Using the figure above, match the following: 4. Tidal volume. 5. Inspiratory reserve volume. 6. Residual volume. 7. Expiratory reserve volume.

Transcription

1 Respiratory Physiology Practice Test BIOL 4350: Hamilton Using the figure above, match the following: 1. Primary bronchus 2. Larynx 3. Trachea Using the figure above, match the following: 4. Tidal volume. 5. Inspiratory reserve volume. 6. Residual volume. 7. Expiratory reserve volume. 1

2 Matching Secrete a fluid containing surfactant. Composed of simple squamous epithelium. A. Type II cells B. Type I cells True or False: If false, correct the statement in the space provided. 10. The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by parts of the frontal bone. Ignore question 10 for 4350K. 11. The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell. Q11, 43, 46, and 69. The test in 4350K will not have questions about the olfactory mucosal lining or the function of the nasal cavities or the immune response system of the respiratory system. Don t worry about these questions. 12. During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. 13. The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream, in the form of carbonic anhydrase. 14. Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. 15. Tracheal obstruction is life threatening. 16. The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall. 17. As carbon dioxide enters red blood cells, some of it binds to the heme groups of hemoglobin. 18. Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the ph is more basic. 2

3 Multiple Choice 19. The loudness of a person's voice depends on: A. the thickness of vestibular folds. B. the length of the vocal folds. C. the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds. D. the strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. 20. The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is: A. to replace mucus in the alveoli. B. to protect the lungs from bacterial invasion. C. to secrete surfactant D. to trap dust and other debris. 21. Intrapulmonary pressure is the: A. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs. B. pressure within the pleural cavity. C. negative pressure in the intrapleural space. D. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure. 22. Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by: A. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid. B. warming the air before it enters. C. humidifying the air before it enters. D. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations. 23. With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because: A. an increase in ph (alkalosis. strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond. B. a decrease in ph (acidosis. weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond. C. a decrease in ph (acidosis. strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond. D. an increase in ph (alkalosis. weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond. 24. The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is: A. ph (alkalosis B. ph (acidosis C. increase of carbon dioxide D. loss of oxygen in tissues. 25. In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is: A. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin. B. only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form. C. about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin. D. not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules. 26. Another name for the inflation reflex is: A. Hering-Breuer B. pulmonary irritant C. Bohr D. Haldane. 3

4 27. Which of the following does not diminish lung compliance? A. factors that decrease the surface tension of the fluid film of the alveoli B. factors that impair the flexibility of the thoracic cage C. factors that reduce the natural resilience of the lungs D. factors that block the bronchi 28. Tidal volume is air: A. exchanged during normal breathing B. inhaled after normal inspiration. C. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration D. forcibly expelled after normal expiration. 29. The ideal vital capacity of an individual is around: A ml. B ml. C ml. D ml. 30. Since the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange? A. Respiratory exchanges are not necessary. B. Since the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange. C. Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta. D. Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus. 31. Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? A. rising blood pressure B. arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg C. rising carbon dioxide levels D. arterial ph resulting from CO2 retention 32. Which statement about CO2 is incorrect? Always assume that a question is asking about the systemic circuit unless it explicitly says pulmonary. A. CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. B. Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. C. Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in ph. D. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs. 33. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by: A. filtration. B. active transport. C. diffusion. D. osmosis. 34. Which of the following statements is correct? A. H+ has little effect on the blood ph. B. Low arterial ph is the most powerful stimulator of respiration. C. Arterial ph does not affect central chemoreceptors directly. D. H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to decrease the rate and depth of breathing. C and D seem similar for Q34, but D is correct. H+ generated in the systemic arteries cannot cross the blood-brain barrier around capillaries in the brain to affect the central chemoceptors. they can, however, affect the peripheral chemoceptors. this is something that i didn't mention in class. ignore this question. it's not possible to cover every nuance. 4

5 Fill-in-the-Blank 35. Type II alveolar cells secrete. 36. Oxygen unloading in a RBC due to declining ph is called the. 37. The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the. 38. The trachea is lined with epithelium. I cover this in A&P, but not in 4350K. The epithelium is a ciliated pseudostratified columnar. It is found in the lower part of the layrnx, the entire trachea and the larger bronchi. It is enormously important in that it acts as a mucociliary elevator that helps to keep the lung tubes free of dust, lint, bacteria, pollen and other debris. it is the primary self-cleansing system of the lungs. i didn't have time to explain it in class and won't return to it. Short Answer 39. Briefly differentiate between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure. 40. The contraction of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles begins inspiration. Explain exactly what happens, in terms of volume and pressure changes in the lungs, when these muscles contract. 41. Explain the role that surfactant plays in pulmonary ventilation (breathing). 42. Summarize cellular respiration Multiple Choice 43. Functions of the respiratory system include all of the following, except A. protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, or other environmental variations. B. defending the respiratory system and other tissues from pathogenic invasion. C. providing an extensive area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood. D. moving air to and from the exchange surface. E. preventing choking from accidental respiration of chewed food. The answer is E. The epiglottis helps to prevent food and liquids from going through the glottis into the larynx when one swallows while eating. Food and liquids shouldn't ever enter the larynx when one inhales, but there isn't a mechanism to prevent this. Fortunately, the only time this happens is by a rare accident. Let's say that you are sitting at McD's and swallowing a bite of a hamburger. if someone comes up behind you and startles you (scares you) just as you swallow then you will take a quick deep breath. just think about the quick breath that you take when you are startled. if you take this quick breath at the very moment that you swallow, then this can cause the hamburger that you are swallowing to enter the layrnx and cause you to choke. there isn't a mechanism associated with the respiratory system to prevent food from entering the lungs when one inhales, but people don't normally do this unless they are startled which is extremely rare. 5

6 44. Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the A. upper respiratory tract. B. lower respiratory tract. C. lungs. D. alveoli. E. bronchioles. 45. Large airborne particles are filtered by A. choanae. B. the soft palate. C. nasal hairs in the vestibule of the nose. D. the nasal sinuses. E. the nasopharynx. 46. Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following, except A. filtering the air. B. warming the air. C. humidifying the air. D. acting as a reservoir during coughing. E. acting as a resonating chamber in speech. 47. The openings to the nostrils are the A. external nares. B. internal nares. C. vestibules. D. turbinates. E. palates. 48 The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the A. nasopharynx. B. oropharynx. C. laryngopharynx. D. vestibule. E. internal pharynx. 49. The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the A. larynx. B. glottis. C. trachea. D. pharynx. 50. The openings to the auditory tubes are located in the A. nasopharynx. B. oropharynx. C. laryngopharynx. D. larynx. E. nasal cavity. 6

7 51. The glottis is A. the inferior margin of the soft palate. B. a flap of elastic cartilage. C. the opening to the larynx. D. the opening to the pharynx. E. part of the hard palate. 52. The vocal folds are located in the A. nasopharynx. B. oropharynx. C. larynx. D. trachea. E. bronchi. 53. The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the A. trachea. B. bronchiole. C. pharynx. D. alveolar duct. E. laryngeal duct. 54. The respiratory membrane consists primarily of A. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B. moist cuboidal epithelium. C. simple squamous epithelium. D. ciliated squamous epithelium. E. surfactant cells. 55. The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are A. bronchioles. B. alveolar ducts. C. pleural spaces. D. alveoli. E. terminal sacs. 56. Air moves out of the lungs because A. the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. B. the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration. C. contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the pleural cavity. D. the respiratory control center initiates active expansion of the thorax. 57. When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A. the volume of the thorax increases. B. the volume of the thorax decreases. C. the volume of the lungs decreases. D. the lungs collapse. E. expiration occurs. 7

8 58. Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A. movement of air into and out of the lungs. B. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E. utilization of oxygen. 59. Alveolar ventilation refers to the A. movement of air into and out of the lungs. B. movement of air into and out of the alveoli. C. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E. utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. 60. While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering A. a collapsed trachea. B. an obstruction in the bronchi. C. a pneumothorax. D. decreased surfactant production. E. a bruised diaphragm. 61. Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A. dissolved in plasma. B. bound to hemoglobin. C. in ionic form as solute in the plasma. D. bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. E. carried by white blood cells. 62. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A. solute dissolved in the plasma. B. carbaminohemoglobin. C. bicarbonate ions. D. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. E. carbonic acid. 63. The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A. oxygen. B. carbon dioxide C. bicarbonate ions D. sodium ions E. hemoglobin 64. A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will A. decrease the rate of breathing. B. increase the rate of breathing. C. decrease pulmonary ventilation. D. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. E. decrease the vital capacity. 8

9 65. The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the center. A. apneustic B. pneumotaxic C. inspiratory (DRG or dorsal respiratory group) D. expiratory E. both A and C 66. The Hering-Breuer reflex A. functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. B. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. C. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. D. protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation. E. is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing. The Hering-Breuer reflex is a stretch reflex that helps to prevent overdistention (over expansion) of the lungs which can damage the alveoli. 67. Tuberculosis results from an infection by the bacterium A. Clostridium difficile. B. Staphylococcus aureus. C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. D. Vancomycin-resistant epidermis. E. both A and C 68 is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent. A. MRSA B. Congestive heart failure C. Cystic fibrosis D. Myasthenia gravis E. Parkinson's disease 69. The respiratory defense system is important because it A. helps filter the air. B. helps warm the air. C. keeps out debris. D. keeps out pathogens. E. all of the above 70. The is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. A. pharynx B. esophagus C. trachea D. windpipe E. right mainstem bronchus 9

10 71. At the start of the respiratory cycle, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A. they are equal. B. intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. C. atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. D. atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. E. intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. 72. The term describes the result from an injury to the chest wall that causes air to leak into the pleural cavity. A. pleurisy B. pneumonia C. pneumothorax D. pulmonary edema E. emphysema 73. is the amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. A. Residual volume B. Expiratory reserve volume C. Inspiratory reserve volume D. Resting tidal volume E. Inspiratory capacity 74. is the amount of air that you can take in over and above the tidal volume. A. Residual volume B. Expiratory reserve volume C. Inspiratory reserve volume D. Resting tidal volume E. Inspiratory capacity 75. Asthma is A. a collapsed lung. B. an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. C. a nosebleed. D. characterized by fluid leaking into the alveoli. E. caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 76. In tissues at a normal partial pressure of oxygen, blood entering the venous system contains about of its total oxygen content. A. 25 percent B. 50 percent C. 75 percent D. 90 percent E. 100 percent 10

11 77. All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the A. olfactory epithelium. B. medullary chemoreceptors. C. aortic body. D. carotid body. E. all of the above 78. Sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscle tissue layer in the bronchioles causes A. bronchoconstriction. B. bronchodilation. C. a relaxation of muscle tone. D. an increase in tidal volume. E. none of the above 79. In quiet breathing A. inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. B. inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D. inspiration and expiration are both passive processes. E. none of the above 80. If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled would be her A. tidal volume. B. inspiratory reserve volume. C. expiratory reserve volume. D. minimal volume. E. vital capacity. 81. Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A. decreased temperature B. decreased ph C. increased tissue PO2 D. decreased amounts of DPG E. all of the above DPG is not on the test. DPG (2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid) is an isomer of 1,3 BPG (an intermediate in glycolysis). DPG is found in RBC's. DPG is an allosteric modifier of Hb. DPG binds to Hb and reduces its affinity for O2. This favors O2-unloading. DPG is also known as 2,3- bisphosphoglyceric acid (2,3 BPG) 82. Which of the following would have a higher-pitched voice? A. a person with thick vocal folds B. a person with thin vocal folds C. a person born without vocal folds 11

12 83. Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of A. inflammation of the bronchi. B. constriction of the trachea. C. thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport it. D. laryngospasms that occur in response to a toxic substance produced by the epithelial cells. E. collapse of one or both lungs. 84. A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would A. interfere with oxygen binding to hemoglobin. B. cause a decrease in blood ph. C. increase the amount of bicarbonate formed in the blood. D. decrease the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the plasma. E. none of the above This question (Q84) goes beyond the scope of the course. Ignore it. Carbonic anhydrase is found in both RBC's and in kidney cells. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors primarily effect the activity of CA in kidney cells. CA inhibitors prevent the proximal tubules in the kidney nephrons from reabsorbing HCO3-. if HCO3- are not reabsorbed then they are lost in the urine. Since HCO3- bind to an remove H+ from solution, the inability to reabsorb HCO3- when taking CA inhibitors leads to a condition called metabolic acidosis. i might have time to talk about this in class when we cover the urinary system, but not likely. 85. Which of the following would be greater? A. the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the ph is 7.6 B. the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the ph is 7.2 C. Neither is greater. 86. Air moves into the lungs because A. the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration. B. contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of the pleural cavity. C. the gas pressure in the lungs becomes less than outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts. D. the internal intercostals muscles decrease the thoracic cavity volume. E. the thorax is muscular. 87. Alveolar ventilation rate is A. the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time. B. less than pulmonary ventilation due to dead space. C. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. D. the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. E. the utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. 12

13 88. Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where A. partial pressures of carbon dioxide are lower. B. ph is more acidic. C. temperature is lower. D. partial pressures of oxygen are higher. E. ph is more alkaline. 89. In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is A. Lower than the PO2 of venous blood B. The same as PO2 for venous blood C. Much higher than the PO2 for arterial blood D. Equal with that in the tissues E. About 104 mmhg 90. Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is A. bound to hemoglobin. B. carried by white blood cells. C. bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. D. converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma. E. dissolved in plasma. 91. The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called A. Cellular respiration B. Oxidative phosphorylation C. External respiration D. Internal respiration E. Pulmonary ventilation 92. This tissue lines the trachea. A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Hyaline cartilage C. Areolar connective tissue D. Stratified squamous epithelium E. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 93. Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest? A. Tidal volume B. Inspiratory capacity C. Vital capacity D. Residual volume E. Expiratory reserve volume 94. Which respiratory structure has the smallest diameter? A. Bronchiole B. Pharynx C. Larynx D. Bronchi E. Trachea 13

14 95. About 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as A. Dissolved gas in the plasma B. Carbaminohemoglobin C. Oxyhemoglobin D. Hydrogen ions E. Bicarbonate ions 96. Which of the following controls the respiratory rate? A. Cerebral cortex B. Alveolar sacs C. Spinal cord D. Pons E. Medulla Matching 97. Functional residual capacity 98. Inspiratory reserve 99. Tidal volume 100. Total lung capacity 101. Vital capacity A. Volume that can be forced in after a tidal inhalation B. About 6000ml in an average male C. Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation D. Volume of air in lungs after normal tidal expiration E. About a pint's worth of air Matching 102. Nasal cavity 103. Pharynx 104. Larynx 105. Trachea 106. Bronchi 107. Alveoli A. Descends from the larynx as a single tube reinforced with cartilage rings before it divides to go to each lung B. Commonly called the throat; air leaves the nose and enters here en route to the lungs C. Terminal branches of the lungs where respiratory gas exchange occurs D. Major branches of the cartilage-reinforced tube that go to each lung E. Secretes mucus and antibacterial enzymes; traps dust, bacteria, and warms air during inspiration F. Contains vocal cords that produce speech; called the voice box 14

15 Matching 108. Partially saturated hemoglobin 109. Saturated hemoglobin 110. Oxygen in the process of combining with heme groups 111. Oxygen leaving heme groups A. Gas exchange in the tissues B. Four oxygen molecules are bound to heme groups C. Gas exchange in the lungs D. One, two, or three oxygen molecules are bound to heme groups 15

16 Answer Key 1. D (E is the mediastinum) 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. FALSE, maxillary and palatine 11. TRUE 12. FALSE, 500 ml 13. FALSE, bicarbonate ions 14. TRUE 15. TRUE 16. TRUE 17. FALSE, CO2 binds to amino acids 18. FALSE, acidic 19. C 20. C 21. A 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. A 28. A 29. A 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. surfactant 36. Bohr effect 37. epiglottis 38. ciliated pseudostratified columnar 39. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by gases of the atmosphere. Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the alveoli of the lungs. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure within the intrapleural space. Intrapleural pressure is always negative relative to the other two. Equalization of the intrapleural pressure with atmospheric pressure or intrapulmonary pressure immediately causes lung collapse. 40. With contraction of the diaphragm, the height of the thoracic cavity increases. Contraction of the intercostal muscles expands the diameter of the thorax. With an increase in volume of the thorax, the intrapulmonary volume increases, causing a drop in pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. Air rushes into the lungs along this pressure gradient until intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures are equal. 41. The type II alveolar cells may not have fully developed; therefore, there is the possibility of lung collapse. 42. Cellular respiration 43. E 44. A 45. C 46. D 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. A 51. C 52. C 53. A 54. C 55. D 56. B 57. A 58. A 59. B 60. C 61. B 62. C 63. B 16

17 64. B 65. C 66. D 67. C 68. C 69. E 70. A 71. A 72. C 73. D 74. C 75. B 76. C 77. A 78. B 79. C 80. E 81. B 82. B 83. C 84. B 85. A 86. C 87. A 88. B 89. C 90. D 91. E 92. E 93. C 94. A 95. B 96. E 97. D 98. A 99. E 100. B 101. C 102. E 103. B 104. F 105. A 106. D 107. C 108. D 109. B 110. C 111. A 17