the injury; however, further research reported inconsistent effects on the incidence of mtbi Thus, helmets remain the most important piece of equipment in reducing the incidence of mtbi in ice hockey. Helmet performance is primarily influenced by safety standards which establish testing thresholds used to prevent major traumatic brain injuries including skull fractures and intracranial bleeds. Peak linear acceleration is often the only brain injury indicator used in these standards despite many studies demonstrating the importance of angular acceleration in predicting mtbi The test methodology most commonly used requires dropping a head form from a predetermined height on a fixed surface, simulating the mechanics of falling to the ice or into boards. This mechanism offers little compliance and does not account for impacts between two players, which are responsible for % of mtbi 5,6,16. Moreover, impacts away from the center of gravity, i.e., eccentric impacts, are not assessed. The objectives of this study were to quantify the ability of hockey helmets to manage peak angular acceleration and peak linear acceleration of the center of gravity of a Hybrid III headform at six impact locations and three velocities 5, 7, and 9 m/s. This will provide important insight into impact mechanics, crucial for head trauma prevention. Methodology The Pneumatic Linear Impactor System The pneumatic linear impactor system Fig. 1 consisted of three major components: 1 the support/piston frame, 2 the impacting arm, and 3 the table housing the Hybrid III headform. The frame supported the Manuscript received May 7, 2008; accepted for publication November 14, 2008; published online December Neurotrauma Impact Laboratory, University of Ottawa, School of Human Kinetics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Copyright 2009 by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
2 2 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL FIG. 1 Linear impactor. impacting arm, the compressed air canister, and the piston which was controlled electronically. The impacting arm mass kg was propelled horizontally by compressed air. On the tip of the impacting arm was a cap consisting of a kg hemispherical nylon pad with a mm thick vinyl nitrile 602 foam disk underneath. The mobile table kg was installed at the receiving end to support a Hybrid III head kg and neck kg and had a total mass of kg Fig. 2. The table allowed the dummy to slide backwards, thus allowing it to react in a realistic manner after the impact. A spring loaded brake system provided a safe stop following a displacement of m. The base supporting the Hybrid III head and attaching it to the moving table was built to allow for complete control over the location of impact. It could be adjusted in five degrees of freedom, including fore-aft x, lateral y, and up-down z translation, as well as fore-aft y and axial z rotation of the neck base. The adjustments were lockable and remained fixed throughout the testing. The Hybrid III Headform A Hybrid III 50th percentile male headform Fig. 3 was used in this study. The sensors mounted inside the Hybrid III headform were nine single-axis Endevco 7264C-2KTZ accelerometers, measurement range 500 peak g. They were positioned in an orthogonal arrangement following the array 17. FIG. 2 Mobile table supporting the Hybrid III headform.
3 ROUSSEAU ET AL. ON LINEAR AND ANGULAR HEADFORM ACCELERATIONS 3 FIG. 3 Hybrid III 50th percentile male headform (mass kg). The processing of the nine signals allowed the determination of the complete three-dimensional motion of the center of gravity of the head. The accelerations were collected at a frequency of 20 khz. The Helmets Six different hockey helmets representing three of the leading manufacturers were tested Fig. 4. The average mass for each model can be found in Table 1. The protective foams used in the helmets were either vinyl nitrile or expanded polypropylene. Test Procedure Three different hockey helmet models using vinyl nitrile foam and three models using expanded polypropylene were impacted using a pneumatic linear impactor. The helmets were struck three times per impact location using a virgin helmet at each of the following three velocities 5, 7, and 9 m/s. The unhelmeted headform, however, was not impacted at 9 m/s to prevent damaging the testing equipment. The average time between impacts was min. The impact locations were the following: 1 Front, center of gravity: The headform was directly facing the linear impactor 0 rotation. The impacts were located 30 1 mm above the intersection of the longitudinal plane and the reference plane Fig Front, 2.5 in. lateral translation: The headform was directly facing the linear impactor 0 rotation and was translated 2.5 in. to the right. The impacts were located 30 1 mm above the reference plane.
4 4 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL FIG. 4 Standard ice hockey helmets; frontal view of a standard helmet (top left), interior view of a standard helmet (top right), frontal view of a standard helmet (bottom left), interior view of a standard helmet (bottom right). 3 Front, 5 in. lateral translation: The headform was directly facing the linear impactor 0 rotation and was translated 5 in. to the right. The impacts were located 30 1 mm above the reference plane. 4 Front Boss, center of gravity: The headform was rotated 52.5 towards the right and was translated 1.25 in. to the left to ensure an impact through the center of gravity. The impacts were located 30 1 mm above the reference plane. 5 Front Boss, 1.25 in. lateral translation: The headform was rotated 52.5 towards the right and was translated 2.5 in. to the left 1.25 in. offset. The impacts were located 30 1 mm above the reference plane. 6 Front Boss, 2.5 in. lateral translation: The headform was rotated 52.5 towards the right and was translated 3.75 in. to the left 2.5 in. offset. The impacts were located 30 1 mm above the reference plane. Following each impact, peak linear accelerations and angular were computed using a TDAS Pro Lab system DTS, Seal Beach, CA. A SAE J211 class 1000 filter was used on the data obtained from the accelerometers. All further data analysis was conducted by Bioproc 2 developed by Dr. Robertson, University of Ottawa. All peaks were compared statistically using ANOVAs. The impact velocities of the linear impactor were measured using a time gate and recorded by computer using National Instruments VI-Logger. The time gate was validated using a High Speed Imaging PCI-512 Fastcam. The Fastcam recorded the impact at a frequency of 2000 Hz using Photron Motion Tools. The video of the impactor arm striker was then digitized prior to impact to produce distance traveled over time which was used to calculate impact velocity. TABLE 1 Helmet weights. Model Foam Weight kg I II III
5 ROUSSEAU ET AL. ON LINEAR AND ANGULAR HEADFORM ACCELERATIONS 5 FIG. 5 Reference planes of a DOT FMVSS 218 headform [18]. Brain Injury Probability The results were compared to brain injury thresholds proposed by Zhang and colleagues 15 to evaluate the helmets capability to manage peak accelerations. These thresholds were obtained using reconstructions of helmet-to-helmet field collisions recorded during National Football League games. Peak linear accelerations were reported to be 66, 82, and 106 G for a 25, 50, and 80 % probability of sustaining an mtbi, respectively. Peak angular accelerations were reported to be 4600, 5900, and 7900 rad/s 2 for a 25, 50, and 80 % probability of sustaining an mtbi, respectively 15. Results Tables 2 4 present the average 1 standard deviation peak linear and angular accelerations for front impacts at 5, 7, and 9 m/s. Results demonstrated that, at all velocities, impacts through the center of gravity and with a 2.5 in. translation generated higher peak linear and angular accelerations then impacts with a 5 in. translation p Impacts through the center of gravity produced higher peak linear accelerations than impacts with a 2.5 in. translation for impact at 5, and 7 m/s p Impacts through the center of gravity and impacts with a 2.5 in. translation produced similar peak angular accelerations with the exception of impacts at 7 m/s p TABLE 2 Average (standard deviation) peak linear acceleration and peak angular acceleration for front impacts with 0 (CofG), 2.5, and 5 in. lateral translation at 5m/s. Acceleration No helmet Helmet A Helmet B Helmet C Helmet D Helmet E Helmet F CofG Linear g Angular 11, rad/s in. Linear g Angular rad/s in. Linear g Angular rad/s
6 6 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL TABLE 3 Average (standard deviation) peak linear acceleration and peak angular acceleration for front impacts with 0 (CofG), 2.5 and 5 in. lateral translation at 7m/s. Acceleration No helmet Helmet A Helmet B Helmet C Helmet D Helmet E Helmet F CofG Linear g Angular 14, rad/s in. Linear g Angular rad/s in. Linear g Angular rad/s Tables 5 7 show the average 1 standard deviation peak linear accelerations and peak angular accelerations for front boss impacts at 5, 7, and 9 m/s. Results show that impacts through the center of gravity generated lower peak linear accelerations then impacts with a 2.5 in. translation at 9 m/s p They also produced lower peak accelerations then impacts with a 1.25 in. translation at 7 and 9m/s p Impacts through the center of gravity generated lower peak angular accelerations then impacts with a 1.25 and 2.5 in. translation at all velocities p Impacts with a 1.25 in. translation and impacts with a 2.5 in. translation produced similar peak linear and angular accelerations at all velocities. TABLE 4 Average (standard deviation) peak linear acceleration and peak angular acceleration for front impacts with 0 in. (CofG), 2.5 and 5 in. lateral translation at 9m/s. Acceleration Helmet A Helmet B Helmet C Helmet D Helmet E Helmet F CofG Linear g Angular rad/s in. Linear g Angular rad/s , in. Linear g Angular rad/s TABLE 5 Average (standard deviation) peak linear acceleration and peak angular acceleration for front boss impacts with 0 (CofG), 1.25 and 2.5 in. lateral translation at 5m/s. Acceleration No helmet Helmet A Helmet B Helmet C Helmet D Helmet E Helmet F CofG Linear g Angular 12, rad/s 2 1, in. Linear g Angular 10, rad/s in. Linear g Angular rad/s
7 ROUSSEAU ET AL. ON LINEAR AND ANGULAR HEADFORM ACCELERATIONS 7 TABLE 6 Average (standard deviation) peak linear acceleration and peak angular acceleration for front boss impacts with 0 (CofG), 1.25 and 2.5 in. lateral translation at 7m/s. Acceleration No helmet Helmet A Helmet B Helmet C Helmet D Helmet E Helmet F CofG Linear g Angular 18, rad/s in. Linear g Angular 14, , rad/s in. Linear g Angular ,411 rad/s Figure 6 shows peak linear and angular accelerations for front impacts through the center of gravity at 5, 7, and 9 m/s. At 5 m/s, peak linear and angular accelerations were below a 25 % and above an 80 % probability of sustaining mtbi, for helmeted and unhelmeted headform impacts, respectively. At 7 m/ s, peak linear accelerations for two helmets were above the 50 % probability of injury. One of the above helmets was also above the 50 % injury risk for angular acceleration; three were above the 25 % threshold, while two helmets were below. Peak linear and angular accelerations were above an 80 % probability of sustaining an mtbi. At 9 m/s, all peak linear accelerations were above the 80 % probability of sustaining mtbi. Peak angular accelerations showed more variation as two helmets were above 80 % risk of injury, two were above 50 %, and two were above 25 %. Figure 7 reveals peak linear and angular accelerations for front boss impacts with a 2.5 in. translation at 5, 7, and 9 m/s. At 5 m/s, all peak linear accelerations were below the 25 % probability of sustaining an mtbi for helmeted impacts and below 50 % for unhelmeted impacts. For peak angular accelerations, three helmets were above the 25 % risk of injury, two were above the 50 %, while the unhelmeted head was just below 50 %. At 7 m/s, the unhelmeted head as well as one impact with a helmet had a peak linear acceleration above the 50 % probability of injury, while the others remained below. At the same velocity, four helmets were above the 80 % injury risk for angular acceleration, while the unhelmeted head and the remaining two helmets were below. At 9 m/s, all peak accelerations were above the 80 % probability of sustaining an mtbi. Discussion The results demonstrated the relevance of measuring peak linear and angular acceleration when monitoring mtbi risk. As reflected in Tables 2 7, helmets certified using the same tests did not perform similarly. In some conditions, helmets with similar peak linear accelerations had different peak angular accelerations. TABLE 7 Average (standard deviation) peak linear acceleration and peak angular acceleration for front boss impacts with 0 (CofG), 1.25 and 2.5 in. lateral translation at 9m/s. Acceleration Helmet A Helmet B Helmet C Helmet D Helmet E Helmet F CofG Linear g Angular ,217 rad/s in. Linear g Angular 13,350 12,936 11,776 14,058 16,390 14,488 rad/s , in. Linear g Angular 11,042 12,366 13,660 16,456 16,483 16,758 rad/s ,
8 8 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL FIG. 6 Peak linear acceleration and peak angular acceleration for six ice hockey helmets as well as an unhelmeted head during a direct impact to the front of the headform, through the center of gravity. The three lines represent a 25, 50, and 80 % probability of sustaining a mtbi. FIG. 7 Peak linear acceleration and peak angular acceleration for six ice hockey helmets as well as an unhelmeted head during an impact to the front boss of the headform (52.5 rotation), with a 2.5 in. translation to the left. The three lines represent a 25, 50, and 80 % probability of sustaining a mtbi.
9 ROUSSEAU ET AL. ON LINEAR AND ANGULAR HEADFORM ACCELERATIONS 9 Furthermore, a review of Table 2 indicates a large difference in the angular acceleration response of helmets C and D. This variation may be attributed to differences in shell geometry, foam type, and foam density. Further research is required to understand the effects of helmet characteristics on peak linear and angular accelerations. The data also showed that helmets capable of maintaining peak linear accelerations below an acceptable risk of injury in certain conditions were incapable of doing so for peak angular accelerations Fig. 7. Peak angular accelerations reached during front impacts through the center of gravity remained below the 50 % risk of injury Fig. 6. Conversely, peak angular accelerations reached during front boss impacts with a 2.5 in. translation were above the 80 % risk of injury Fig. 7. Thus, impact location had an influence on the magnitude of peak angular acceleration, which is in accordance with similar studies When the results were compared to the ones obtained using the headform alone, it became apparent that the ability of the helmets to decrease peak linear and angular accelerations was influenced by the impact characteristics. An analysis of front boss impacts with a 2.5 in. lateral translation impact Fig. 7 showed that all six helmets were ineffective at reducing peak angular acceleration. The higher values suggest that present helmets cannot protect the head in such situations and may even put the athlete at a greater risk of sustaining an mtbi. These results highlight the importance of adding eccentric impacts to current test protocols. Factors such as shell size and geometry should be considered when designing helmets as they most certainly have an effect on resulting angular acceleration. The results also illustrate the importance of including peak angular acceleration when evaluating the performance of ice hockey helmets. It was shown that peak angular acceleration did not always react in the same manner as linear acceleration and that it identified certain impacts as being likely to provoke higher angular accelerations, even when peak linear accelerations remained low. To our knowledge, no other study has compared peak angular and linear accelerations in ice hockey helmets. Nonetheless, studies on American football helmets conducted by Pellman and his colleagues, reported similar trends There were a few limitations to this study. A 50th percentile male Hybrid III head and neck were used as human surrogates. Although the Hybrid III is the most widely used mannequin, it is not biofidelic, meaning that it does not imitate the human head s exact dynamic properties 25,26. Furthermore, the neck was only calibrated for rotation around the y axis. Nevertheless, the Hybrid III dummy remains the industry standard and has a multiaxis neck capable of withstanding the forces generated by the highvelocity impacts used in this study. It is important to keep in mind that these results were achieved using a pneumatic linear impactor with an effective striking mass of kg, which can explain why impacts at 7 and 9 m/s showed such high risks of injury. It is understood that effective mass plays a large role in impact mechanics; however, this study was not meant to be an exact reconstruction of impacts experienced in ice hockey. Finally, the effect of the sliding table supporting the headform is on the dynamic response of the head form is not known. For this study, the table offered very little resistance to motion as it allowed the dummy to slide backwards following the impact. Its effects on impact mechanics have not yet been fully studied. Conclusion The ice hockey helmets tested in this study showed a limited ability to manage peak angular accelerations and peak linear accelerations below defined thresholds under all six conditions. Furthermore, peak linear and angular accelerations did not respond uniformly across impact location and across impact velocities. Thus the following recommendations are made: 1 Peak angular accelerations should be considered when designing and evaluating the performance of ice hockey helmets. 2 Impacts locations away from the center of gravity should be added to existing test protocols. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Itech-Mission, Nike-Bauer, and Reebok-CCM for kindly providing them with helmets. They would also like to thank Xenith for supporting their laboratory.
10 10 JOURNAL OF ASTM INTERNATIONAL References 1 Montgomery, D. L., Physiological Profile of Professional Hockey Players A Longitudinal Comparison, Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2006, pp Sim, F. H. and Chao, E. Y., Injury Potential in Modern Ice Hockey, Am. J. Sports Med., Vol. 6, No. 6, 1978, pp Wennberg, R. A. and Tator, C. H., National Hockey League Reported Concussions, to , Can. J. Neurol. Sci., Vol. 30, No. 3, 2003, pp Emery, C. A. and Meeuwisse, W. H., Injury Rates, Risk Factors, and Mechanism of Injury in Minor Hockey, Am. J. Sports Med., Vol. 34, No. 12, 2006, pp Flik, K., Lyman, S., and Marx, R. G., American Collegiate Men s Ice Hockey: An Analysis of Injuries, Am. J. Sports Med., Vol. 33, No. 2, 2005, pp Gerberich, S. G., Finke, R., Madden, M., Priest, J. D., Aamoth, G., and Murray, K., An Epidemiological Study of High School Ice Hockey Injuries, Childs Nerv. Syst., Vol. 3, No. 1, 1987, pp Goodman, D., Gaetz, M., and Meichenbaum, D., Concussions in Hockey: There Is Cause for Concern, Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, Vol. 33, No. 12, 2001, pp Lieger, O. and von Arx, T., Orofacial/Cerebral Injuries and the Use of Mouthguards by Professional Athletes in Switzerland, Dental Traumatology, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2006, pp Meuwisse, W. H., Full Facial Protection Reduces Injuries in Elite Young Hockey Players, Clin. J. Sport Med., Vol. 12, No. 6, 2002, pp Benson, B. W., Rose, M. S., and Meuwisse, W. H., The Impact of Face Shield Use on Concussions in Ice Hockey: A Multivariate Analysis, Br. J. Sports Med., Vol. 36, No. 1, 2002, pp Stevens, S. T., Lassonde, M., de Beaumont, L., and Keenan, J. P., The Effect of Visors on Head and Facial Injury in National Hockey League Players, J. Sci. Med. Sport, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2006, pp Stuart, M. J., Smith, A. M., Malo-Ortiguera, S. A., Fisher, T. L., and Larson, D. R., A Comparison of Facial Protection and the Incidence of Head, Neck, and Facial Injuries in Junior A Hockey Players. A Function of Individual Playing Time, Am. J. Sports Med., Vol. 30, No. 1, 2002, pp Lowenhielm, P., Mathematical Simulation of Gliding Contusions, J. Biomech., Vol. 8, No. 6, 1975, pp Gennarelli, T. A., Thibault, L. E., Adams, J. H., Graham, D. I., Thompson, C. J., and Marcincin, R. P., Diffuse Axonal Injury and Traumatic Coma in the Primate, Ann. Neurol., Vol. 12 No. 6, 1982, pp Zhang, L., Yang, K. H., and King, A. I., A Proposed Injury Threshold for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, J. Biomech. Eng., Vol. 126, 2004, pp Delaney, J. S., Puni, V., and Rouah, F., Mechanisms of Injury for Concussions in University Football, Ice Hockey, and Soccer, Clin. J. Sport Med., Vo. 16, No. 2, 2006, pp Padgaonkar, A. J., Kreiger, K. W., and King, A. I., Measurements of Angular Accelerations of a Rigid Body Using Linear Accelerometers, J. Appl. Mech., Vol. 42, 1975, pp Snell Memorial Foundation: 2000 Standard for Protective Headgear for Use in Harness Racing; North Highlands CA: Snell Memorial Foundation, h202std.html Last Accessed 17 July Kleiven, S., Influence of Impact Direction on the Human Head in Prediction of Subdural Hematoma, J. Neurotrauma, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2003, pp Prange, M. T. and Margulies, S. S., Regional, Directional, and Age-Dependent Properties of the Brain Undergoing Large Deformation, J. Biomech. Eng., Vol. 124, No. 2, 2002, pp Zhang, L., Yang, K. H., and King, A. I., Comparison of Brain Responses Between Frontal and Lateral Impacts by Finite Element Modeling, J. Neurotrauma, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2001, pp Pellman, E. J., Viano, D. C., Tucker, A. M., Casson, I. R., and Waeckerle, J. F., Concussion in Professional Football: Reconstruction of Game Impacts and Injury, Neurosurgery, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2003, pp
11 ROUSSEAU ET AL. ON LINEAR AND ANGULAR HEADFORM ACCELERATIONS Pellman, E. J., Viano, D. C., Withnall, C., Shewchenko, N., and Halstead, P. D., Concussion in Professional Football: Helmet Testing To Assess Impact Performance Part 11, Neurosurgery, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2006, pp Viano, D. C., Pellman, E. J., Withnall, C., and Shewchenko, N., Concussion in Professional Football: Performance of Newer Helmets in Reconstructed Game Impacts Part 13, Neurosurgery, Vol. 59, No. 3, 2006, pp Deng, Y. C., Anthropomorphic Dummy Neck Modeling and Injury Considerations, Accid. Anal Prev., Vol. 21, No. 1, 1989, pp Seemann, M. R., Muzzy III, W. H., and Lustick, L. S., Comparison of Human and Hybrid III Head and Neck Dynamic Response, Proc. Stapp Car Crash Conf., Vol. 30, 1986, pp
Quantifying the effect of the facemask on helmet performance
Original Article Quantifying the effect of the facemask on helmet performance Proc IMechE Part P: J Sports Engineering and Technology 2018, Vol. 232(2) 94 101 Ó IMechE 2017 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalspermissions.nav
More information20XX. Bicycle Helmets for Children 2017 tested by Folksam
20XX Bicycle Helmets for Children 2017 tested by Folksam This is why we test bicycle helmets Every day three cyclists in Sweden sustain head injuries, which are some of the most severe injuries a cyclist
More informationAnalysis of the protective capacity of ice hockey helmets in a concussion injury reconstruction
Analysis of the protective capacity of ice hockey helmets in a concussion injury reconstruction Andrew Post, Clara Karton, T. Blaine Hoshizaki, Michael D. Gilchrist Abstract Concussion unfortunately is
More informationLinear and Angular Head Acceleration Measurements in Collegiate Football
Steven Rowson Center for Injury Biomechanics, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Gunnar Brolinson Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061 Mike Goforth Dave
More informationA Method for Assessing the Overall Impact Performance of Riot Helmets
246 JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS, 2003, 19, 246-254 2003 by Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. A Method for Assessing the Overall Impact Performance of Riot Helmets Jean-Philippe Dionne, Ismail El Maach,
More informationSports-related concussions are a growing public. Biomechanical performance of leather and modern football helmets. Technical note
See the corresponding editorial in this issue, pp 803 804. J Neurosurg 119:805 809, 2013 AANS, 2013 Biomechanical performance of leather and modern football helmets Technical note Steven Rowson, Ph.D.,
More informationEnergy Dissipation Measures on a Hockey Helmet across Impact Locations
Journal of Safety Engineering 216, 5(2): 27-35 DOI: 1.5923/j.safety.21652.1 Energy Dissipation Measures on a Hockey Helmet across Impact Locations Carlos Zerpa 1,*, Stephen Carlson 1, Siamak Elyasi 2,
More informationC ricket is a popular ball sport involving the risk of ball to
325 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluation of cricket helmet performance and comparison with baseball and ice hockey helmets A S McIntosh, D Janda... Br J Sports Med 2003;37:325 330 See end of article for authors
More informationAnalysis of Padding Recovery Time for Sports Helmets
Analysis of Padding Recovery Time for Sports Helmets Undergraduate Honors Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Research Distinction in the Department of Mechanical
More informationSummary of Guardian Protective Cover Impact Testing April 5, 2011
Summary of Protective Cover Impact Testing April 5, 11 Attached is the graphical data and analysis of representative impacts that occurred during testing from our tri-axial accelerometer. We used the DTS
More informationSTAR Methodology for Bicycle Helmets
Laboratory Tests Virginia Tech Helmet Lab 343 Kelly Hall 325 Stanger St Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 P: (540) 231-8254 rowson@vt.edu STAR Methodology for Bicycle Helmets Megan L. Bland, Craig McNally, and
More information12/6/2017. Evidence-Based Practice: Head Impacts in Lacrosse: Should We Be Concerned? Disclaimer. Concussions in Lacrosse
Evidence-Based Practice: Head Impacts in Lacrosse: Should We Be Concerned? Fredericksburg Regional Sports Medicine Symposium Michael Higgins PhD, ATC, PT, CSCS University of Virginia Objectives: Following
More informationHead Impacts in Hockey and Youth Football: Biomechanical Response and Helmet Padding Characteristics. Anna M. MacAlister
Head Impacts in Hockey and Youth Football: Biomechanical Response and Helmet Padding Characteristics Anna M. MacAlister Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
More informationConsumer Testing of Bicycle Helmets. Helena Stigson, Matteo Rizzi, Anders Ydenius, Emma Engström, Anders Kullgren
Consumer Testing of Bicycle Helmets Helena Stigson, Matteo Rizzi, Anders Ydenius, Emma Engström, Anders Kullgren Abstract Current bicycle helmet standards do not include angular acceleration, for certification
More informationSnowsport Helmets: The Good and Bad
Snowsport Helmets: The Good and Bad Irving Scher, PhD, PE Jasper Shealy, PhD Inherent Risks in Snow Sports Head Injuries in Snow Sports 4% to 12% of all injuries Potential outcomes: minor to severe Death
More informationBiomechanical Forces of Concussions. February 20, 2013 Martin Mrazik, PhD, R.Psych. University of Alberta
Biomechanical Forces of Concussions February 20, 2013 Martin Mrazik, PhD, R.Psych. University of Alberta Acknowledgements The Problem In the News The Globe and Mail (March 15, 2011): Bob Probert s brain
More informationSubject Index. STPIO50-EB/Sep Boot construction and blade fit, 135 Brain injury impact testing and,
STPIO50-EB/Sep. 1989 Subject Index A Acceleration drop height, multidirectional, 257 helmet impact testing, 244, 248-249 Accelerometer, 270 Adolescent players, physique differences in, 90-93 Aging of equipment,
More informationRelationships among Risk Factors for Concussion in Minor Ice Hockey
Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 6, No. 6 Paper ID JAI101878 Available online at www.astm.org Jeff Cubos, 1 Joseph Baker, 2 Brent Faught, 3 Jim McAuliffe, 4 Michelle L. Keightley, 5 Moira McPherson,
More informationHead Impact Analysis Validation for Aluminium Bonnet
Head Impact Analysis Validation for Aluminium Bonnet Arda Yüksel 1, Fırat Aras 1, Osman Çolpan 1 1 TOFAS, Bursa TR Abstract In recent years, vehicle manufacturers are making improvements to find more reliable
More informationImpact energy attenuation performance of football headgear
Br J Sports Med 2;34:337 341 337 School of Safety Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 252 A S McIntosh University of Melbourne, Department of Neurology, Austin and Repatriation Medical
More informationHELMETS have been shown to reduce the. Do Football Helmets Reduce Acceleration of Impact in Blunt Head Injuries?
604 FOOTBALL HELMETS Lewis et al. FOOTBALL HELMETS AND BLUNT HEAD INJURIES Do Football Helmets Reduce Acceleration of Impact in Blunt Head Injuries? LAWRENCE M. LEWIS, MD, ROSANNE NAUNHEIM, MD, JOHN STANDEVEN,
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF A PEDESTRIAN LOWER EXTREMITY PROTECTION CAR USING A BIOFIDELIC FLEXIBLE PEDESTRIAN LEGFORM IMPACTOR
DEVELOPMENT OF A PEDESTRIAN LOWER EXTREMITY PROTECTION CAR USING A BIOFIDELIC FLEXIBLE PEDESTRIAN LEGFORM IMPACTOR Atsuhiro Konosu, Takahiro Issiki Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI) Masaaki Tanahashi
More informationMADYMO human models for Euro NCAP pedestrian safety assessment
MADYMO human models for Euro NCAP pedestrian safety assessment Contents Introduction MADYMO Human Models Virtual testing in Euro NCAP Active bonnet safety performance Application of human body models MADYMO
More informationI. INTRODUCTION. A. Background of the study
Fatal Injury Mechanism Analysis of Occupants Especially Death of Left-Front Passenger for Offset-frontal Collision in Thailand Krittapat Makarabhirom, Saiprasit Koetniyom The Sirindhorn International Thai-German
More informationKinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball
Proceedings Kinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball Hiroki Okubo 1, * and Mont Hubbard 2 1 Department of Advanced Robotics, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma,
More informationConsiderations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear
Special Issue Article Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear Proc IMechE Part P: J Sports Engineering and Technology 2016, Vol. 230(1)
More informationProcedia Engineering Procedia Engineering 2 (2010)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering Procedia Engineering 2 (2010) 002681 2686 (2009) 000 000 Procedia Engineering www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 8 th Conference of the International
More informationSafety in Ice Hockey. 5 th Volume. Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers. JAI Guest Editors. Richard M. Greenwald Alan B.
Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical Papers STP 1516 Safety in Ice Hockey 5 th Volume JAI Guest Editors Richard M. Greenwald Alan B. Ashare Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical
More informationNumerical and experimental study on cerebral contusion under impact loading
Modelling in Medicine and Biology VI 267 Numerical and experimental study on cerebral contusion under impact loading S. Aomura 1, S. Fujiwara 2 & A. Nishimura 2 1 Graduate School of Tokyo Metropolitan
More informationRestraint Systems for Infants with Special Needs
TEST METHOD 213.5 Restraint Systems for Infants with Special Needs Revised: Issued: May 2012R October 1997 (Ce document est aussi disponible en français) Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 1 2. Test
More informationDevelopment and Validation of a 95 th Percentile Male Pedestrian Finite Element Model
Development and Validation of a 95 th Percentile Male Pedestrian Finite Element Model Wansoo Pak 1, Costin D. Untaroiu 1 1 Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA Abstract The pedestrian is one of the most
More informationDownloaded from SAE International by Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Monday, October 05, 2015
2005-01-3941 SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES Brake Pad Surface Topography Part I: Contact Pressure Distribution Abd Rahim Abu Bakar and Huajiang Ouyang University of Liverpool Jennifer E. Siegel Sensor Products
More informationImpact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer
Proceedings Impact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer Kaoru Kimachi 1, *, Sungchan Hong 2, Shuji Shimonagata 3 and Takeshi Asai 2 1 Doctoral Program of Coaching Science, University of Tsukuba,
More informationQian Wang, Tanya Kapoor, William Altenhof University of Windsor Department of Mechanical Automotive and Materials Engineering
9 th International LS-DYNA Users Conference Crash/Safety (2) A Numerical Investigation into the Injury Potential of Three-year-old Children Seated in Forward Facing Child Safety Seats During Side Impact
More informationDevelopment of a Simulation Model for Swimming with Diving Fins
Proceedings Development of a Simulation Model for Swimming with Diving Fins Motomu Nakashima 1, *, Yosuke Tanno 2, Takashi Fujimoto 3 and Yutaka Masutani 3 1 Department of Systems and Control Engineering,
More informationDevelopment of an end-effector to simulate the foot to ball interaction of an instep kick in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 284 289 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Development of an end-effector to simulate the
More informationAPPLICATION OF HUMAN COMPUTER MODELS IN MODELLING MARITIME CRASHES.
APPLICATION OF HUMAN COMPUTER MODELS IN MODELLING MARITIME CRASHES. M. Orlowski 1, C. Bastien 1, O. Razmkhah 1, S. McCartan 1 1 Centre for Mobility and Transport Coventry University (UK) 1 Strange 2 Content
More informationWHAT IS MIPS? AND HOW DOES IT WORK?
WHAT IS MIPS? AND HOW DOES IT WORK? In a helmet with MIPS Brain Protection System (BPS) the shell and the liner are separated by a Low Friction Layer. When a helmet with MIPS Brain Protection System is
More informationDYNAMIC CRUSH TEST ON HYDROGEN PRESSURIZED CYLINDER
DYNAMIC CRUSH TEST ON HYDROGEN PRESSURIZED CYLINDER Hiroyuki Mitsuishi 1, Koichi Oshino 2, Shogo Watanabe 2 1 Japan Automobile Research Institute, Takaheta1328-23, Shirosato, Ibaraki, 311-4316, Japan 2
More informationSTANDARD TEST METHOD AND PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FOR NEWLY MANUFACTURED SOCCER SHIN GUARDS. NOCSAE DOC (ND) m15
STANDARD TEST METHOD AND PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FOR NEWLY MANUFACTURED SOCCER SHIN GUARDS NOCSAE DOC (ND) 090 06m15 Prepared By NATIONAL OPERATING COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS FOR ATHLETIC EQUIPMENT Modified
More informationVehicle speed correlation with deformation amplitude due to adult pedestrian impact in car traffic accidents
Ovidius University Annals of Mechanical, Industrial and Maritime Engineering Volume X, Tom I, 2008 Vehicle speed correlation with deformation amplitude due to adult pedestrian impact in car traffic accidents
More informationThe validity of a rigid body model of a cricket ball-bat impact
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 682 687 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) The validity of a rigid body model of a cricket
More informationNumerical analysis of real-world cyclist crashes: impact speed, collision mechanism and movement trajectories.
Numerical analysis of real-world cyclist crashes: impact speed, collision mechanism and movement trajectories T.Y. Pang 1, H. Sakeran 1, A. Short 2, A.S. McIntosh 1, G. Rechnitzer 2, K.Thai 1 1 School
More informationBall impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 200 205 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Ball impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer
More informationA merican football, ice hockey, and soccer are popular
1of5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Neck injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States from 1990 to 1999 for ice hockey, soccer, and American football J S Delaney, A Al-Kashmiri... See end of article
More informationHOCKEY HELMET TEST RESULTS
ESPN.com: OTL [Print without images] Thursday, March 26, 2015 Updated: March 30, 2:10 PM ET Study: Many hockey helmets unsafe By Steve Fainaru ESPN.com More than a quarter of all helmets worn by hockey
More informationINTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING
INTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING Joseph P. Hunter 1, Robert N. Marshall 1,, and Peter J. McNair 3 1 Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland,
More informationExperiment of a new style oscillating water column device of wave energy converter
http://www.aimspress.com/ AIMS Energy, 3(3): 421-427. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2015.3.421 Received date 16 April 2015, Accepted date 01 September 2015, Published date 08 September 2015 Research article Experiment
More informationRestraint Systems for Disabled Persons
TEST METHOD 213.3 Restraint Systems for Disabled Persons Revised: Issued : May 2012R June 1, 1987 (Ce document est aussi disponible en français) Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 1 2. Test Devices to
More informationEstimation of impact severity in pedestrian accidents using accident investigation, computer simulation and physical reconstruction
Estimation of impact severity in pedestrian accidents using accident investigation, computer simulation and physical reconstruction Abstract Robert Anderson, Luke Streeter, Jack McLean Road Accident Research
More informationFriction properties of the face of a hand-held tennis racket
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 544 549 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Friction properties of the face of a hand-held
More informationThe Effect of Play Type and Collision Closing Distance on Head Impact Biomechanics. Karen Elaine Ocwieja
The Effect of Play Type and Collision Closing Distance on Head Impact Biomechanics Karen Elaine Ocwieja A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment
More informationRECONSTRUCTION OF AN UNUSUAL ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT USING COMPUTER SIMULATION
1. Attila Iuliu GÖNCZI RECONSTRUCTION OF AN UNUSUAL ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT USING COMPUTER SIMULATION 1. POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA, ROMANIA ABSTRACT: In most of the cases of a road traffic accident
More informationA Numerical Investigation of Human Biomechanical Response under Vertical Loading Using Dummy and Human Finite Element Models
A Numerical Investigation of Human Biomechanical Response under Vertical Loading Using Dummy and Human Finite Element Models Costin D. Untaroiu, Jacob Putnam Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA Abstract
More informationExamination of Human Body Mass Influence on Pedestrian Pelvis Injury Prediction Using a Human FE Model
IRC-2 IRCOBI Conference 22 Examination of Human Body Mass Influence on Pedestrian Pelvis Injury Prediction Using a Human FE Model Yasuaki Gunji, Masayoshi Okamoto, Yukou Takahashi Abstract This research
More informationB rain injury due to heading has recently received wide
i40 SUPPLEMENT Effectiveness of headgear in football C Withnall, N Shewchenko, M Wonnacott, J Dvorak... See end of article for authors affiliations... Correspondence to: C Withnall, Biokinetics and Associates
More informationPressure distribution of rotating small wind turbine blades with winglet using wind tunnel
Journal of Scientific SARAVANAN & Industrial et al: Research PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL WIND TURBINE BLADES WITH WINGLET Vol. 71, June 01, pp. 45-49 45 Pressure distribution of rotating small wind
More informationDix 1 COMPARISON OF THE HARMONIZED HYBRID III 5 TH FEMALE DUMMY CHEST RESPONSE TO THE FTSS AND DENTON DUMMIES
COMPARISON OF THE HARMONIZED HYBRID III 5 TH FEMALE DUMMY CHEST RESPONSE TO THE FTSS AND DENTON DUMMIES Jeff, Dix Nissan Technical Center North America United States of America Amanda, Bukhtia Nissan Technical
More informationCALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION OF DETAILED HYBRID III 50 TH PERCENTILE MALE ANTHROPOMORPHIC TEST DEVICE (ATD) BASED ON EXTENSIVE MINE BLAST TESTS
2017 NDIA GROUND VEHICLE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM MODELING & SIMULATION, TESTING AND VALIDATION (MSTV) TECHNICAL SESSION AUGUST 8-10, 2017 - NOVI, MICHIGAN CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION
More informationAnalysis of stroke technique using acceleration sensor IC in freestyle swimming
Analysis of stroke technique using acceleration sensor IC in freestyle swimming Y. Ohgi, M. Yasumura Faculty of Environmental Information, Keio Univ., Japan H. Ichikawa Doctoral Prog. of Health and Sport
More informationAnalysis of Backward Falls Caused by Accelerated Floor Movements Using a Dummy
Original Article Analysis of Backward Falls Caused by Accelerated Floor Movements Using a Dummy Hisao NAGATA 1 * and Hisato OHNO 2 1 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 1 4 6 Umezono,
More informationFirst Recorded Automobile Race. PARIS to ROUEN, FRANCE July 22, miles
First Recorded Automobile Race PARIS to ROUEN, FRANCE July 22, 1894 79 miles Early Days No attention paid to safety Post prize money and someone would risk his life for it Deaths were numerous Second
More informationA Nomogram Of Performances In Endurance Running Based On Logarithmic Model Of Péronnet-Thibault
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-issn: 2320-0847 p-issn : 2320-0936 Volume-6, Issue-9, pp-78-85 www.ajer.org Research Paper Open Access A Nomogram Of Performances In Endurance Running
More informationUse of Throw Distances of Pedestrians and Bicyclists as Part of a Scientific Accident Reconstruction Method 1
contents Introduction xi CHAPTER 1 Use of Throw Distances of Pedestrians and Bicyclists as Part of a Scientific Accident Reconstruction Method 1 Introduction 2 Basis of Speed Calculation 2 New Results
More informationFootball helmet fitment and its effect on helmet performance
Wayne State University DigitalCommons@WayneState Wayne State University Theses 1-1-2012 Football helmet fitment and its effect on helmet performance Ron Jadischke Wayne State University, Follow this and
More informationA Study on Injuries and Kinematics in Pedestrian Accidents involved Minivan and Sedan
A Study on Injuries and Kinematics in Pedestrian Accidents involved Minivan and Sedan LI Guibing*, NIE Jin*, YANG Jikuang**, Zhou Xuenong***, Zhang Chao****, Yu Xiaoping*****, Li Weiqiang******, Wang Meichuan*******
More informationAnalysis of Force-Limiting Capabilities of Football Neck Collars
Analysis of Force-Limiting Capabilities of Football Neck Collars David Eugene McNeely III Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment
More informationTHE EFFECT OF BINDING POSITION ON KINETIC VARIABLES IN ALPINE SKIING
THE EFFECT OF BINDING POSITION ON KINETIC VARIABLES IN ALPINE SKIING H. SCHWAMEDER 1, B. M. NIGG 2, V. v. TSCHARNER 2, D. STEFANYSHYN 2 1 Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Salzburg 2 Human Performance
More informationBiomechanics of knife stab attacks
Forensic Science International 105 (1999) 35 44 www.elsevier.com/ locate/ forsciint Biomechanics of knife stab attacks E.K.J. Chadwick *, A.C. Nicol, J.V. Lane, T.G.F. Gray a, a a b a Bioengineering Unit,
More informationSPIRIT III Radiometer Saturation Effect
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Space Dynamics Lab Publications Space Dynamics Lab 1-1-1997 SPIRIT III Radiometer Saturation Effect Joseph J. Tansock Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/sdl_pubs
More informationAbstract. 1 Introduction
A computational method for calculatingthe instantaneous restoring coefficients for a ship moving in waves N. El-Simillawy College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academyfor Science and Technology,
More informationGround Forces Impact on Release of Rotational Shot Put Technique
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2014-12-01 Ground Forces Impact on Release of Rotational Shot Put Technique Niklas B. Arrhenius Brigham Young University - Provo
More informationFinal Report for Measurement of Head Velocities of Boxing Participants. with Wireless Digital Accelerometers. Daniel Bullock
A. Title Page Final Report for Measurement of Head Velocities of Boxing Participants with Wireless Digital Accelerometers Daniel Bullock Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics Corley
More informationEFFECTS OF VEHICLE IMPACT VELOCITY AND FRONT-END STRUCTURE ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF CHILD PEDESTRIANS
EFFECTS OF VEHICLE IMPACT VELOCITY AND FRONT-END STRUCTURE ON THE DYNAMIC RESPONSES OF CHILD PEDESTRIANS Xuejun Liu and Jikuang Yang Crash Safety Division, Chalmers University of Technology 412 96, Göteborg,
More informationExperimental Determination of Temperature and Pressure Profile of Oil Film of Elliptical Journal Bearing
International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering. ISSN 2250-3234 Volume 4, Number 5 (2014), pp. 469-474 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Experimental Determination of Temperature
More informationBody Stabilization of PDW toward Humanoid Walking
Body Stabilization of PDW toward Humanoid Walking Masaki Haruna, Masaki Ogino, Koh Hosoda, Minoru Asada Dept. of Adaptive Machine Systems, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan ABSTRACT Passive
More informationGender Differences in Head Impacts Sustained by Collegiate Ice Hockey Players
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of Psychology Psychology, Department of 2012 Gender Differences in Head Impacts Sustained
More informationDIFFERENT TYPES ARM SWING USED IN INDIAN VOLLEYBALL AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
DIFFERENT TYPES ARM SWING USED IN INDIAN VOLLEYBALL AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 1 Amritpal Singh Sidhu 1 Physical Education Teacher, Govt. Model Sen. Sec. School,Sheron (Sunam) Sangrur PB, India ABSTRACT
More informationAPPLICATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL ACCELEROMETRY TO HUMAN MOTION ANALYSIS
APPLICATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL ACCELEROMETRY TO HUMAN MOTION ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION Ken'ichi Egawa, T. Tsuboi, T. Satoh, and M. Miyazaki Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University Three dimensional
More informationSupporting Information Appendix
Supporting Information Appendix Chang et al. 10.1073/pnas.XXXXXXXXXX Chang et al. 10.1073/pnas.XXXXXXXXXX 1 of 7 Fig. S1. (a) The neck length of the CT-scanned Northern Gannet and Brown Booby was determined
More informationAndrewsREF.org 1020 Gulf Breeze Parkway, Gulf Breeze, FL (850)
The Andrews Research and Education Foundation are proud to present the results of testing on the FaceLoc quick release system that has been completed in conjunction with the sponsoring company. Introduction:
More informationCFD Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Diaphragm Pressure Wave Generator
CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation of a Diaphragm Pressure Wave Generator T. Huang 1, A. Caughley 2, R. Young 2 and V. Chamritski 1 1 HTS-110 Ltd Lower Hutt, New Zealand 2 Industrial Research Ltd
More informationSIMON Simulation of Non-Automotive Vehicle Free Rolling Response
SIMON Simulation of Non-Automotive Vehicle Free Rolling Response Ciro Ramirez, PhD, PE, CSHO, C. L. Long, Jr., P.E., and R. Joe Thornhill, PhD, PE, CSHO Thornhill, Ramirez & Associates, Inc. Copyright
More informationOptimal Football Pressure as a Function of a Footballer s Physical Abilities
Proceedings Optimal Football Pressure as a Function of a Footballer s Physical Abilities Andrew Christenson 1, *, Pei Cao 2 and Jiong Tang 2 1 Edwin O. Smith High School, 1235 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06268,
More informationAnalysis on crash pad protection for short track on boarded rinks
Analysis on crash pad protection for short track on boarded rinks Analysis and recommendations SPEED SKATING CANADA 25 février 2012 By : Robert Tremblay Analysis on crash pad protection for short track
More informationPRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL WIND TURBINE BLADE WITH WINGLETS ON ROTATING CONDITION USING WIND TUNNEL
International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD ) ISSN 2249-6890 Vol.2, Issue 2 June 2012 1-10 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd., PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL WIND TURBINE
More informationAuto Rickshaw Impacts with Pedestrians: A Computational Analysis of Post-Collision Kinematics and Injury Mechanics
Auto Rickshaw Impacts with Pedestrians: A Computational Analysis of Post-Collision Kinematics and Injury Mechanics A. J. Al-Graitti, G. A. Khalid, P. Berthelson, A. Mason-Jones, R. Prabhu, M. D. Jones
More informationSIMULTANEOUS RECORDINGS OF VELOCITY AND VIDEO DURING SWIMMING
Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences. 6:supl. 2, 32-35, 2006 SIMULTANEOUS RECORDINGS OF VELOCITY AND VIDEO DURING SWIMMING Albert B. Craig 1, Budd Termin2, and David R. Pendergast 2 1University of Rochester,
More informationCONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF TEST SAMPLE TEST RIG GENERAL ARRANGEMENT TEST SEQUENCE...7
Page 2 of 22 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...3 2. DESCRIPTION OF TEST SAMPLE...4 3. TEST RIG GENERAL ARRANGEMENT...6 4. TEST SEQUENCE...7 5. SUMMARY AND CLASSIFICATION OF TEST RESULTS...8 6. WATERTIGHTNESS
More informationInvestigation of Suction Process of Scroll Compressors
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2006 Investigation of Suction Process of Scroll Compressors Michael M. Cui Trane Jack Sauls
More informationBODY FORM INFLUENCES ON THE DRAG EXPERIENCED BY JUNIOR SWIMMERS. Australia, Perth, Australia
1 BODY FORM INFLUENCES ON THE DRAG EXPERIENCED BY JUNIOR SWIMMERS Andrew Lyttle 1, Nat Benjanuvatra 2, Brian A Blanksby 2, Bruce C Elliott 2 1 Western Australian Institute of Sport, Perth, Australia 2
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF FORCES ACTING ON THE HEAD FROM THE TAEKWONDO TURNING KICK. Gabriel P. Fife, ATC
AN ANALYSIS OF FORCES ACTING ON THE HEAD FROM THE TAEKWONDO TURNING KICK by Gabriel P. Fife, ATC A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More information13 JSTS Vol. 27, No. 2
13 JSTS Vol. 27, No. 2 Water Landing Impact of Recovery Space Capsule: A Research Overview Eiichiro NAKANO 1), Hideaki UCHIKAWA 1), Hideyuki TANNO 2), Ryu SUGIMOTO 3), 1) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
More informationSteffen Willwacher, Katina Fischer, Gert Peter Brüggemann Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
P01-3 ID126 SURFACE STIFFNESS AFFECTS JOINT LOADING IN RUNNING Steffen Willwacher, Katina Fischer, Gert Peter Brüggemann Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
More informationBROCK UNIVERSITY. Name: Student #: Page 1 of 12
Name: Student #: BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 12 Final Exam: July 2016 Number of pages: 12 (+ formula sheet) Course: PHYS 1P21/1P91 Number of students: 104 Examination date: 9 July 2016 Number of hours:
More informationThe use of an Edge Load Profile static bench for the qualification of alpine skis
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (212 ) 385 39 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) The use of an Edge Load Profile static bench for
More informationScanning Laser Vibrometry Assessment of Sports Equipment
Scanning Laser Vibrometry Assessment of Sports Equipment 20 th September 2007 Polytec Vibrometer User s Meeting Mr Contents Introduction PSV-300, 2D Soccer analysis. PSV-400, 3D Soccer analysis. Cricket
More informationCan helmet design reduce the risk of concussion in football?
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior: Papers & Publications Brain, Biology and Behavior, Center for 2014 Can helmet design
More informationProcedia Engineering 00 2 (2010) (2009) Properties of friction during the impact between tennis racket surface and ball
Procedia Engineering 00 2 (2010) (2009) 000 000 2973 2978 Procedia Engineering www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia 8 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Properties of
More informationBiofidelity Assessment of the 6-Year-Old ATDs in Side Impact
Biofidelity Assessment of the 6-Year-Old ATDs in Side Impact J. L. Yaek 1, Y. Li 1, P. J. Lemanski 1, P. C. Begeman 1, and J. M. Cavanaugh 1 1 Wayne State University ABSTRACT The objective of this study
More information