The Yo-Yo Test: Reliability and Association With a 20-m Shuttle Run and VO 2max

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1 International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2006:1: Human Kinetics, Inc. The Yo-Yo Test: Reliability and Association With a 20-m Shuttle Run and VO 2max Andrew Thomas, Brian Dawson, and Carmel Goodman Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the reliability of yo-yo intermittent recovery test (yo-yo) scores and their degree of association with a 20-m shuttle run (20MSR) and VO 2max values. Methods: Subjects were elite (Australian Football League [AFL], n = 23), state-level (hockey, n = 15, and cricket, n = 27), and recreational team-sport players (n = 33). All performed a 20MSR and the yo-yo at either level 1 (recreational and state level) or level 2 (AFL). A recreational subgroup (n = 19) also performed a treadmill VO 2max test. Results: Test retest results found the yo-yo (levels 1 and 2) to be reliable (ICC =.86 to.95). The 20MSR and yo-yo level 1 scores correlated (P <.01) in the recreational (r =.81 to.83) and state-level groups (r =.84 to.86), and 20MSR and yo-yo level 2 scores, in the elite (r =.86) and recreational groups (r =.55 to.57). The VO 2max and yo-yo level 1 scores in the recreational group correlated (P <.01, r =.87), but no association was found with yo-yo level 2 (r =.40 to.43, nonsignificant). Conclusions: We conclude that level 1 (recreational and state level) and level 2 (elite) yo-yo scores were both strongly associated with 20MSR scores and VO 2max (level 1: recreational subjects only). The yo-yo appears to measure aerobic fitness similarly to the 20MSR but may also be used as a field test of the ability to repeat high-intensity efforts. Key Words: aerobic fitness, blood lactate, high-intensity running The 20-m multistage shuttle run (20MSR) is widely used by team-sport athletes as a field test for determining aerobic fitness, 1 and it has also been demonstrated to have a strong association with VO 2max (r =.92 to.93), 2,3 although this relationship may be lower in well-trained athletes. 4 However, in team sports, exercise is intermittent and players must repeatedly perform intense, short sprint exercise. 5 For example, in Australian football (AFL), there are between 150 and 200 high-intensity (fast running and sprinting) efforts, almost all of 1 to 6 seconds in duration. 6 These game demands and required fitness are not directly assessed by the 20MSR. Although aerobic fitness is integral to performance in a team game, the ability to repeat high-intensity efforts is also very important. 5,6 Both Krustrup et al 5 and Mohr and Bangsbo 7 have demonstrated that soccer play quality is associated with the amount of high-intensity running performed throughout a game. Hence, it is important to evaluate team-sport athletes fitness for intermittent repeated high-intensity exercise, as well as their aerobic capacity. The authors are with the School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009 Western Australia, Australia 137

2 138 Thomas, Dawson, and Goodman The yo-yo intermittent recovery test (yo-yo) 8 was specifically designed to evaluate the ability to repeat high-intensity running efforts over short distances. It involves repeated 20-m shuttle runs at progressively increasing speeds, with a 10- second active recovery interspersed between every 20-m (out and back) shuttle. This differs from the 20MSR, which progressively increases in speed but has no recovery period. Both tests end when the athlete cannot maintain the required speeds. The yo-yo has 2 levels, with level 1 designed for low-level athletes and level 2 for welltrained and elite athletes. Level 2 starts at and maintains higher speeds than level 1. By its nature, the yo-yo appears to have more relevance to team sports than the 20MSR. The demands of games such as Australian football, 5 basketball, 9 netball, 10 rugby, 11 and soccer 1,7,12 all require multiple high-intensity efforts interspersed with short recovery periods. Therefore, the yo-yo might be a more specific fitness test for these sports than the 20MSR. However, a large degree of similarity exists in the procedures of the yo-yo and the 20MSR, and it remains to be determined whether there is any significant association between these test scores. If so, then the tests may not be assessing different elements of aerobic (and/or anaerobic) fitness and only one or the other need be performed. Furthermore, only Krustrup et al 5 have reported a coefficient of variation (4.9%) for test retest reliability for the yo-yo (level 1), and no data are available for yo-yo level 2 or the degree of association between levels 1 and 2 of the yo-yo test. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to examine the degree of association between the 20MSR and the yo-yo test scores, the relationship to VO 2max, and to assess the test retest reliability of the 2 levels of the yo-yo test. Secondary objectives were to determine the degree of association between levels 1 and 2 of the yo-yo test scores and their relationship to postexercise blood lactate values. The results of this study should more clearly define the role of the yo-yo for assessing the fitness of team-sport athletes. Subjects Methods The sport, stage of season when tested, and physical characteristics of the groups of subjects used are shown in Table 1. The elite and state-level athletes were tested after 6 to 8 weeks of preseason training and the recreational subjects 2 to 3 months into their competitive season. Before commencement, all subjects were informed of the study requirements, benefits, and risks before giving written, informed consent. The Research Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia granted approval for the study. Experimental Design Subjects were recruited from different levels of team-sport competition, namely elite, state level, and recreational. This design allowed for a determination of any differences in the degree of association between the 20MSR and the yo-yo among team-sport players of varying competition and fitness levels.

3 Yo-Yo Test and Aerobic Fitness 139 All subjects performed both the 20MSR and the yo-yo (either level 1 or level 2) in random fashion. Elite and state-level subjects performed each test at least once, after prior familiarization, involving submaximal efforts to approximately 75% of maximum. The recreational group performed the 20MSR once, either level of the yo-yo once, and the other level of the yo-yo twice, thereby performing a test retest of level 1 and level 2 of the yo-yo for reliability purposes. Our intention was for the elite-level players to do a test retest of level 2, but this could not be arranged because of their training schedule. The outline of testing is shown in Table 2. In addition, a subgroup (n = 19) of the recreational subjects also performed a treadmill VO 2max test and had postexercise blood lactates taken after the yo-yo (level 1 and level 2) to provide further information about the aerobic and anaerobic energy contribution to the yo-yo. Testing sessions were separated by at least 3 days but no longer than 1 week. For every 3 to 4 subjects, there was 1 official determining successful shuttle completion and final test score. Subjects wore running shoes for all testing, which Table 1 Subject Characteristics, Mean ± SD (Range) Subjects n Age, y Height, cm Weight, kg When tested Elite Australian football (men) State level U17/19 cricket (men) ± 3.5 ( ) ± 1.2 ( ) U/21 hockey (women) ± 0.7 ( ) Recreational* men ± 6.0 ( ) ± 8.5 ( ) ± 6.6 ( ) ± 8.6 ( ) ± 5.6 ( ) 87.7 ± 8.8 ( ) 74.4 ± 10.9 ( ) 67.7 ± 10.1 ( ) 80.9 ± 9.5 ( ) preseason preseason preseason in season *Sports played include basketball, cricket, Australian football, hockey, rugby, touch rugby, and soccer. Table 2 Division of Subjects and Testing Procedures Elite Group State-Level Groups Recreational Groups AFL (n = 23) Cricket (n = 27) Hockey (n = 15) Group 1 (n = 16) Group 2 (n = 17) Yo-yo level 2 Yo-yo level 1 Yo-yo level 1 Yo-yo level 1 ( 2) and level 2 ( 1) Yo-yo level 2 ( 2) and level 1 ( 1)

4 140 Thomas, Dawson, and Goodman was performed indoors either in a gym (wooden sprung floor) at the University of Western Australia (recreational and hockey groups) or on an indoor rubberized surface at club training facilities (Australian Football and cricket players). General Procedures Before and after all familiarization or testing sessions, subjects performed a thorough warm-up and cool-down. In both the 20MSR and the yo-yo, each subject ran in his or her own lane, to assist with recording of test scores. The correct distances were clearly marked on the floor by electrical tape for both tests. In addition, markers were placed along the lines for visual recognition. A maximum of 12 subjects were tested at any 1 time. In both tests, subjects were instructed to give a maximal effort by completing as many shuttles as possible and were given strong verbal encouragement to do so. Subjects were removed from each test when they failed to reach the 20-m line before the audio pacing signal sounded on 2 consecutive occasions. Their final score recorded was the last level and shuttle number performed before they were removed from the test (ie, the shuttle on which they were removed was not counted). All tests were organized so that subjects were tested at the same time of day to minimize any effects of diurnal variation. Subjects were also asked to refrain from vigorous physical activity for 24 hours and from consuming food and beverages (other than water) for 2 hours before each testing session. Test Methods 20-m Multistage Shuttle-Run Test. The 20MSR required subjects to run back and forth between 2 lines set 20 m apart. Subjects started running at an initial speed of 8.5 km/h, which increased by 0.5 km/h every minute. This pace was established by audio signal emitted from a 20MSR compact disc. 13 The procedures for the 20MSR used here were very similar to those reported by Leger and Lambert. 14 The number of completed levels and shuttles (expressed as a percentage of the level) was recorded at the end of the test. The Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test. The yo-yo is similar in format to the 20MSR but has a 2 5-m, 10-second active recovery at the end of every 2 20-m shuttle run. Subjects ran the 2 20-m shuttle (20 m out and 20 m back) at the speed designated by the Yo-Yo Compact Disc (Helle Thompson, Copenhagen, Denmark). At the end of each 2 20-m shuttle, subjects walked or jogged (as they wished) 2 5 m (out and back) and then waited at the starting line for the next signal to run again. Yo-yo level 1 starts at 10 km/h and level 2 at 13 km/h, with both levels progressively increasing in speed throughout the test. Finishing speeds can be over 20 km/h, but this depends on the subject s fitness and fatigue levels experienced during the test. Yo-yo level 1 usually takes 6 to 20 minutes, and level 2 takes 2 to 10 minutes. The number of completed levels and shuttles and the total distance covered were recorded at the end of the test. Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO 2max ). Subjects performed a brief warm-up on the treadmill (a fast walk at 6 km/h for 2 minutes) and then their own stretching routine before commencing the test. During the test, subjects ran on a motorized

5 Yo-Yo Test and Aerobic Fitness 141 treadmill, commencing at a speed of 10 km/h at a 0% gradient, with a 1-km/h increase in speed every minute until volitional exhaustion. Strong verbal encouragement was provided to all subjects throughout the test. Expired air was continuously monitored for the analysis of O 2 and CO 2 concentrations (Ametek Gas Analyzers, Applied Electrochemistry, SOV S-3A11 and COV CD-3A, Pittsburgh, Pa). Data were then averaged over 15-second intervals. Ventilation was also recorded every 15 seconds using a turbine ventilometer (Morgan, 225A, Kent, England). The gas analyzers were calibrated immediately before and verified after each test using an alpha-verified β-grade gas mixture (BOC Gases, Chatswood, Australia). The ventilometer was calibrated preexercise using a 1-L syringe in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. The ventilometer and gas analyzers were connected to an IBM PC that measured and displayed variables every 15 seconds. The sum of the 4 highest consecutive 15-second values during the treadmill run was recorded as the subject s VO 2max. Blood Lactate. At the conclusion of the yo-yo (level 1 or 2), fingertip capillary blood samples were taken within 1 minute of finishing from selected recreational subjects. Krustrup et al 5 reported that samples taken 1 to 6 minutes after the yoyo were not different, therefore only 1 postexercise sample was taken here. The first drop was discarded and 35 μl of blood was then collected in a heparinized glass capillary tube (D957G-70-35, Clinitubes, Radiometer, Copenhagen). Lactate concentration ([La ]) was determined using a benchtop blood-gas analyzer (ABL 625, Radiometer, Copenhagen), which was regularly calibrated using precision standards and routinely assessed by external quality controls. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics (mean ± SD) were calculated on all test results, and then both interclass (Pearson r) and ICC (1-way random model) were determined on selected variables. Typical error scores were also calculated using the method of Hopkins. 15 In addition, independent t tests (with Bonferroni corrections applied) were used to examine for significance between the elite, state-level, and recreational group test scores. Significance for all analyses was set at P <.05. Test Retest Reliability Results Test retest reliability of the yo-yo performed in the recreational group for level 1 (n = 16) was ICC =.95 (P <.01), and for level 2 (n = 17) was ICC =.86 (P <.01). These ICC values were the same for both yo-yo score (level:shuttle %) and total distance covered. Trials 1 and 2 score and distance completed for yo-yo level 1 were, respectively (mean ± SD), ± 1.49 and ± 1.61 and 1030 ± 463 m and 1195 ± 513 m. For yo-yo level 2, these scores were ± 0.68 and ± 0.70 and 325 ± 107 m and 339 ± 113 m. Typical error results for scores were similar for both level 1 (0.26) and level 2 (0.33), with the results for distance being 107 m (level 1) and 41 m (level 2), respectively. The CV values for level 1 and 2 scores were 1.9% and 1.3%, respectively, and for distance completed, 8.7% and 12.7%.

6 142 Thomas, Dawson, and Goodman Performance Scores for Elite, State-Level, and Recreational Subjects Table 3 presents the performance results for the recreational, state-level, and elite athletes for the yo-yo, 20MSR, VO 2max, and postexercise blood lactate values. Results for the whole recreational group (n = 33) and VO 2max /blood-lactate subgroup (n = 19) were very similar for yo-yo levels 1 and 2 score and distance. There were no differences between the recreational group scores (15.89 ± 1.40, n = 33 and ± 1.33, n = 19) and the state-level cricket group yo-yo level 1 scores (15.90 ± 0.89), and similarly for distance completed (1048 ± 446, n = 33, and 1010 ± 419, n = 19 vs 1049 ± 285 m (t values all < 0.46). State-level female hockey athletes achieved yo-yo level 1 scores and distances of ± 0.93 and 840 ± 280 m, and these were similarly not significantly different from the recreational group scores (t values all <1.58). There were, however, significant differences between the recreational subjects and the AFL players yo-yo level 2 scores (19.16 ± 0.80, n = 33 and ± 0.71, n = 19 vs ± 0.50, respectively; t = and 8.327; P <.001) and distances completed (322 ± 119, n = 33 and 322 ± 110, n = 19 vs 708 ± 157 m; t = and 9.030, P <.001). For 20MSR scores, there was no difference between the recreational (n = 33 and n = 19) and state-level cricket subjects (11.29 ± 1.80 and ± 1.90 vs ± 1.16, respectively) and estimated VO 2max (51.1 ± 6.3 and 51.0 ± 6.3 vs 50.1 ± 4.0 ml kg 1 min 1, respectively; t values all <0.68). Similarly, state-level hockey subjects, who achieved a 20MSR score of ± 1.33 and an estimated VO 2max of 48.6 ± 4.4 ml kg 1 min 1, were not significantly different from the recreational groups (t values all <1.47). However, elite AFL players achieved a significantly higher 20MSR score (14.21 ± 0.85, t = and 6.917, P <.001) and hence a higher estimated VO 2max (61.2 ± 3.0 ml kg 1 min 1, t = and 6.767, P <.001) than both recreational groups. There was also a significant difference between elite AFL players and both state-level groups for the 20MSR (t = and 9.270, P <.001). Recreational athletes (n = 19) achieved a VO 2max value of 57.4 ± 7.9 ml kg 1 min 1 and a maximum treadmill speed of ± 1.77 km/h. Postexercise blood lactates were similar and not significantly different for level 1 (10.3 ± 3.5 mmol/l) and level 2 (8.1 ± 1.9 mmol/l; t = 1.67). Correlational Results for Recreational Subjects Table 4 presents these results for the recreational athletes for the yo-yo, 20MSR, VO 2max, and postexercise blood lactate data. There was a moderate relationship (r =.60 to.63, P <.01, and r =.48 to.50, P <.05) between yo-yo level 1 and level 2 scores and distance for both recreational groups (n = 19 and n = 33). A strong association for the 20MSR and estimated VO 2max versus yo-yo level 1 score and distance (r =.81 to.83, P <.01) was recorded for both groups. However, for level 2, this relationship was only moderate (r =.55 to.57, P <.01) for n = 33 and was not significant (.42 to.44) in the n = 19 recreational group. Relationships between VO 2max and treadmill maximum speed versus yo-yo level 1 scores were also strong (r =.83 to.87, P <.01) in the recreational subgroup (n = 19), but for level 2 these relationships were weak and insignificant (r =.34 to.43). The associations between VO 2max versus treadmill maximum speed, the 20MSR,

7 Yo-Yo Test and Aerobic Fitness 143 Table 3 Performance Results for the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, 20-m Multistage Shuttle Run (20MSR), Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO 2max ), Maximum Treadmill Speed, and Postexercise Blood Lactate Measures Recreational, n = 19 Recreational, n = 33 Elite (Australian football), n = 23 State (hockey), n = 15 State (cricket), n = 27 Yo-yo level 1 (level: shuttle %) ± ± ± ± 0.89 Distance (m) 1048 ± ± ± ± 285 Yo-yo level 2 (level: shuttle %) ± ± ± 0.50 Distance (m) 322 ± ± ± MSR (level: shuttle %) ± ± ± ± ± 1.16 Est. VO 2max (ml kg 1 min 1 ) 51.1 ± ± ± ± ± 4.0 VO 2max (ml kg 1 min 1 ) ±7.90 Max treadmill speed (km/h) ± 1.77 Yo-yo level 1 lactate (mmol/l) 10.3 ± 3.5 Yo-yo level 2 lactate (mmol/l) 8.1 ± 1.9 P <.001; significantly different from the recreational (both n = 19 and n = 33) and state group scores.

8 144 Thomas, Dawson, and Goodman Table 4 Correlational Results for the Recreational Subjects Yo-yo level 1 score n = 19.48* n = Yo-yo level 1 distance n = 19.50* n Yo-yo level 2 score n = n = Yo-yo level 2 distance n = n = MSR n = n = Estimated VO 2max n = n = VO 2max, n = Max speed, n = Yo-yo level 1 lactate, n = Yo-yo level 2 lactate, n = 9 *P <.05. P <.01. and estimated VO 2max were also strong (r =.75 to.79, P <.01), but even stronger between treadmill maximum speed versus the 20MSR and estimated VO 2max (r =.93 and.93, P <.01). The relationship between yo-yo level 1 score/distance and postexercise blood lactate was not significant, inverse, and weak (r =.17 and.19), and level 2 similarly recorded a weak and nonsignificant relationship (r =.29 and.29).

9 Yo-Yo Test and Aerobic Fitness 145 Correlational Results for Elite and State-Level Subjects Table 5 presents these results for the elite and state-level athletes for both levels of the yo-yo, the 20MSR, and estimated VO 2max. Both the state-level hockey (r =.84 and.84, P <.001) and state-level cricket (r =.86 and.86 P <.001) groups recorded strong associations between the 20MSR and yo-yo level 1 score and distance. Similarly, elite AFL subjects recorded a strong relationship (r =.86 and.86, P <.001) between the 20MSR and yo-yo level 2 score and distance. Similar results were found for 20MSR estimated VO 2max scores and yo-yo level 1 and level 2 scores. The hockey (r =.83 and.82, P <.001) and cricket (r =.86 and.86, P <.001) subjects recorded strong correlations with yo-yo level 1, whereas the AFL subjects also recorded a strong association (r =.84 and.85, P <.001) for yo-yo level 2. Discussion The major findings in the present study were that both levels 1 and 2 of the yo-yo were reliable (test retest), there was only a moderate association between level 1 and 2 scores, and level 1 (recreational and state level athletes) and level 2 (elite athletes) scores were strongly associated with 20MSR scores, the estimated VO 2max, and also the directly measured VO 2max values (recreational subjects only). Therefore, it appears that the 20MSR and level 1 or 2 of the yo-yo test measure similar aerobic fitness abilities, but for level 2, this appears to only be the case with highly trained athletes. Test Retest Reliability The ICC recorded for level 1 (.95) was greater than that for level 2 (.86), but the CV values for both shuttle and distance scores for level 1 (1.9% and 8.7%) and level 2 (1.3% and 12.7%) were quite similar. The faster running speeds required Table 5 Correlational Results for the Elite and State-Level Subjects Variable 20MSR vs yo-yo 1 score vs yo-yo 2 score 20MSR vs yo-yo 1 distance vs yo-yo 2 distance 20MSR estimated VO 2max vs yo-yo 1 score vs yo-yo 2 score 20MSR estimated VO 2max vs yo-yo 1 distance vs yo-yo 2 distance *AFL indicates Australian Football League. P <.001. Pearson r.84 (hockey),.86 (cricket).86 (AFL*).84 (hockey),.86 (cricket).86 (AFL).83 (hockey),.86 (cricket).84 (AFL).82 (hockey),.86 (cricket).85 (AFL)

10 146 Thomas, Dawson, and Goodman in level 2 might have been a factor in the slightly lower ICC value because a subject that misses the starting audio beep and is therefore slow to start may find it difficult to catch up and successfully finish the shuttle. There are no other reports for test retest reliability on yo-yo level 2 in the literature. As we were unable to get elite level athletes to perform a test retest on level 2, and as only recreational athletes were used for this purpose here, test retest reliability of yo-yo level 2 using elite team-sport players should be further investigated. The CV value for the level 1 shuttle score here is similar to that reported by Krustrup et al, 5 which was 4.9%. They also used a Pearson r (interclass) correlation to check the test retest reliability of level 1, reporting a value of.98. The test retest reliability scores presented here are considered more appropriate, as the method used in this study (ICC) is a preferred statistical procedure for measuring test retest reliability. 17 Yo-Yo Association with 20MSR Scores and VO 2max Strong, significant correlations (r >.80) were observed for all recreational and state-level athletes between yo-yo level 1 shuttle and distance scores versus 20MSR and 20MSR estimated VO 2max values. These results suggest that the aerobic energy system is important in the performance of level 1 of the yo-yo, as recently reported. 5,12 In contrast, weak and nonsignificant relationships were recorded for the recreational subgroup (n = 19) between yo-yo level 2 shuttle and distance scores versus 20MSR and 20MSR estimated VO 2max values (r <.50). Although the whole recreational group (n = 33) recorded a moderate relationship for these variables (r = ), only approximately 31% of the shared variance was accounted for, perhaps reflecting the lesser impact of aerobic fitness on these test scores for these subjects. These results may indicate that level 2 requires a different energy-system contribution to level 1, most likely more anaerobic energy, as the starting speeds are faster. In contrast to the recreational athletes results, strong, significant correlations (r >.80) were found between yo-yo level 2 shuttle and distance scores and 20MSR and 20MSR estimated VO 2max values for the elite AFL group. Pearson r values calculated here were very similar to those achieved by the recreational and state-level athletes for yo-yo level 1 scores. The AFL players had significantly higher estimated VO 2max values (based on 20MSR scores) than did all other groups of subjects (61 vs approximately 50 ml kg 1 min 1 ); therefore, yo-yo level 2 may also require a significant aerobic energy contribution in athletes with higher aerobic fitness capacities. Krustrup et al 5 only reported data on yo-yo level 1, so the aerobic energy contribution required by elite athletes to perform level 2 awaits further research. It may be that in less-trained subjects, with lower aerobic fitness levels, level 2 requires greater contributions from the anaerobic energy systems, although here the blood lactates recorded after level 2 (8.1 ± 1.9 mmol/l) in the recreational subjects were not greater than after level 1 (10.3 ± 3.5 mmol/l). However, the faster speeds required in level 2 most likely account for these results, as some subjects could not physically keep pace with the speeds set down for this level and were therefore ejected from the test. There are no other reports in the literature on postexercise blood lactates for yo-yo level 2 with which to compare these results.

11 Yo-Yo Test and Aerobic Fitness 147 As professional athletes, the AFL players used here were better trained for high-intensity performance than were the recreational and state-level athletes. Their greater aerobic and anaerobic capacities are likely to have prolonged their time to fatigue, therefore enabling them to perform level 2 longer than the recreational subjects could, and perhaps with more aerobic energy contribution. The recreational group correlations for the 20MSR and 20MSR estimated VO 2max versus directly measured VO 2max (r =.78 and.79) were slightly lower than the correlations recorded for yo-yo level 1 shuttle and distance versus VO 2max (r =.87 and.87). The level 1 results here are in broad agreement with those of Krustrup et al, 5 who found level 1 distance to also correlate strongly with VO 2max (r =.71). The slightly stronger correlations recorded here account for an extra 13% of the shared variance and suggest that yo-yo level 1 might be an acceptable field test for VO 2max estimation. Further research with a greater number of participants of various fitness levels is required to test this notion further. The strong correlations found here between the 20MSR and yo-yo level 1 scores suggest that both tests are largely measuring aerobic fitness, with the relationship found between yo-yo level 1 and VO 2max further supporting the notion that aerobic capacity is important in performing the test. Our results also suggest that for elite-level team-sport athletes, yo-yo level 2 also largely measures aerobic fitness, as the correlation with 20MSR scores (r =.86) and degree of shared variance (73%) were slightly higher than that obtained for Level 1. Therefore, as has been recently suggested, 1 yo-yo level 1 and/or 2 may be a more relevant test of team-sport-specific aerobic fitness than the 20MSR or other field tests designed to measure this ability. The remaining (approximately) 30% of variance unaccounted for by the 20MSR and yo-yo test scores may relate to the ability to repeat high-intensity (but not maximal) short-duration intermittent efforts, as is characteristic of many team sports. 6,7,11,12 This ability would appear to be measured to a greater degree in the intermittent yo-yo test than the continuous 20MSR. To further examine the relationship between the yo-yo test and aerobic fitness, research that correlates the yo-yo score and distance completed with VO 2max across a range of athletic abilities is required. If conducted on a sufficiently large scale, the prediction of VO 2max from yo-yo scores, as is available with the 20MSR, 14,18 might be possible. At present though, if an estimate of VO 2max is required, then the 20MSR should be used, but it should be recognized that differences between direct and 20MSR estimated VO 2max values are common, 4,16 as was found here. The recreational subgroup had an estimated VO 2max of 50 ml kg 1 min 1, compared to a directly measured value of 57 ml kg 1 min 1. Because of the error surrounding such predictions, 20MSR results should be expressed as score (levels:shuttles) or distance completed, rather than estimated VO 2max values. 12 Yo-Yo Association With Blood Lactates Krustrup et al 5 found postexercise blood lactates for yo-yo level 1 similar to those found here. They reported a value of 10.1 ± 0.6 mmol/l in 17 male recreational subjects who had a mean VO 2max of 50.5 ml kg 1 min 1 and covered approximately 1800 m. The relationship found here between yo-yo score/distance and postexercise blood lactate was weak for both level 1 (.170 and.193) and level 2

12 148 Thomas, Dawson, and Goodman (.293 and.293). Krustrup et al 5 reported significant, inverse correlations of.41 to.81 between yo-yo level 1 distance covered and blood lactate measured during the run, but they did not report on postexercise values and performance, thus making direct comparisons with our data impossible. Our results suggest that blood lactate accumulation may not be limiting in the performance of yo-yo level 1 in less-trained athletes, although further research is needed to confirm this notion. Krustrup et al 5 found that muscle lactate and ph were the same 1.5 minutes before the end of yo-yo level 1 as they were at exhaustion, suggesting that inability to repeat high-intensity efforts was not caused by an accumulation of hydrogen ions. Whether this also applies to yo-yo level 2 remains to be determined. Practical Applications As an alternative to the 20MSR, yo-yo level 1 could be used in low-level team-sport athletes to assess aerobic fitness and the ability to repeatedly perform high-intensity running, whereas level 2 could be used to test well-trained and elite team-sport athletes for the same purpose. The intermittent nature and faster running speeds of the yo-yo test have more relevance to team sports than does the continuous 20MSR, but if an estimated VO 2max is needed, then the 20MSR would still have to be used. It should be recognized, however, that VO 2max estimates from 20MSR scores may be 10% to 15% in error from true values. Further research is also necessary to determine the test retest reliability and aerobic/anaerobic energy-system contributions in yo-yo level 2, using elite-level athletes, who should also be tested on level 1 to better indicate the role of each level in measuring team-sport fitness. In addition, the relationship between the amount of high-intensity running performed in soccer matches or other team sports and yo-yo level 2 scores should be investigated (as it has been for level 1). This is necessary to further establish the validity of the yo-yo for use with team-sport athletes. Conclusions In conclusion, the results found here show that yo-yo level 1 and 2 tests are reliable (test retest) and that level 1 (in recreational and state-level athletes) and level 2 (elite athletes) yo-yo scores are strongly associated with 20MSR scores and VO 2max (recreational athletes). Therefore, the yo-yo appears to measure aerobic fitness in a manner similar to that of the 20MSR but might also be used as a more specific field test of the ability to repeat high-intensity efforts in team-sport athletes. References 1. Svensson M, Drust B. Testing soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2005;23(6): Ramsbottom RI, Brewer J, Williams C. A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. Br J Sport Med. 1988;22(1): Paliczka VJ, Nichols AK, Boreham CA. A multi-stage shuttle run as a predictor of running performance and maximal oxygen uptake in adults. Br J Sport Med. 1987;21(4):

13 Yo-Yo Test and Aerobic Fitness St Clair Gibson A, Broomhead S, Lambert MI, Hawley JA. Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake from a 20-m shuttle run as measured directly in runners and squash players. J Sport Sci. 1998;16: Krustrup P, Mohr M, Amstrup T, et al. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: physiological response, reliability, and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(4): Dawson B, Hopkinson R, Appleby B, Stewart G, Roberts C. Player movement patterns and games activities in the Australian Football League. J Sci Med Sport. 2004;7(3): Mohr M, Bangsbo J. Development of fatigue towards the end of a high level soccer match [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(5 suppl 1):S Bangsbo J. Fitness Training in Football A Scientific Approach. Bagsvaerd, Denmark: HO+Storm; McInnes SE, Carlson JS, Jones CJ, McKenna MJ. The physiological load imposed on basketball players during competition. J Sports Sci. 1995;13: Steele J, Chad K. An analysis of the movement patterns of netball players during match play. Sports Coach. 1992;15(1): Docherty D, Wenger HA, Neary P. Time motion analysis related to the physiological demands of rugby. J Hum Mov Stud. 1988;14: Stolen T, Chamari K, Castagna D, Wisloff U. Physiology of soccer. Sports Med. 2005;35(6): Twenty Metre Multistage Shuttle Run [CD-ROM]. Canberra, Australia: Australian Sports Commission; Leger L, Lambert J. A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict VO 2max. Eur J Appl Physiol. 1982;49(1): Hopkins W. A new view of statistics. Available at: stats/index.html. Accessed August 20, Sproule J, Kunalan C, McNeill M, Wright H. Validity of 20MSR for Predicting VO 2max of adult Singaporean athletes. Br J Sport Med. 1993;27(3): Coakes SJ, Steed LG. SPSS: Analysis Without Anguish: Version 11.0 for Windows Milton, Qld: John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd; Leger L, Mercier D, Gadoury C, Lambert L. The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. J Sports Sci. 1988;6:

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