FUNDAMENTALS. The defense tries to prevent the offense from scoring or advancing the football.

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1 FUNDAMENTALS There are four quarters, each 12 minutes in length. Each team has eleven players on the field at a time. Each team must start a play on their side of the ball. The team with the possession of the football is called the offense. The offense tries to advance the football on plays toward the end zone. The defense tries to prevent the offense from scoring or advancing the football. The offense must advance the ball at least 10 yards every four plays or downs. Each time the offense is successful in advancing the ball 10 yards, they get four more downs or what is called a "first down". If the offense does not get 10 yards in four plays, the other team gains possession of the football at the current line of scrimmage. In order to keep the other team from getting good field position the offense can punt (kick) the ball to the other team intentionally. This is often done on 4th down, when the offense is outside of field goal range. Offensive plays on downs start with a snap. This is when the center passes the football between their legs to one of the offensive backs (usually the quarterback). The ball is advanced either by running with the football (called rushing) or passing the football. The football play is over when: 1. The player with the football is tackled or goes out of bounds 2. The quarterback throws an incomplete pass. 3. There is a score. The offensive team can lose possession of the football by: Scoring Not getting 10 yards in four downs Fumbling or dropping the football and the defensive team recovers it Throwing the football to a defensive player for an interception Punting or kicking the football to the defensive team Missing a field goal Getting tackled in the end zone for a safety. There are many rules and penalties that are enforced during a football game. Most football penalties result in a loss or gain of yardage depending on whether the penalty is against the offense or the defense. The severity of the penalty determines the number of yards. Most penalties are 5 or 10 yards, but some personal foul penalties result in 15 yards. Also, pass interference can result in a penalty that matches the length of the intended pass. The team that did not commit the penalty has the right to decline the penalty.

2 PLAYER POSITIONS Two teams of eleven players are on the field at one time. The team in possession of the ball plays offense, the other plays defense. Both teams line up over the line of scrimmage across from each other. Substitution of players may take place any time the ball is not in play. THE OFFENSE: Consists of an offensive line, a backfield, and wide receivers. The offense works together to advance the ball toward the end zone. Center- Lines up in the middle of the offensive line. He snaps the football between his legs to the quarterback and then blocks the defensive line. Guards - Line up on either side of the center. They block on passing plays and try to push back the defensive line to open holes for the running backs. Tackles - Positioned outside of the guards on the offensive line. Their main objective is to block on running plays, and protect the quarterback on passing plays. Tight Ends - Fill out the end of the offensive line. They act as blockers and also as pass receivers. Wide Receivers (or Wide-outs) - Usually the fastest players on the team, they line up wide of the offensive line toward the side- lines, and run patterns to catch passes from the quarterback. Running Backs (Halfbacks and Fullbacks) - Positioned behind the quarterback in the offensive backfield. As the team s primary ball carriers, they use speed and strength to rush the ball downfield. Quarterback - Stands directly behind the center. As the offensive leader on the field, he calls the plays, takes the snap, and then runs, passes, or hands off the football to a running back. THE DEFENSE: Consists of a defensive line and a secondary. Defenders try to prevent the offense from advancing the football toward their end zone. Nose Guard - Plays directly opposite the offensive center. His primary job is to prevent runners from advancing through the middle of the defensive line. Defensive Tackles - Line up on either side of the nose guard. They try to pressure and tackle the quarterback on pass plays and stop running plays up the middle. Defensive Ends - Positioned on either side of the defensive tackles. Ends try to stop ball carriers moving to the outside and also rush the quarterback on pass plays. Linebackers - Play in the secondary behind the defensive line. Linebackers fill any holes that an advancing ball carrier might slip through and will also blitz the quarterback on some passing plays. Defensive Backs (Deep backs, safeties, and cornerbacks) - Part of the defensive secondary. They are the last line of defense before the end zone and thus cover long running and pass plays. Every offensive play from the line of scrimmage is called a down. The offense gets four downs to try to advance the ball at least ten yards. If successful, a first down is awarded, and the offensive team gets four more tries to gain ten yards. If, after three downs the offense does not think it will reach the first down marker it may choose to punt the ball. Possession of the football is then turned over to the defensive team.

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4 COMMON PENALTIES Any violation of the rules results in a penalty and/or a loss of a down. To signal that a penalty has occurred the referee tosses a yellow flag on the field. False Start or Illegal Procedure - Before the ball is snapped, the offensive linemen must assume a set position. If a lineman jerks his body, the offense is penalized five yards. Offside - Occurs when a player crosses the neutral zone prior to the ball being snapped. This violation costs the offense five-yards. Clipping - When a player blocks an opponent from behind and below the waist, the result is a fifteenyard penalty. Holding - Called against any player who uses his hands or arms in an attempt to restrain an opponent moving without the ball. Holding results in a ten-yard penalty. Pass Interference - A player may not bump, grab, or hinder the progress of another player attempting to catch a pass. This violation may be called against an offensive or defensive player. It yields a yardage penalty or the ball is placed at the spot where the penalty occurred. Face Mask - Occurs when a player grabs an opponent s face mask. The resulting penalty is fifteen yards, unless it is deemed unintentional, then it is only five yards. Roughing the Passer or Kicker - To protect kickers and quarterbacks, who are very vulnerable when they are passing or kicking the ball, players are not allowed to run into them after the ball has been thrown or kicked.

5 KNOW THE LINGO Blitz - When defensive secondary players rush through the offensive line into the backfield to try to sack the quarterback. Blocking - Offensive players use their bodies and arms as a means to impede defenders from making tackles, moving them away from the path of the ball carrier. Bomb - A very long forward pass. Dead Ball - Declared by an official at the end of each down after a player has been tackled and the ball is no longer in play. Down - The offensive sequence of plays starting from the line of scrimmage that begins with the center s snap and ends when the ball is dead. Drive - Describes a series of downs in the offensive team s advance toward the goal. Extra Point - After a touchdown, one point is scored for a place kick through the goal posts. Some leagues give two points for running or passing the ball over the goal line. Fair Catch - On a punted ball, the punt receiver signals (by waving his hand in the air) that he will not advance the ball. This prevents the player from being tackled. Field Goal - A place kick from the line of scrimmage that goes over the crossbar between the uprights of the opponent s goal post. Field goals are used on fourth down (when the offensive team is close to the end zone) or on any other down when time is running out. It is worth three points. Forward Pass - A throw made from behind the line of scrimmage. If the ball is not caught, it is an incomplete pass. Once the ball has crossed the line of scrimmage a forward pass is not permitted. Fumble - When a ball carrier drops the ball on the field. The team first to recover the ball gains possession. If the defense recovers the fumble it is a turnover. Grounding - The quarterback throws the ball down on the field to avoid a sack. Hand Off - The handing of the ball to a teammate on offensive plays. Huddle - Players gather in a circle before each down to hear instructions for the next play from the quarterback. Interception - When a forward pass is caught by a defender. It results in a turnover. Kicker - The player who place kicks the ball on kickoffs, field goals, and extra points. Kickoff - A place kick in which one team kicks the ball to the other. It occurs at the start of each half and after each score. Lateral - When a player with the ball is ahead of the line of scrimmage and tosses the ball to a teammate beside or behind him, but not in front of him. Line of Scrimmage - It is the line along which both teams set up across on each down. The offensive team must have at least seven players on or within a foot of this line.

6 Neutral Zone - The one-yard area encompassing the line of scrimmage, which separates the offense from the defense. Onside Kick - On a kickoff, a team may attempt to regain possession of the ball by kicking it only a short distance forward, allowing its players a chance to recover the ball. The ball must travel at least ten yards before the kicking team can recover it. Pass Rush - When the defensive team rushes the quarterback in an attempt to tackle him before he passes. Place Kick - The ball is placed on the ground and held by either a teammate or a kicking tee for the kicker. It is used at the start of each half, after every score, on field goals, and on extra point attempts. Punt - A kick taken from behind the line of scrimmage in which the ball is dropped from the kickers hands and punted before it touches the ground. Punting often occurs on fourth down after the first three downs have failed to result in a first down. Rushing - The use of running plays to move the ball downfield on offense. Sack - When defensive players tackle the quarterback behind the line of scrimmage, resulting in a loss of yards for the offense. Safety - Two points awarded to the defensive team when a ball carrier is tackled within, or runs out of the backside of his own team s end zone. Screen Pass - A short forward pass, lofted over the heads of rushing defensemen. Shotgun - On some pass plays the quarterback will stand several yards behind the center to catch the snap, so as to have more time to throw the ball. Snap - The toss of the ball through the legs of the center to the quarterback, punter, or place kick holder. Spot - Where the ball is placed after each play to establish the line of scrimmage. Sweep - A rushing play in which the ball carrier runs around one end, rather than through the middle of the offensive line. Tackle - When a ball carrier is taken down or stopped by an opposing player. Touchback - On a kickoff when either the ball is caught in the end zone and the receiving team does not run it out, or it goes through the end zone. To signal a touchback, the receiving player kneels on one knee in the end zone. The next offensive play begins from the twenty-yard line. Touchdown - When a player carries the ball across the opposing goal line, or catches the ball or recovers a fumble in the end zone. A touchdown is worth six points. Turnover - A fumble or an interception, which results in the defense gaining possession of the ball.

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