Chapter 8. Port hand buoy. Starboard hand buoy. Canadian Aids to Navigation System (CANS) 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Lateral Buoys

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1 Chapter 8 Canadian Aids to Navigation System (CANS) 8.1 Introduction Various buoys, beacons and signs are known as "Aids to Navigation" or "Navigation Aids". They are devices or systems external to the pleasure craft that help the operator of a pleasure craft to determine position and course. They also warn the operator of dangers or obstructions, or show the best or preferred route. Be alert when you see a Navigation Aid. It's there for a reason. Examine your charts for hazards, and always be aware of your approximate location. The major types of Navigation Aids are indicated below. When you study each type, make note of shapes, colours, topmark details, numbering systems and flashing light details. 8.2 Lateral Buoys Port and Starboard Hand Buoys Port hand buoy A "port hand buoy" is green and displays identification letter(s) and odd number(s). It marks the port (left) side of a channel or the location of a danger when proceeding upstream. If it carries a topmark, the topmark is a green cylinder. If the buoy carries a light, the light is a green flashing (Fl) 4s or a quick flashing (Q) 1s. If the buoy does not carry a light it has a flat top. Starboard hand buoy A "starboard hand buoy" is red and displays identification letter(s) and even number(s). It marks the starboard (right) side of a channel or the location of a danger when proceeding upstream. If it carries a topmark, the topmark is a single red cone, point upward. If the buoy carries a light, the light is a red flashing (Fl) 4s or a quick flashing (Q) 1s. If the buoy does not carry a light it has a pointed top. 81

2 Port (green can) Port (green pillar) Port (green spar) Keep this buoy on your port (left) side when proceeding in the upstream direction. Starboard (red spar) Starboard (red conical) Starboard (red pillar) Keep this buoy on your starboard (right) side when proceeding in the upstream direction or into a port. Remember the three "R"s as a memory aid for this rule. "Red, Right, Returning" Bifurcation (Junction) Buoy Bifurcation (red and green bands) You may pass this buoy on either side when proceeding in the upstream direction, but the main or preferred channel is indicated by the colour of the topmost band. For example: Keep this buoy on your starboard (right) side. 82

3 A bifurcation buoy signals that the channel is dividing in the upstream direction. You may pass buoys with red and green bands on either side in the upstream direction. The main or preferred channel is shown by the colour of the top band. For example, you should keep the buoys pictured above on your port (left) side if you want to take the preferred channel to the starboard (right) side. You should keep the buoys pictured above on your starboard (right) side if you want to take the preferred channel to the port (left) side. 83

4 8.2.3 Fairway Buoy This buoy indicates safe water, used to mark landfalls, channel entrances or channel centers. It may be passed on either side but should be kept to the port (left) side when proceeding in either direction Isolated Danger Buoy An isolated Danger Buoy is moored on, or above, an isolated danger which has navigable water all around it. Consult the chart for information concerning the danger, (dimensions, depth, etc.) May be used to mark natural dangers such as small shoals or obstructions such as wrecks. 84

5 8.3 Daybeacons Port and Starboard Hand Daybeacons Port Hand Daybeacon (center black or green) Starboard Hand Daybeacon A port hand daybeacon marks the port (left) side of a channel or the location of a danger during daylight hours and must be kept on the port (left) side when proceeding upstream. It is a black or green coloured square centred on a white background with a green reflecting border. It may display letter(s) and odd number(s) made of white reflecting material. A starboard hand daybeacon marks the starboard (right) side of a channel or the location of a danger during daylight hours and must be kept on the starboard (right) side when proceeding upstream. Remember the three "R"s as a memory aid for this rule. "Red, Right, Returning". It is a red coloured triangle centred on a white background with a red reflecting border. It may display letter(s) and even number(s) made of white reflecting material Junction Daybeacons Junction Daybeacon (preferred channel to right) Junction Daybeacon (preferred channel to left) Marks a point where the channel divides and may be passed on either side. If the preferred channel is desired the daybeacon should be kept on the vessel's port (left) side. Marks a point where the channel divides and may be passed on either side. If the preferred channel is desired, the daybeacon should be kept to the vessel's starboard (right) side. 85

6 8.3.3 Range Daybeacon A Range Daybeacon consists of two or more fixed navigation marks situated some distance apart at different elevations. A Range Daybeacon provides a recommended track for navigators (usually the deepest or safest line in a channel) when both marks are in line. A Range Daybeacon may be equipped with solar charged white lights for night time operation. The two lights are lined up for the correct "track". Vessel too far to port Turn to starboard to get on track Vessel on course Vessel too far to starboard Turn to port to get on track Range Day Beacon Main Duck Island 86

7 8.4 Cardinal Buoys A cardinal buoy indicates that the safest water exists to the direction it indicates. Example: A north cardinal buoy indicates that the safest water exists to the north. An east cardinal buoy indicates safe water to the east. Description Combinations of yellow and black colours of approximately equal area above the waterline. See the diagram above for colour combinations. White flashing light. Flash characteristics are shown below (if equipped). Two conical topmarks. The direction of the points have significance. Black topmark cones point to the black portion(s) of the buoy. Lettered - no numbers. White retroreflective material. If not equipped with a light, normally spar shaped. 87

8 Flash Characteristics 88

9 Map Symbols In the previous diagram, examples are given of symbols of cardinal buoys as they will appear on a marine chart. If equipped, the light characteristics will be noted next to the chart symbol. For example, a west cardinal buoy may have the notation Q(9)15s. Q means "Quick" flash. (9)15s means 9 flashes at a rate of 1 per second followed by 7 seconds of darkness, every 15 seconds. Sometime a west cardinal buoy may have the notation VQ(9)10s, which means 9 "Very Quick" flashes at a rate of one flash every half-second, followed by 6 seconds of darkness, every 10 seconds. A south cardinal buoy equipped with a light may have a notation of (Q (6) + LFl) 15s. This decodes to 6 "Quick" flashes at a rate of 1 per second, followed by a "Long Flash" of approximately 2 seconds duration, followed by 6 seconds of darkness before the cycle repeats again, every 15 seconds. Examine the previous diagram for the flash sequences of other cardinal buoys. 8.5 Special Buoys Description Shapes have no significance. May be lettered - no numbers. Cautionary, scientific and anchorage buoys may display a yellow "X" topmark. Yellow lights - flash (Fl) 4s (if equipped). Retro-reflective material of the same colour as required markings. White buoys will display yellow material Cautionary Buoy A cautionary buoy marks dangers such as firing ranges, underwater pipelines, race courses, seaplane bases and areas where no through channel exists. Coloured yellow, displays identification letter(s). May display a yellow "X" topmark. Yellow light, flash (Fl) 4s (if equipped). 89

10 8.5.3 Anchorage Buoy An anchorage buoy marks the perimeter of designated anchorage areas; consult the chart for water depth Mooring Buoy A mooring buoy is used for mooring or securing vessels; be aware that a vessel may be secured to such a buoy Information Buoy An information buoy displays information such as locality, marina, campsite, etcetera. Be guided by the information illustrated within the orange square. Coloured white. Yellow flashing light, (Fl) 4s, if equipped Hazard Buoy A hazard buoy marks random hazards such as shoals and rocks. Information concerning the hazard is illustrated within the orange diamond. Coloured white. Yellow flashing light (Fl) 4s, if equipped. 90

11 8.5.7 Control Buoy A control buoy indicates speed limits, wash restrictions, etc.; Obey the restrictions illustrated within the orange circle. Coloured white. Yellow flashing light (Fl) 4s, if equipped Keep Out Buoy A keep out buoy marks areas in which boats are prohibited. Coloured white. Yellow flashing light (Fl)4s, if equipped Scientific (ODAS) Buoy An ocean data acquisition system buoy collects meteorological and other scientific data Swimming Buoy A swimming buoy marks the perimeter of swimming areas. May not be charted. Coloured white. Flashing yellow light (Fl) 4s, if equipped. 91

12 Diving Buoy A diving buoy marks an area where scuba or other such diving activity is in progress. Not normally charted. Coloured white, with a red flag and diagonal white stripe, not less than 50 centimetres square. Flashing yellow light (Fl)4s, if equipped Diving Vessel All vessels engaged in diving operations are required to display the code flag "A". 92

13 8.6 Posted Command Signs Posted command signs or warning signs include: no wake zone signs no anchorage area signs speed limit zone signs low head dam hazard signs power line hazard signs pipe line hazard signs Standardized speed limit (normally 5,10,25,40,55) Certain provinces have adopted a restriction to limit speed to 10 km/h within 30 metres from shore on all waters within their boundaries, except for: 1. water-skiing, where the vessel follows a trajectory perpendicular to the shore; or 2. within an area designated by buoys as an area where another speed is permitted; or 3. in rivers of less than 100 m in width; or 4. in waters where another speed is prescribed under the Regulations. This limit is not necessarily posted. As of year 2009, this restriction applies in the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario and the inland waters of Nova Scotia and British Columbia. 93

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