2. Determine how the mass transfer rate is affected by gas flow rate and liquid flow rate.

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1 Goals for Gas Absorption Experiment: 1. Evaluate the performance of packed gas-liquid absorption tower. 2. Determine how the mass transfer rate is affected by gas flow rate and liquid flow rate. 3. Consider the important concepts of overall and individual film mass transfer coefficients, transfer units, loading, and flooding. 4. Examine such parameters as the composition of the overhead and bottoms products at various feed rates and inlet compositions. Calculate these parameters theoretically using available computer programs and determine experimentally from the column. First Day Experiment: Identify the flooding condition as a function of gas and liquid flow rates and determine the time required to reach steady state as a function of liquid flow rate. Second Day Experiment: Determination of the height of a transfer unit as a function of process variables (e.g., gas and liquid flow rates, temperature, concentration of rich gas) and absorption efficiency. Third Day Experiment: Predictions on the output CO 2 concentration will be made by varying the input CO 2 concentration, gas flow rate, or countercurrent water flow rate. These predictions will be compared with experimental values.

2 Some recommended starting values for independent variables: Use around 10% CO 2 in air Water flow kept no more than 60% of max. flow The CO 2 concentration in the inlet water stream can be assumed to be equal to zero. Do not leave water flow in the column without air flow. It could damage the CO 2 sensors if water backs up in the air line. The system allows measurement of CO 2 in the liquid phase effluent by electrical conductivity, and in the gas phase inlet and outlet by CO 2 sensors. Figure 1 identifies all equipment parts in this system. Preparation for Start-up 1. Plug CO heater into outlet (see Figure 2) Plug electrical lines for CO sensors and manometer into outlet (see Figure 2). 2 *Use the CO sensors to monitor gas phase composition. Use the manometer to measure the pressure 2 drop across the column. 3. Plug the electrical lines for the conductivity meter into outlet (see Figure 2). 4. Check that all valves to the system are closed. Start-up 1. Open the red valve on the water out line (see Figure 3).

3 2. Open the Air and CO2 gas cylinders fully (see Figure 4). Do NOT change the pressure regulator settings. *If you believe there is a problem with the pressure, seek assistance.

4 3. If there is water in the base of the column, open the appropriate valves to allow air flow to the system and drain the column. Turn off airflow by closing the needle valve on the air flow meter (see Figure 5). 4. If there is no water in the base of the column, open the appropriate valves to send airflow to the system, but leave the needle valve on the air flow meter closed (see Figure 5). 5. Turn the manometer on and zero it by setting the pressure to zero using the zero adjustment switches (see Figure 6). *The manometer measures differential pressure between the top and bottom of the column, so it is important that there is no air or water flow through the column during calibration.

5 6. Start airflow to the system at the desired flow rate. Control the airflow rate with the needle valve on the air flow meter as shown in Figure Open the needle valves protecting the inlet CO2 sensor 1-1/2 turns each (see Figure 7). WARNING: Opening these valves too much will cause the CO2 sensor to blow out of its casing. Opening these valves too little will yield a poor CO2 concentration reading. 8. Start water flow to the system at the desired flow rate by opening the water valve (see Figure 1). WARNING: DO NOT LEAVE WATER IN THE COLUMN WITHOUT AIR FLOW. It could damage the CO2 sensors if water backs up in the airline. [NOTE: Inlet water flow rate will be restricted by the maximum outlet water flow rate.] 9. Open the appropriate valves to start CO2 gas flow to the system (see Figure 8). Control the CO2 flow rate with the needle valve on the CO2 flow meter (see Figure 5). 10. Adjust the red valve on the water out line to maintain a constant level in the column (see Figure 2). Shut-Down 1. Turn off water flow to the system by closing the water valve completely (see Figure 7). 2. Close the CO2 gas cylinder. Check that the pressure gauges on the cylinder read zero (see Figure 3). 3. Close all valves on the CO2 inlet line; starting from the gas cylinder and working up to the flow meter (see Figure 8). Check that the CO2 pressure gauge reads zero (see Figure 5). 4. Drain all water from the column by increasing the air flow rate to scfh and completely opening the red valve on the water out line (see Figures 3 and 5). 5. Leave the red valve on the water out line open (Figure 3). 6. Close the needle valves protecting the inlet CO2 sensor (see Figure 7). 7. Close the Air gas cylinder. Check that the pressure gauges on the cylinder read zero (see Figure 3). 8. Close all valves on the Air inlet line; starting from the gas cylinder and working up to the flow meter (see Figure 4). Check that the Air pressure gauge reads zero (see Figure 5).

6 9. Turn the manometer off (see Figure 6). 10. Unplug the conductivity meter (see Figure 1). 11. Unplug the CO 2 sensors and manometer (see Figure 1). 12. Unplug the CO 2 gas heater (see Figure 1).

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