CHAPTER 6: PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT
|
|
- Erick Cobb
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER 6: PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENT Objective To measure the permeability of rock samples using a gas permeameter and to apply Klinkenberg effect corrections to obtain the liquid permeability. Introduction The permeability of the rock is a measure of the ease of convecting fluids through it and may be determined by a flow experiment. In 1856, Henry Darcy determined that the flow rate of flow of water through a sand filter could be described by: KA Q = ( h 1 h 2 )...(6-1) L Where Q (cc/s) represents the volumetric flow rate through a sand pack with cross sectional area A (cm) and length L (cm); h 1 (cm) and h 2 (cm) are the hydrostatic heads at the sand pack inlet and outlet, respectively, and K (cm/s) is a constant of proportionality. Darcy s experiments were confined to water flow through 100% water saturated sand packs. Later investigations determined that Darcy s law could be extended to other liquids and that the proportionality constant K could be replaced by k / µ, where k is the permeability of the rock, and µ is the viscosity of the fluid flowing through the rock. With this modification, Darcy s law can be written in a form suitable for our experiment as: ka Q = P...(6-2) µ L Where Q is given in cm 3 /s, k is permeability in Darcy, µ is absolute viscosity in cp, A in cm 2, L is length in cm, and P is pressure change along the sample in atm. From Equation 6-2, it 6-1
2 can be seen that when a 1 cp viscosity fluid flows at 1 cm 3 /s through a sample of cross sectional area of 1 cm 2 and length of 1 cm under a pressure change of 1 atm the porous medium has a permeability of 1D. Klinkenberg Effect Permeability is a property inherent to the rock and do not depend on the type of fluid used to measure it. This is true for non-reactive liquid. However, Klinkenberg in 1941 found that the permeability measurements on a core sample were not constant when using gases as the fluid, but varied with the gas used to make the measurement, as well as the mean (average) pressure existing in the core at the time of the measurement. When liquid flows through tubes, the velocity profile is maximum at the center of the tube and zero at the wall due to viscous forces. This does not happen with gas flowing at low pressures. The gas molecules are in constant motion traveling back and forth a distance called the mean free path. When the pressure is low the mean free path distance is large enough so that no gas molecules will collide against the walls during some small periods of time. This effect reduces the friction loss at the wall increasing the ease with the gas flows through the tube. This same effect occurs in the porous space of rock and as consequence measured permeability appear to be higher than it really is. As pressure is increased the mean free path of the gas molecules becomes smaller and more molecules collide with the wall increasing the friction losses and the measured permeability tends to the true absolute permeability. Klinkenberg effect is only important at laboratory conditions where permeability is generally measure at low pressures. The permeability to gas ( k g ) is related to the mean pressure at measurement ( P ) and liquid permeability ( k l ) as follows: b k g = kl (6-3) P where the coefficient b is determined empirically and depends on pore size of the rock and the type of gas used for measurement. Equation 6-3 suggests that a plot of gas permeability vs. 1/ P is a straight line. As shown in Figure 6-1, as mean the pressure increases, the permeability 6-2
3 approaches the liquid permeability. Note that for a given rock sample, regardless the type of gas used, the same permeability to liquid is obtained. Figure 6-1. Klinkenberg Effect (Amyx et al, 1960) Gas Permeameter Figure 6-2 is a picture of a gas permeameter composed of a pressure gauge (center), gas rotometers (tubes to your left), pressure regulator (down to your right), and a core holder (down center). The instructions to use this device can be outline as follows: Mount a clean, dry core in a rubber sleeve of the appropriate size so the core and sleeve completely fill the core holder. Place the core and sleeve in the core holder and tighten it securely into place. Turn the flow tube selector valve to a large setting. Apply an upstream pressure 0f 0.25 atm to the system by adjusting the regulator. Tap the pressure gauge lightly during adjustment to stabilize the needle. The preferred range on the flow tube is between 20 and 140 divisions. If it remains below 20, the selector valve should be slowly turned to the medium setting. Record barometric pressure (mmhg, corrected for temperature and latitude), pressure (atm), gas temperature ( o C) and flow rate tube reading (cm). 6-3
4 Repeat steps 3 through 6 for pressures of 0.5, 0.75, 1.00 atm. Measure the core plug diameter and length in cm. Figure 6-2. Gas Permeameter (Ruska Permeameter Operating Manual) The flow rate in centimeters given by the permeameter at different pressures must be converted into cc/s using figures 6-3, 6-4, and 6-5 for pressures of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 atm, respectively. The gas viscosity is given in Figure 6-6 for air and N 2 at the measurement temperature. Calculate the gas permeability of each reading using Equation 6-3 and find the liquid permeability using the Klinkenberg correction procedure. 6-4
5 Figure 6-3. Gas Flow Rate at 1.00 atm (Ruska Permeameter Operating Manual) 6-5
6 Figure 6-4. Gas Flow Rate at 0.5 atm (Ruska Permeameter Operating Manual) 6-6
7 Figure 6-5. Gas Flow Rate at 0.25 atm (Ruska Permeameter Operating Manual) 6-7
8 Figure 6-6. Gas Viscosity Vs. Temperature (Ruska Instrument Manual) Laboratory Experiments Measure gas permeability at 0.25, 0.5, and 1.00 atm as explained in this chapter. Find the liquid permeability of the sample correcting by Klinkenberg effect. 6-8
9 References 1. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department, PETR 345 Lab Manual. Fall API Recommended Practice for Core Analysis Procedure. API RP 40, American Petroleum institute, Dallas, API Recommended Practice for Determining Permeability of Porous Media. API RP 27, American Petroleum institute, Dallas, Monicard, R. P., Properties of Reservoir Rocks: Core Analysis. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX (1980). 5. Special Core Analysis, Core Laboratories, INC. Dallas (1976). 6. Ruska Permeameter Operating Manuals , Ruska Instrumentation Corporation, Houston, TX. 7. Amyx, J.W., Bass, D.M., and Whiting R.L., Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, McGraw- Hill, New York, NY (1960). 8. Frick T.C., Petroleum Production Handbook, Vol II; Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, TX (1962). 9. Engler, T.W., Fluid Flow in Porous Media Notes of Class Petroleum Engineering 524 Fall
Permeability. Darcy's Law
Permeability Permeability is a property of the porous medium that measures the capacity and ability of the formation to transmit fluids. The rock permeability, k, is a very important rock property because
More informationPMI Pulse Decay Permeameter for Shale Rock Characterization Yang Yu, Scientist Porous Materials Inc., 20 Dutch Mill Road, Ithaca NY 14850
PMI Pulse Decay Permeameter for Shale Rock Characterization Yang Yu, Scientist Porous Materials Inc., 20 Dutch Mill Road, Ithaca NY 14850 This document describes the application of Pulse Decay Permeameter
More informationAccurate Measurement of Steam Flow Properties
Accurate Measurement of Steam Flow Properties Kewen Li and Roland N. Horne Stanford Geothermal Program, Stanford University (Proceedings of 1999 GRC Annual Meeting on October 17-20, Reno, California, USA)
More informationIntroduction to Relative Permeability AFES Meeting Aberdeen 28 th March Dave Mogford ResLab UK Limited
Introduction to Relative Permeability AFES Meeting Aberdeen 28 th March 2007 Dave Mogford ResLab UK Limited Outline 1. Introduction 2. Basic Concepts 3. Overview of Test Methods 4. Interpretation Introduction
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:
Exercise 3-2 Orifice Plates EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will study how differential pressure flowmeters operate. You will describe the relationship between the flow rate and the pressure drop
More informationPMI Advanced Automated. Pulse Decay Permeameter APDP-10K-HP-101. Not just products... Solutions!
PMI Advanced Automated Pulse Decay Permeameter APDP-10K-HP-101 Not just products... Solutions! DESCRIPTION The PMI s Advanced automated pulse decay Permeameter is used to measure gas permeability of samples
More informationLecture Outline Chapter 15. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Outline Chapter 15 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker Chapter 15 Fluids Density Units of Chapter 15 Pressure Static Equilibrium in Fluids: Pressure and Depth Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy
More informationLOW PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS USING STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT METHODS
SCA2007-07 1/12 LOW PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS USING STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT METHODS P. Carles, P. Egermann*, R. Lenormand, JM. Lombard Institut Français du Pétrole (* now with GDF) This paper was prepared
More informationChapter 15 Fluid. Density
Density Chapter 15 Fluid Pressure Static Equilibrium in Fluids: Pressure and Depth Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy Applications of Archimedes Principle By Dr. Weining man 1 Units of Chapter 15 Fluid
More informationCHM Basics of Gases (r14) Charles Taylor 1/9
CHM 110 - Basics of Gases (r14)- 2014 Charles Taylor 1/9 Introduction The gas phase is noticeably different from the other two phases of matter. Here are some of the more obvious differences. Gases are
More informationHTHP Filter Press for Ceramic Disks with 175-mL, Double-Capped Test Cell and CO 2 # : (115 V) # : (230 V) Instruction Manual
HTHP Filter Press for Ceramic Disks with 175-mL, Double-Capped Test Cell and CO 2 Pressuring Assemblies #170-00-7: (115 V) #170-01-6: (230 V) Instruction Manual Updated 12/30/2014 Ver. 1.2 OFI Testing
More informationMicro Motion Pressure Drop Testing
12/2018 Micro Motion Pressure Drop Testing www.emerson.com/micromotion Introduction Micro Motion has traditionally taken a very conservative approach to pressure drop, with single pressure measurements
More informationThe Use Of Length/Diameter Ratio To Determine The Reliability Of Permeability Data From Core Samples
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-issn : 2320-07 p-issn : 2320-0936 Volume-03, Issue-06, pp-16-19 www.ajer.org Research Paper Open Access The Use Of Length/Diameter Ratio To Determine The
More informationFigure 1 Schematic of opposing air bearing concept
Theoretical Analysis of Opposing Air Bearing Concept This concept utilizes air bearings to constrain five degrees of freedom of the optic as shown in the figure below. Three pairs of inherently compensated
More informationDetermination of Capillary pressure & relative permeability curves
Determination of Capillary pressure & relative permeability curves With Refrigerated Centrifuge Multi speed centrifuge experiments Introduction As the porous diaphragm method (see Vinci s CAPRI), the centrifuge
More informationFluid Flow. Link. Flow» P 1 P 2 Figure 1. Flow Model
Fluid Flow Equipment: Water reservoir, output tubes of various dimensions (length, diameter), beaker, electronic scale for each table. Computer and Logger Pro software. Lots of ice.temperature probe on
More informationCOPYRIGHT. Reservoir Rock Properties Fundamentals. Saturation and Contacts. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Learning Objectives Reservoir Rock Properties Fundamentals Saturation and Contacts By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the concept of fluid contacts Describe how saturations change
More informationEDUCTOR. principle of operation
EDUCTOR principle of operation condensate and mixing eductor s are designed to mix two liquids intimately in various proportions in operations where the pressure liquid is the greater proportion of the
More informationExperiment 8: Minor Losses
Experiment 8: Minor Losses Purpose: To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings including bends, a contraction, an enlargement and a gate-valve. Introduction: Energy losses
More informationFlow in Porous Media. Module 1.c Fundamental Properties of Porous Media Shahab Gerami
Flow in Porous Media Module 1.c Fundamental Properties of Porous Media Shahab Gerami Forces acting on a fluid in a reservoir Capillary forces Viscous forces Gravitational forces Surface Tension Interfacial
More informationPRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP IN GASES
PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP IN GASES LAB PS2.PALM INTRODUCTION Gases are made up of molecules that are in constant motion and exert pressure when they collide with the walls of their container. The
More informationYuan-Yun Lin 1 and Michael T. Myers 1 Search and Discovery Article #70299 (2017)** Abstract. References Cited
PS Impact of Non-Linear Transport Properties on Low Permeability Measurements* Yuan-Yun Lin and Michael T. Myers Search and Discovery Article #799 (7)** Posted October 3, 7 *Adapted from poster presentation
More informationExploring the Properties of Gases
Exploring the Properties of Gases LabQuest 30 The purpose of this investigation is to conduct a series of experiments, each of which illustrates a different gas law. You will be given a list of equipment
More informationMEMORANDUM. Investigation of Variability of Bourdon Gauge Sets in the Chemical Engineering Transport Laboratory
1 MEMORANDUM TO: FROM: Prof. Davis Hubbard Prof. Faith A. Morrison DATE: 22 April 2014 RE: Investigation of Variability of Bourdon Gauge Sets in the Chemical Engineering Transport Laboratory Introduction
More informationINSTRUMENTS A THERMAL MASS FLOW SENSOR USING A CONSTANT DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE ABOVE THE AMBIENT GAS TEMPERATURE
TELEDYNE HASTINGS TECHNICAL PAPERS INSTRUMENTS A THERMAL MASS FLOW SENSOR USING A CONSTANT DIFFERENTIAL TEMPERATURE ABOVE THE AMBIENT GAS TEMPERATURE Proceedings of FEDSM 98 1998 ASME Fluids Engineering
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Range with an elevated or suppressed zero Suppressed-zero range Elevated-zero range
Exercise 4-3 Zero Suppression and Zero Elevation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will learn the effect that mounting a pressure transmitter above or below the reference level has on the hydrostatic
More informationApplication Worksheet
Application Worksheet All dimensions are nominal. Dimensions in [ ] are in millimeters. Service Conditions Medium Through Valve: Required C v : Temperature Maximum: Minimum: Normal: Flow Maximum: Minimum:
More informationLaboratory Experiments No 1: Measuring the Number Distribution
Laboratory Experiments No 1: Measuring the Number Distribution Purpose: To test the operation of the DMA by comparing the calculated size to a monodisperse aerosol particle, and to use the DMA to measure
More informationLOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES revised by Igor Bolotin 03/05/12
LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES revised by Igor Bolotin 03/05/ This experiment will introduce you to the kinetic properties of low-pressure gases. You will make observations on the rates with which selected
More informationLab 3 Introduction to Quantitative Analysis: Pumps and Measurements of Flow
Georgia Institute of Technology School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences EAS 4641, Spring 2008 Lab 3 Introduction to Quantitative Analysis: Pumps and Measurements of Flow Purpose of Lab 3: 1) To gain a
More informationIntroduction. Objectives. Hazards. Procedure
Experiment: Exploring Gases Note to Students: Check with your instructor to see which parts of this lab (Parts A, B, or C) you will complete. Introduction Gases are made up of molecules that are in constant
More informationLOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES adapted by Luke Hanley and Mike Trenary
ADH 1/7/014 LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES adapted by Luke Hanley and Mike Trenary This experiment will introduce you to the kinetic properties of low-pressure gases. You will make observations on the
More informationCP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory
CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases The word kinetic refers to. Kinetic energy is the an object has because of its motion. Kinetic Molecular
More informationA centrifugal pump consists of an impeller attached to and rotating with the shaft and a casing that encloses the impeller.
Centrifugal pump How centrifugal pumps work A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller attached to and rotating with the shaft and a casing that encloses the impeller. In centrifugal pump, liquid is forced
More informationFlorida Method of Test for MEASUREMENT OF WATER PERMEABILITY OF COMPACTED ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES
Florida Method of Test for MEASUREMENT OF WATER PERMEABILITY OF COMPACTED ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES 1. SCOPE Designation: FM 5-565 1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the water conductivity
More informationSPE (2) where k
SPE 89867 Klinenberg- Measurements in Tight Gas Sands: Steady-State Versus Unsteady-State Techniques J.A. Rushing, SPE, Anadaro Petroleum Corp., K.E. Newsham, SPE, Apache Corp., P.M. Lasswell, OMNI Laboratories
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Pumps Basic operation of a liquid pump Types of liquid pumps The centrifugal pump.
Exercise 2-3 Centrifugal Pumps EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will become familiar with the operation of a centrifugal pump and read its performance chart. You will also observe the effect that
More informationPHY131H1S - Class 23. Today: Fluids Pressure Pascal s Law Gauge Pressure Buoyancy, Archimedes Principle. A little pre-class reading quiz
PHY131H1S - Class 23 Today: Fluids Pressure Pascal s Law Gauge Pressure Buoyancy, Archimedes Principle Archimedes (287-212 BC) was asked to check the amount of silver alloy in the king s crown. The answer
More informationExperiment #12. Gas Laws.
Goal To observe gas laws in the laboratory. Experiment #12. Gas Laws. Introduction All ideal gases, regardless of molar mass or chemical properties, follow the same gas laws under most conditions. Gas
More informationCHM111 Lab Gas Laws Grading Rubric
Name Team Name CHM111 Lab Gas Laws Grading Rubric Criteria Points possible Points earned Lab Performance Printed lab handout and rubric was brought to lab 3 Safety and proper waste disposal procedures
More informationApplied Fluid Mechanics
Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and
More informationExercise 2-3. Flow Rate and Velocity EXERCISE OBJECTIVE C C C
Exercise 2-3 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE C C C To describe the operation of a flow control valve; To establish the relationship between flow rate and velocity; To operate meter-in, meter-out, and bypass flow control
More informationCover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Drag on Spheres
Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Drag on Spheres Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 29 September 2017 Name 1: Name 2: Name 3: [Name 4: ] Date: Section number:
More informationAN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION ESTABILISHMENT
SCA2014-070 1/6 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION ESTABILISHMENT Zhang Zubo, Luo Manli, ChenXu, Lv Weifeng Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Petrochina This
More informationGas viscosity ( ) Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows Correlation Method Lee-Gonzalez-Eakin Method. Carr-Kobayashi-Burrows Correlation Method
Gas viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of the internal fluid friction (resistance) to flow. If the friction between layers of the fluid is small, i.e., low viscosity, an applied shearing force
More informationExercise 5-2. Bubblers EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Bubblers DISCUSSION. Learn to measure the level in a vessel using a bubbler.
Exercise 5-2 Bubblers EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Learn to measure the level in a vessel using a bubbler. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Bubblers How to measure
More informationExploring the Properties of Gases. Evaluation copy. 10 cm in diameter and 25 cm high)
Exploring the Properties of Gases Computer 30 The purpose of this investigation is to conduct a series of experiments, each of which illustrates a different gas law. You will be given a list of equipment
More informationBasic Flows in a Microfluidic Device
Basic Flows in a Microfluidic Device Vishal Tandon 1 Introduction Microfluidic devices are used to transport, mix, and separate analytes in small sample volumes for chemical or biological analysis. Understanding
More informationWATER OIL RELATIVE PERMEABILITY COMPARATIVE STUDY: STEADY VERSUS UNSTEADY STATE
SCA2005-77 1/7 WATER OIL RELATIVE PERMEABILITY COMPARATIVE STUDY: STEADY VERSUS UNSTEADY STATE 1 Marcelo M. Kikuchi, 1 Celso C.M. Branco, 2 Euclides J. Bonet, 2 Rosângela M.Zanoni, 1 Carlos M. Paiva 1
More informationValidation Study of Gas Solubility Correlations at bubble point pressure for Some Libyan Crude Oils Using Three chosen Correlations
Validation Study of Gas Solubility Correlations at bubble point pressure for Some Libyan Crude Oils Using Three chosen Correlations Dr. Mustafa O. Sharrad Dept. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty
More informationChapter 15 Fluids. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 15 Fluids Density Units of Chapter 15 Pressure Static Equilibrium in Fluids: Pressure and Depth Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy Applications of Archimedes Principle Fluid Flow and Continuity
More informationIT S A GAS
IT S A GAS IT S A GAS The Nature of Gases Gases have some interesting characteristics that have fascinated scientists for 300 years. The first gas to be studied was air & it was a long time before it was
More informationGas Pressure. Pressure is the force exerted per unit area by gas molecules as they strike the surfaces around them.
Chapter 5 Gases Gas Gases are composed of particles that are moving around very fast in their container(s). These particles moves in straight lines until they collides with either the container wall or
More informationTHREE-PHASE UNSTEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS IN CONSOLIDATED CORES USING THREE IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS
SCA2-43 /6 THREE-PHASE UNSTEADY-STATE RELATIVE PERMEABILITY MEASUREMENTS IN CONSOLIDATED CORES USING THREE IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS Peilin Cao, Shameem Siddiqui 2 Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA This
More informationPressure Measurement
Pressure Measurement Manometers Sensors, Transducers Ashish J. Modi Lecturer, Dept. of Mech.Engg., Shri S.V.M. inst. Of Technology, Bharuch Pressure Pressure is a force per unit area exerted by a fluid
More informationTEMPERATURE S RELATIONSHIP TO GAS & VAPOR PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE S RELATIONSHIP TO GAS & VAPOR PRESSURE Adapted from "Chemistry with Computers" Vernier Software, Portland OR, 1997 ELECTRONIC LABORATORY NOTEBOOK (ELN) INSTRUCTIONS Read the directions and
More informationModeling a Pressure Safety Valve
Modeling a Pressure Safety Valve Pressure Safety Valves (PSV), Pressure Relief Valves (PRV), and other pressure relieving devices offer protection against overpressure in many types of hydraulic systems.
More informationExploring the Properties of Gases
Computer 30 The purpose of this investigation is to conduct a series of experiments, each of which illustrates a different gas law. You will be given a list of equipment and materials and some general
More informationGas Physics Pressure and Flow Topics Covered:
Gas Physics Pressure and Flow Topics Covered: Molecular Theory of Gases Definition of Pressure The Gas Laws Definition of Flow Definition of Pressure Drop Gas Physics Pressure and Flow Topics Covered:
More informationCP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory
CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases The word kinetic refers to. Kinetic energy is the an object has because of its motion. Kinetic Molecular
More informationLesson 12: Fluid statics, Continuity equation (Sections ) Chapter 9 Fluids
Lesson : luid statics, Continuity equation (Sections 9.-9.7) Chapter 9 luids States of Matter - Solid, liquid, gas. luids (liquids and gases) do not hold their shapes. In many cases we can think of liquids
More informationA New Leak Detection System for Long-Distance Pipelines Utilizing Soil-Gas Techniques
A New Leak Detection System for Long-Distance Pipelines Utilizing Soil-Gas Techniques by K.F. Liang and M.C. Tom Kuo Abstract This paper presents a new leak detection system for a long-distance pipeline
More informationOHD L-44 METHOD OF TEST FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER PERMEABILITY OF COMPACTED PAVING MIXTURES
Page 1 of 6 METHOD OF TEST FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER PERMEABILITY OF COMPACTED PAVING MIXTURES 1. SCOPE A. This test method covers the laboratory determination of the water conductivity of a compacted asphalt
More informationStates of Matter Review
States of Matter Review May 13 8:16 PM Physical States of Matter (Phases) Solid Liquid Melting Gas Condensation Freezing Evaporation Deposition Sublimation Sep 13 6:04 PM 1 May 13 8:11 PM Gases Chapter
More informationMODELING AND SIMULATION OF VALVE COEFFICIENTS AND CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN A BALL VALVE
Proceedings of the 37 th International & 4 th National Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power FMFP2010 December 16-18, 2010, IIT Madras, Chennai, India FMFP2010 341 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF VALVE
More informationMATCHING EXPERIMENTAL SATURATION PROFILES BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COMBINED AND COUNTER-CURRENT SPONTANEOUS IMBIBITION
SCA2016-005 1/12 MATCHING EXPERIMENTAL SATURATION PROFILES BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF COMBINED AND COUNTER-CURRENT SPONTANEOUS IMBIBITION Douglas W. Ruth 1, Martin A. Fernø 2, Åsmund Haugen 3, Bergit Brattekås
More informationStudy on the Influencing Factors of Gas Mixing Length in Nitrogen Displacement of Gas Pipeline Kun Huang 1,a Yan Xian 2,b Kunrong Shen 3,c
Applied Mechanics and Materials Online: 2013-06-13 ISSN: 1662-7482, Vols. 321-324, pp 299-304 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.299 2013 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Study on the Influencing
More informationPractical Guide. By Steven T. Taylor, P.E., Member ASHRAE
ractical Guide The following article was published in ASHRAE Journal, March 2003. Copyright 2003 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc. It is presented for educational
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:
Exercise 5-3 Wet Reference Leg EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Learn to measure the level in a vessel using a wet reference leg. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Measuring
More informationIncrease in Evaporation Caused by Running Spa Jets swhim.com
Increase in Evaporation Caused by Running Spa Jets swhim.com Nomenclature A pipe cross-section area, m D water inlet diameter of the venturi tube nozzle, mm diameter of small end of the throat of the venturi
More informationChapter 10: Gases. Characteristics of Gases
Chapter 10: Gases Learning Outcomes: Calculate pressure and convert between pressure units with an emphasis on torr and atmospheres. Calculate P, V, n, or T using the ideal-gas equation. Explain how the
More informationDevice Description. Operating Information. CP Q (eq. 1) GT. Technical Bulletin TB-0607-CFP Hawkeye Industries Critical Flow Prover
A compressible fluid traveling at subsonic velocity through a duct of constant cross section will increase velocity when passing through a region of reduced cross-sectional area (in this case, an orifice)
More informationExperiment 18 Properties of Gases
Experiment 18 Properties of Gases E18-1 E18-2 The Task In this experiment you will investigate some of the properties of gases, i.e. how gases flow, their phase changes and chemical reactivity. Skills
More informationFreeze-Thaw Effects and Gas Permeability of Utility Line Backfill
1 Fred P. Hooper, 1 W. Allen Marr, 2 Ryan B. Drefus, 3 and Khalid Farrag 4 Freeze-Thaw Effects and Gas Permeability of Utility Line Backfill ABSTRACT: Backfill materials used in utility trenches must maintain
More informationCover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Lift on a Wing
Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Lift on a Wing Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 17 January 2017 Name 1: Name 2: Name 3: [Name 4: ] Date: Section number:
More informationProperties of Fluids SPH4C
Properties of Fluids SPH4C Fluids Liquids and gases are both fluids: a fluid is any substance that flows and takes the shape of its container. Fluids Liquids and gases are both fluids: a fluid is any substance
More informationPCS 340 Core Saturator : 115 Volt : 230 Volt. Instruction Manual
PCS 340 Core Saturator 127-70: 115 Volt 127-70-1: 230 Volt Instruction Manual Updated 4/30/2015 Ver. 1.2 OFI Testing Equipment, Inc. 11302 Steeplecrest Dr. Houston, Texas 77065 U.S.A. Tele: 832.320.7300
More informationOHD L-44 METHOD OF TEST FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER PERMEABILITY OF COMPACTED PAVING MIXTURES
Page 1 of 7 METHOD OF TEST FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER PERMEABILITY OF COMPACTED PAVING MIXTURES 1. SCOPE A. This test method covers the laboratory determination of the water conductivity of a compacted asphalt
More informationThis experiment will develop skills in graphing and graphical analysis.
Chapter 11 Fluid Flow 11.1 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to measure water flow through capillary tubes at different pressures, to study resistance to flow using tubes of different diameter,
More informationLab. Manual. Fluid Mechanics. The Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering
Lab. Manual of Fluid Mechanics The Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering General Safety rules to be followed in Fluid Mechanics Lab: 1. Always wear shoes before entering lab. 2. Do not touch
More informationCHEM 355 EXPERIMENT 7. Viscosity of gases: Estimation of molecular diameter
CHEM 355 EXPERIMENT 7 Viscosity of gases: Estimation of molecular diameter Expressed most simply, the viscosity of a fluid (liquid or gas) relates to its resistance to flow. The viscosity of a gas is determined
More informationOIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
This case study discusses the sizing of a coalescer filter and demonstrates its fouling life cycle analysis using a Flownex model which implements two new pressure loss components: - A rated pressure loss
More informationInstruction Manual Updated 5/26/2009 Ver. 2.0
Bench-Mount Filter Press With Air Cylinder Part No. 140-35 Instruction Manual Updated 5/26/2009 Ver. 2.0 OFI Testing Equipment, Inc. 11302 Steeplecrest Dr. Houston, Texas 77065 U.S.A. Tele: 832.320.7300
More informationGas Laws. Directions: Describe what contribution each of the Scientist below made to the Gas Laws and include there gas law equation.
Gas Laws Name Date Block Introduction One of the most amazing things about gases is that, despite wide differences in chemical properties, all the gases more or less obey the gas laws. The gas laws deal
More informationIntegrity Testing LifeASSURE BNA045 and BNA065 Series Filter Cartridges
Integrity Testing LifeASSURE BNA045 and BNA065 Series Filter Cartridges SAFETY INFORMATION Read, understand, and follow all safety information contained in these instructions and the instructions provided
More informationName: Period: Date: CHAPTER 10 NOTES 10.3: The Gas Laws
Name: Period: Date: 1. Define gas laws: CHAPTER 10 NOTES 10.3: The Gas Laws 2. What units do the following measurements need to be in to describe gases? Boyle s Law a. Temperature b. Volume c. Pressure
More informationAssumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. 2 The volume of the tire remains constant.
PTT 04/ Applied Fluid Mechanics Sem, Session015/016 ASSIGNMENT 1 CHAPTER AND CHAPTER 1. The air in an automobile tire with a volume of 0.0740 m is at 0 C and 140 kpa. Determine the amount of air that must
More informationSingle Tube Flowmeters
Single Tube Flowmeters P Interchangeable Designed for low flowrates, the model P flowmeter is a precision instrument embodying the inherent simplicity, versatility and economy of the classical variable
More informationH o w t o U s e a R e g u l a t o r t o R e d u c e T i m e D e l a y i n a n A n a l y t i c a l S y s t e m
H o w t o U s e a R e g u l a t o r t o R e d u c e T i m e D e l a y i n a n A n a l y t i c a l S y s t e m By Doug Nordstrom and Mike Adkins Swagelok Company Process measurements are instantaneous but
More informationMethods of Rating Flow
Methods of Rating Flow What engineers need to know when using CV as a measurement of flow in pneumatic applications In the pneumatic industry, CV is one standard for expressing the flow capacity of devices
More informationAn Improved Understanding of LNAPL Behavior in the Subsurface LNAPL - Part 1
An Improved Understanding of LNAPL Behavior in the Subsurface LNAPL - Part 1 Dave Thomas Copyright 2011 Chevron Corporation All Rights Reserved Copyright claimed throughout, except where owned by others
More information1.2 Example 1: A simple hydraulic system
Note: It is possible to use more than one fluid in the Hydraulic library. This is important because you can model combined cooling and lubrication systems of a library. The hydraulic library assumes a
More informationENSURING AN ACCURATE RESULT IN AN ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM PART 1: UNDERSTANDING AND MEASURING TIME DELAY
ENSURING AN ACCURATE RESULT IN AN ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM PART 1: UNDERSTANDING AND MEASURING TIME DELAY Process measurements are instantaneous, but analyzer responses never are. From the tap
More informationStandard Operating and Maintenance Instructions for Pumping System Model PS-90
Standard Operating and Maintenance Instructions for Pumping System Model PS-90 High Pressure Equipment Company 2955 West 17th Street, Suite 6 PO Box 8248 Erie, PA 16505 USA 814-838-2028 (phone) 814-838-6075
More informationPRESSURE REDUCING VALVE RP45 (EN)
PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE RP45 (EN) DESCRIPTION The ADCA RP45 series pressure reducing valves are single seat bellows sealed controllers, operating without auxiliary energy, designed for use on steam, compressed
More informationNovel empirical correlations for estimation of bubble point pressure, saturated viscosity and gas solubility of crude oils
86 Pet.Sci.(29)6:86-9 DOI 1.17/s12182-9-16-x Novel empirical correlations for estimation of bubble point pressure, saturated viscosity and gas solubility of crude oils Ehsan Khamehchi 1, Fariborz Rashidi
More informationSPE Copyright 2001, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
SPE 67232 Sampling Volatile Oil Wells Ahmed H. El-Banbi, SPE, Cairo University/Schlumberger Holditch-Reservoir Technologies, and William D. McCain, Jr., SPE, Texas A&M University Copyright 2001, Society
More informationDevelopment of High-speed Gas Dissolution Device
Development of High-speed Gas Dissolution Device Yoichi Nakano*, Atsushi Suehiro**, Tetsuhiko Fujisato***, Jun Ma**** Kesayoshi Hadano****, Masayuki Fukagawa***** *Ube National College of Technology, Tokiwadai
More informationThermal Mass Flowmeters. 5 Mass Flowmeters
repurged. All meters should be so installed so they can be zeroed while filled with liquid. When zeroing the meter, any associated pumps or other equipment should be running so that their standard of higher
More informationAdditional Reading General, Organic and Biological Chemistry, by Timberlake, chapter 8.
Gas Laws EXPERIMENTAL TASK Determine the mathematical relationship between the volume of a gas sample and its absolute temperature, using experimental data; and to determine the mathematical relationship
More information