CHAPTER 3 AUTOMOTIVE AIR COMPRESSOR
|
|
- Willis Gilbert
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 30 CHAPTER 3 AUTOMOTIVE AIR COMPRESSOR 3.1 INTRODUCTION A machine providing air at a high pressure is called as an air compressor. Air compressors have been used in industry for well over 100 years because air as a resource is safe, flexible, clean and convenient. These machines have evolved into highly reliable pieces of equipment that are almost indispensable in many of the applications they serve. Compressors are available in a wide variety of different types and sizes. Every compressed-air system begins with a compressor - the source of air flow for all the downstream equipment and processes. The main parameters of any air compressor are capacity, pressure, power and duty cycle. It is known that capacity does the work; pressure affects the rate at which work is done. Kazutaka Suefuji and Susuma Nakayama (1980) in their study on hermetic compressor have quoted that adjusting an air compressor's discharge pressure does not change the compressor's capacity. There are a number of basic air compressor designs and variations in the market today. The three basic types of air compressors are Rotary Screw Rotary Centrifugal Reciprocating
2 31 These types are further specified by the number of compression stages cooling method (air, water, oil) drive method (motor, engine, steam, other) lubrication (oil, oil-free) packaged or custom-built 3.2 ROTARY SCREW COMPRESSORS Rotary air compressors are positive displacement compressors. The most common rotary air compressor is the single stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded screw air compressor. These compressors consist of two rotors within a casing where the rotors compress the air internally. There are no valves. These units are basically oil cooled (with air cooled or water cooled oil coolers) where the oil seals the internal clearances. Since the cooling takes place right inside the compressor, the working parts never experience extreme operating temperatures. The rotary compressor, therefore, is a continuous duty, air cooled or water cooled compressor package. Rotary screw air compressors are easy to maintain and operate. Capacity control for these compressors is accomplished by variable speed and variable compressor displacement. For the latter control technique, a slide valve is positioned in the casing. As the compressor capacity is reduced, the slide valve opens, bypassing a portion of the compressed air back to the suction. Advantages of the rotary screw compressor include smooth, pulsefree air output in a compact size with high output volume over a long life. The oil free rotary screw air compressor utilises specially designed air ends to compress air without oil in the compression chamber yielding true oil free air. Oil free rotary screw air compressors are available as air cooled and water cooled and provide the same flexibility as oil flooded rotaries when oil free air is required.
3 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor which depends on transfer of energy from a rotating impeller to the air. Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure discharge by converting angular momentum imparted by the rotating impeller (dynamic displacement). In order to do this efficiently, centrifugal compressors rotate at higher speeds than the other types of compressors. These types of compressors are also designed for higher capacity because flow through the compressor is continuous. Adjusting the inlet guide vanes is the most common method to control the capacity of a centrifugal compressor. By closing the guide vanes, volumetric flows and capacity are reduced. The centrifugal air compressor is an oil free compressor by design. The oil lubricated running gear is separated from the air by shaft seals and atmospheric vents. 3.4 RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSORS Reciprocating compressors are used in commercial automotives with air brake system. They are in use for more than six decades. Development of a compressor requires an insight into the design parameters and their effects on performance, cost and life of the compressor. Reciprocating air compressors are positive displacement machines that they increase the pressure of air by reducing its volume. This means they are taking in successive volumes of air which is confined within a closed space and elevating this air to a higher pressure. The reciprocating air compressor accomplishes this by a piston within a cylinder as the compressing and displacing element. Single-stage and two-stage reciprocating compressors are commercially available. Single-stage compressors are generally used for pressures in the range of 500 kpa to 900 kpa. Two-stage compressors are generally used for higher pressures in the range of 900 kpa to
4 kpa. The reciprocating air compressor is single acting when the compression is accomplished using only one side of the piston. A compressor using both sides of the piston is considered double acting. Load reduction is achieved by unloading individual cylinders. Typically, this is accomplished by throttling the suction pressure to the cylinder or bypassing air either within or outside the compressor. Capacity control is achieved by varying the speed in engine-driven units through fuel flow control. Reciprocating air compressors are available either as air-cooled or water-cooled in lubricated and non-lubricated configurations, may be packaged, and provide a wide range of pressure and capacity selections. Figure 3.1 shows the schematic diagram of a single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor. A reciprocating compressor consists of a crankshaft (driven by a gas engine, electric motor, or turbine) attached to a connecting rod, which transfers the rotary motion of the crankshaft to the piston. The piston travels back and forth in a cylinder. The piston acting within the cylinder then compresses the air contained within that cylinder. Air enters the cylinder through a suction valve at suction pressure and is compressed to reach the desired discharge pressure. When the air reaches the desired pressure, it is then discharged through a discharge valve. Desired discharge pressure can be reached through utilisation of either a single or double acting cylinder. In a double acting cylinder, compression takes place both at the head end and crank end of the cylinder. The cylinder can be designed to accommodate any pressure or capacity, thus making the reciprocating compressor the most popular in the gas industry.
5 34 Air from atmosphere Valve Plate Cylinder Suction Valve Discharge Valve Discharged air to reservoir TDC Piston BDC Connecting rod Crank Crank Shaft Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of a reciprocating air compressor 3.5 SUCTION AND DISCHARGE VALVES A compressor valve is a device that controls the inward flow of lower pressure gas at atmospheric conditions and the outward flow of higher pressure gas from a reciprocating compressor cylinder. Normally these valves open and close automatically, solely governed by the pressure differential in the cylinder and the intake or exhaust line pressure. There is atleast one suction valve and one discharge valve for every compression chamber. Each valve opens and closes in every cycle. A valve used in a compressor operating at 1200 rpm for 12 hours a day and 280 days a year, opens and closes 72,000 times per hour or 864,000 times per 12 hours in a day or 241,920,000 times per year.
6 35 There are essentially two requirements to be met by a valve, (a) the valve must be efficient, and (b) the valve must be durable and quiet in service. The above criteria can be refined and can include both the aerodynamic flow efficiency and the volumetric efficiency. Under durability, the maintenance free operation for over several thousand hours plus relative ease in servicing and repair can also be included. There are different kinds of compressor valves: plate or disc valves, ring valves, channel valves, feather valves, poppet valves, ball valves, reed and concentric valves, to name just a few. Each design has a specific criteria with regard to the sealing element and all the other components are designed accordingly. Most of the air compressors used in automotive braking system use reed, disc or ring valves. In disc valves the plate is operated by a compression ring. The ring valve is an annular disc valve operated by a spring. Figure 3.2 shows the opening of disc valve used on suction and delivery sides. Figure 3.2 Inlet and Delivery disc valve openings
7 36 When the valve is closed, part of the valve plate or valve ring is firmly set against the seat lands. The sealing element initially lifts off the seat land slowly but accelerates rapidly towards the guard once spring forces are overcome. The factors that account for the initial pressure differential between cylinder and line pressure at valve opening that is seen on all PV-diagrams are (i) the cylinder pressure exposed to the entire surface area of the sealing element (ii) the sticking effect of lubrication or condensate and (iii) the spring load force. To lift the sealing element off the seat land, a pressure differential is required across the sealing element. The difference in area of a sealing element is normally 15% to sometimes as high as 30% between exposure underneath (seat side) and exposure on top (guard side). Since there is always some leakage through the closed valve plate along the seat lands, there is a certain amount of pressure build-up in this area. Therefore, the actual pressure differential needed to induce or cause the valve open is only 5% to 15% over the line pressure. As the sealing element lifts off the seat lands, it accelerates rapidly against the spring load towards the guard. The sealing element impacts against the guard causing the opening impact, at this stage the valve is considered fully open. Piston velocity at top or bottom dead center is zero and increases gradually to a maximum at the middle of its stroke. Valve velocity follows a slower path than the piston. The flow of the gas out through the seat keeps the sealing element open. As the flow diminishes due to the decreasing piston speed, the springs or other cushioning elements force the sealing element to
8 37 return to the seat lands and close the valve on time. Preferably, the valve is completely closed when the piston is at or near dead center. A reed valve is a flow actuated one-way valve. A port in the line is covered by the free end of a thin and flexible blade whose other end is fastened so that the port is normally closed. Pressure in the port or vacuum on the far side, will lift the blade, permitting the flow. If the pressure reverses, it closes the blade, stopping the flow. Usually the reed valves use a single blade, but modern versions combine four, six or eight blades, or petals, into tent-like arrays, fastened to a multi-ported reed cage. Reed valve involves the loss of pressure, as some pressure difference is required to open the valve. Even with this limitation, they have excellent versatility. Figure 3.3 shows the inlet and delivery valves employed in a 160 cc air cooled compressor. Inlet valve Cylinder bore Valve lift Delivery valve stopper Delivery valve Valve lift Cylinder bore Figure 3.3 Inlet and Delivery Reed Valve openings
9 38 features: Modern compressors employ reed valves because of the following 1. Number of components required is less. So almost no wear takes place. 2. The number of holes in the valve plate can be increased which will increase the flow area. This will reduce the pressure required to open the valves, and hence lesser pressure drop across the valves. 3. Lesser assembly difficulties. 3.6 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF COMPRESSOR The performance of the compressor can be studied by individual parameters, such as pump up time, delivery air temperature, speed and power Pump up time Pump up time is the time required to develop a delivery pressure in a reservoir of given volume connected to the compressor air outlet. Pump up time is important as it indicates the volume flow rate of air inside the compressor under given operating conditions. Mainly the clearance volume affects pump time performance in addition to the flow area available in the cylinder head. The flow area available should not be less than the adapter inside flow area Delivery air temperature It is the temperature of air after compression measured at the delivery port of the cylinder head. Delivery air temperature has two issues:
10 39 (i) the degree of heat generated by the compression process and (ii) the degree of cooling of the compressor after the compression process. The air from the compressor is led into the air drier (Air processing unit) which purges the air from most of the moisture. The temperature of the air that enters the air processing unit is limited to about 70 o C. This necessitates the use of long metallic finned pipelines (nearly 6 m long) in order to allow sufficient time for cooling of air. A long pipeline complicates assembly issues on the vehicle. Thus a reduced delivery air temperature would reduce the need for long pipelines and thereby simplify the problems. A high delivery air temperature increases oil carryover and thereby further increase in the delivery air temperature due to the formation of carbon deposits on the piston and the cylinder head. Carbon deposits on the cylinder head reduce the heat dissipation capacity of the fins on the inner cavity of the cylinder head. Cylinder head design has a vital influence on the delivery air temperature Power Power is measured under three conditions: Loaded power: Loaded power is the power consumed by the compressor while pumping against a pressure gradient. Unloaded power: Unloaded power is the power consumed while pumping to atmosphere (with ideally no pressure gradient) through the unloaded valve. The unloaded valve regulates the pressure against which the compressor is pumping. Unloaded power reflects the power losses at the unloaded valve due to flow resistance. No load power: No load power is the power consumed while the compressor s delivery is open to atmosphere. No load
11 40 power is indicative of the power losses due to the flow resistance in the cylinder head of the compressor. 3.7 COMPRESSOR TERMINOLOGY Various terms related to the compressor specification are shown in Table 5.1 and the performance analysis are discussed below Discharge and suction pressure Discharge pressure is the pressure of discharged air or theoretically the reservoir pressure. The pressure of air during suction process is called suction pressure Free air delivered (FAD) The volume of air delivered by the compressor, when the state of air is reduced to intake (p s, T s ) or atmospheric (p a, T a ) or normal (p a, T n ) or required (p, T) condition is called FAD. Let, m 1 = Initial mass of air in the reservoir in kg p 1 T 1 m 3 p 3 T 3 = Initial pressure of the reservoir in Pa = Initial temperature of the reservoir in K = Final mass of air in the reservoir in kg = Final pressure of the reservoir in Pa = Final temperature of the reservoir in K V = Volume of the reservoir in m 3 t = Time taken for the pressure to build up from p 1 to p 3 in second
12 41 m od = Mass of air discharged into the reservoir in kg p V 1 m1 (3.1) RT1 p V 3 m3 (3.2) RT3 p 2 = m 3 m 1 The mass added during the interval t at intermediate pressure p3 p 1 V (3.3) T3 T1 R Mass added per cycle at p 2 (m od ) p 3 p 1 60 V (3.4) T3 T1 R N t FAD m R T od f (3.5) p f N From Equation (3.4), the FAD is p T 3 3 p T VTf t pf (3.6) where, p f = Free air pressure in Pa T f = Free air temperature in K N = Compressor speed in rpm There will be a rise in temperature during filling process at constant volume. Therefore it is required to measure the temperature at p 1 and p 3. If free air temperature is the tank temperature, it is taken as the temperature at the intermediate pressure p 2. This intermediate temperature should be used for calculating the mass of air discharged.
13 Indicated power (IP) Work energy imparted to the air per unit time is called indicated power. This power can be obtained from the p-v diagram Power consumption The power available at the compressor shaft to run the compressor at the desired discharge pressure and speed is termed as the power consumption. The power imparted to the air in the cylinder is Indicated power (IP). All the power available at the compressor shaft will not be imparted to the air in the cylinder. The friction between the moving parts absorbs some power and it is called friction power (FP). The FP varies with compressor speed. The load (discharge pressure) on the compressor has a negligible effect on FP. As the speed increases FP increases. For power absorbing machines, like compressor, Mechanical efficiency, IP m (3.7) BP If the compressor gets power from electric motor, then the power IP required to run the compressor (3.8) m g where, g = Generator (or) motor efficiency (generally the value lies between 0.85 and 0.95) If the compressor gets power from I.C engines, it is convenient to take the power required to run the compressor equal to the brake power (BP) of the compressor. The mechanical efficiency ( m ) of any reciprocating machine will be around 0.75 to 0.8 at rated speed. For the same speed, the
14 43 power required to run the compressor decreases with decrease in mass of air handled Indicated torque Torque (or often called a moment) can be thought of as a rotational force or angular force which causes a change in rotational motion. This force is defined by linear force multiplied by a radius. If a force is allowed to act through a distance, it does mechanical work. Similarly, if moment is allowed to act through a rotational distance, it does work. Power is the work per unit time. However, the time and rotational distance are related by the angular speed where each revolution results in the circumference of the circle being travelled by the force that is generating the torque. This means that, torque causes the angular speed to increase in doing work and the generated power may be calculated as P = Torque x Angular Velocity Indicated Power (IP) at a particular crankangle can be estimated from IP = T (3.9) From the torque calculation at different crankangles, it is possible to find the maximum torque and maximum indicated power which the compressor absorbs in a cycle Volumetric efficiency Analysis of volumetric efficiency ( v ) is essential to estimate the suitability of a compressor for a particular application. The factors affecting volumetric efficiency are
15 44 Clearance volume (Increase in clearance volume decreases v ) Discharge pressure (Increase in discharge pressure decreases v ) Temperature of cylinder (Heating of the cylinder decreases v ) Compressor speed (Increase in speed decreases the increase in v ) Leakage (Leakage past the piston, decreases v, but this effect can be neglected) Actual volume of air entering thecycle during suction process v Maximum possible volume of air that can enter thecylinder during suction process v 1 / n p d 1 k k p s (3.10) where, k = Clearance ratio = V c / V s (3.11) This expression is valid only for ideal compressors. In an ideal compressor, the index of expansion and compression are the same and the discharge and suction pressures are constant throughout the discharge process and suction process. For practical compressors, the volumetric efficiency is defined in terms of mass of air or FAD. v Actualmassof air drawnin percycle Maximumpossiblemassthatcouldbedrawnin percycle Maximum possible mass = a V s (3.12) Actual mass = Mass drawn in (or) Mass delivered out per cycle where, a = Density of ambient air = p a / (R T a ) (3.13) V s = Swept volume
16 Clearance volume and stroke volume Clearance volume (V c ) is the volume that is available after the piston reaches the TDC. This volume is provided in the compressor for ensuring free movement of compressor valves. The presence of clearance volume reduces the volumetric efficiency. Stroke volume (V s ) or swept volume is the volume corresponding to stroke Working volume It is the volume of air at any crankangle and is obtained using Equation (4.21). The cylinder volume at various crankangles is shown in Figure 3.4. Figure 3.4 Cylinder volume-crankangle diagram of Compressor Valve Lift It is the vertical distance travelled by the suction or discharge valve at any crankangle. Valve lift is governed by the goal to design valves with acceptable life and uninterrupted service. Since the plate or sealing element opens and closes with every revolution of the crankshaft, factors such as rotating speed, operating pressure and molecular weight of the gas determine
17 46 the limits of allowable valve lift. The impact resilience of various materials used for valve plates (steel, polymers, etc.) also has an influence on maximum acceptable valve lift. Different valve manufacturers use more or less conservative guidelines for allowable lift for a given set of operating conditions. Excessive valve lift can have detrimental effects on valve life, due to high-velocity impact forces, valve flutter, late closing, and other lifedeteriorating developments. Once an acceptable valve lift is defined, the rest of the valve geometry can be selected to balance the ratios of seat and guard area to free lift area. The diverse applications result in a variety of valve concepts. For example, slow-speed applications favour wide-ported seats and guards and high valve lifts, while high-speed applications require narrow ports and lower lifts would be applied Back flow during discharge and suction Whenever the valve closes, there will be a flow of some discharged air into the cylinder. This phenomenon is called Back flow during discharge and this reduces the mass of air discharged. Similarly, whenever the valve closes, there will be a flow of some drawn air from the cylinder to the atmosphere. This phenomenon is called Back flow during suction and this reduces the mass of air drawn in Head Volume The volume just above the valve plate is called head volume. It is also called plenum chamber volume. There are two compartments in the head, suction and discharge plenum chambers. Discharge Head: The air is discharged into the receiver through the head volume. The pressure in the head will not be constant, because, the mass going out of head per degree of crank rotation is not equal to the mass
18 47 coming into the head from the cylinder. There will be a pressure fluctuation in the head and this will affect the discharge of air from the cylinder. Driving force for flow of air from the cylinder is proportional to (p p d ) in theoretical case and is proportional to (p p h ) in actual case, where, p is the cylinder pressure, p d is the discharge pressure and p h is the head pressure. Suction Head: The air enters the cylinder during suction through the suction head. Driving force for flow of air from the cylinder is proportional to (p a p) in theoretical case and is proportional to (p h p) in actual case, where, p is the cylinder pressure, p a is the ambient air pressure and p h is the head pressure. Flow of air through the valve resists velocity changes because of its mass. The flow in compressor manifold is intermittent. When a discharge valve opens, the gas flowing from the cylinder has to push the gas already present in the manifold. This is a problem which increases with the compressor speed. At 3600 rpm, the time available is only 1/60 s per revolution and only a small fraction of this is available for the gas mass in the cylinder to be emptied into the manifold, accelerating in turn the air already present in the manifold. The result is the development of a back-pressure against which the compressor has to work and the losses can be significant. In reality, pressure surge will be occurring in the manifold. Carl et al (1974) stated that the volume directly behind the discharge valve should be as large as possible, as a minimum it should be equal to the cylinder volume for high speed compressors, but preferably three times as large. The same is true for suction valves, since the sudden filling of the cylinder depletes the supply of gas in the suction manifold and an underpressure is created against which the valve has to work. The volume acts like a collection tank or accumulator of gas, so that an over or under supply of gas can be stored temporarily.
19 48 Figure 3.5 shows the sectional view of a reciprocating air compressor used in braking system of heavy automotive vehicles. Figure 3.5 Sectional view of a typical automotive compressor The important parts of a reciprocating compressor are piston, cylinder, connecting rod and suction and discharge valves. The valve plate accommodates both inlet and delivery valves. The cylinder block houses the piston with connecting rod. The compressor is run by the engine and receives
20 49 power through the belt drive at drive end. The compressor is mounted to the engine using mounting flanges. 3.8 VALVE DYNAMICS Each compressor valve has to open and close in every compression cycle. The timing and pattern of the opening and closing events are referred to as valve dynamics. The valve opening and closing at the right time and without flutter is important. Compressor valve dynamics are important since they influence the valve life and compression efficiency. The valve dynamics can be influenced through proper spring and/or the mass of the moving components. For proper performance, the valves must be designed for the specific operating window. Valve flutter is not only detrimental to valve life because of multi impacting, but it reduces the effective lift area and also flow efficiency. Delayed closing will especially damage the valve since it is associated with slamming of the valve against a seat; the resultant back flow lowers overall efficiency by a substantial margin. Major valve manufacturers have used valve motion studies to improve valve performance and altered the design conditions of the valve offered for a specific application to optimise the performance. This chapter explained the working and theory of air compressors used in automotive braking system. The performance parameters like, volumetric efficiency, free air delivered, power and torque were also discussed. The development of mathematical model starting from the basic ideal model is explained in Chapter 4.
CHAPTER 3 : AIR COMPRESSOR
CHAPTER 3 : AIR COMPRESSOR Robotic & Automation Department FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING, UTeM Learning Objectives Identify types of compressors available Calculate air capacity rating of compressor
More informationME1251 THERMAL ENGINEERING UNIT IV AIR COMPRESSORS
ME1251 THERMAL ENGINEERING UNIT IV AIR COMPRESSORS UNIT-IV 4. 1 CONTENTS TECHNICAL TERMS 4.1 Classification of compressors 4.2 Positive Displacement compressors 4.2.1 Double acting compressor 4.2.2 Diaphragm
More informationOffshore Equipment. Yutaek Seo
Offshore Equipment Yutaek Seo Flash Gas Compressor (East spar) Dehydration NGL recovery Slug catcher Separator Stabilization Booster compressor Gas export compression (Donghae-1 Platform) May 7 th Gas
More informationCompressors. Basic Classification and design overview
Compressors Basic Classification and design overview What are compressors? Compressors are mechanical devices that compresses gases. It is widely used in industries and has various applications How they
More information(Refer Slide Time: 2:16)
Fluid Machines. Professor Sankar Kumar Som. Department Of Mechanical Engineering. Indian Institute Of Technology Kharagpur. Lecture-23. Diffuser and Cavitation. Good morning and welcome you all to this
More informationAnalysis of Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Air Compressor in Automotive Braking System
International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing, Vol. 6, No. 3, June 218 Analysis of Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour of Air Compressor in Automotive Braking System J. Venkatesan, S. P. Chidambaram,
More informationNEW POLYTECHNIC, KOLHAPUR
Content: 3.1 Classification of air compressor - Construction and working of single stage and two stage reciprocating air compressors with P-V. diagram. Necessity of multistaging and inter cooling. Construction
More informationFundamentals of Compressed Air Systems. Pre-Workshop Assignment
Page 1 In order to ensure that the Compressed Air Challenge Fundamentals of Compressed Air Systems Training is most useful to you, it will be important for you to bring information about your plant s compressed
More informationTradition & Technology
Gaterotor Support Gaterotor Single Screw Compressors Design & Operation Bearing Bearings Main Screw Parallex Slide System The VSM Single Screw Compressor has one main rotor and two gaterotors. All bearings
More informationV-Major, V-Compact. Reciprocating Compressors. Intelligent Air Technology
V-Major, V-Compact Reciprocating Compressors Intelligent Air Technology & Significant Energy Savings with Lower Running Costs Efficient. LOW POWER CONSUMPTION 75% of the running cost of an air compressor
More informationSelection of gas compressors: part 2
36 Compressors Selection of gas compressors: part 2 In this multipart series, Eduardo Larralde and Rafael Ocampo aim to provide a comprehensive survey of the current state of the art concerning gas Following
More informationGLOSSARY OF TERMS. Adiabatic Compression Compression process when all heat of compression is retained in the gas being compressed.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS Absolute pressure Total pressure measured from absolute zero i.e. a perfect vacuum. As a practical matter, gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Absolute temperature Temperature measured
More informationApplied Fluid Mechanics
Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and
More informationUnit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics
Unit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics Unit code: J/601/1496 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 2 TUTORIAL 11 AIR COMPRESSORS AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The material needed for outcome 2 is
More informationGuideline No.M-05(201510) M-05 AIR COMPRESSOR. Issued date: 20 October China Classification Society
Guideline No.M-05(201510) M-05 AIR COMPRESSOR Issued date: 20 October 2015 China Classification Society Foreword This Guideline constitutes the CCS rules, and establishes the applicable technical requirements
More informationTheoretical and Experimental Study on Energy Efficiency of Twin Screw Blowers Compared to Rotary Lobe Blowers
Theoretical and Experimental Study on Energy Efficiency of Twin Screw Blowers Compared to Rotary Lobe Blowers Mr. Gert an Leuven Team leader Product Development Atlas Copco Airpower n.v., Wilrijk, Belgium
More informationPump Selection and Sizing (ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINE)
Guidelines for Processing Plant Page : 1 of 64 Feb 2007 (ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDELINE) Author: A L Ling Checked by: Karl Kolmetz TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION Scope 5 General Design Consideration Type
More informationAn Impeller Blade Analysis of Centrifugal Gas Compressor Using CFD
An Impeller Blade Analysis of Centrifugal Gas Compressor Using CFD Vivek V. Kulkarni Department of Mechanical Engineering KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka Dr. Anil T.R. Department
More informationIntroduction to Pumps
Introduction to Pumps 1 Introduction to Pumps 1.0 INTRODUCTION There are many different types of pump now available for use in pumped fluid systems. A knowledge of these pump types and their performance
More informationThe Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Pumps Basic operation of a liquid pump Types of liquid pumps The centrifugal pump.
Exercise 2-3 Centrifugal Pumps EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will become familiar with the operation of a centrifugal pump and read its performance chart. You will also observe the effect that
More informationUsing PV Diagram Synchronized With the Valve Functioning to Increase the Efficiency on the Reciprocating Hermetic Compressors
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 21 Using PV Diagram Synchronized With the Valve Functioning to Increase the Efficiency on
More informationFundamentals of Turboexpanders Basic Theory and Design
Fundamentals of Turboexpanders Basic Theory and Design Edited Date: September 16, 2015 Presented By: Mr. James Simms Simms Machinery International, Inc. 2357 A Street Santa Maria, CA 93455 U.S.A. About
More informationUnit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics
Unit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics Unit code: J/601/1496 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 2 TUTORIAL 9 ACCUMULATORS The material needed for outcome 2 is very extensive so there are
More informationSimplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor
Simplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor By Charlie D. McCoy and Mark Lancaster Abstract: Vapor Recovery Units are often expensive, complicated to operate and unable to deal with High H2S and liquids.
More informationUnderstanding Lobe Blowers Roots Blowers. Article written by Technical Team of EVEREST GROUP
Understanding Lobe Blowers Roots Blowers Article written by Technical Team of EVEREST GROUP ompressors and Fans are essentially pumps for gases. Although they differ in construction from liquid handling
More informationUnderstanding Centrifugal Compressor Capacity Controls:
Understanding Centrifugal Compressor Capacity Controls: Richard Stasyshan, CAGI Technical Consultant and the Centrifugal Compressor Section of the Compressed Air & Gas Institiute (CAGI). CAGI and our centrifugal
More informationPlease welcome for any correction or misprint in the entire manuscript and your valuable suggestions kindly mail us
Problems of Practices Of Basic and Applied Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics Prepared By Brij Bhooshan Asst. Professor B. S. A. College of Engg. And Technology Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, (India)
More informationMultifunctional Screw Compressor Rotors
Multifunctional Screw Compressor Rotors Nikola Stosic, Ian K. Smith and Ahmed Kovacevic Centre for Positive Displacement Compressor Technology, City University, London EC1V OHB, U.K. N.Stosic@city.ac.uk
More informationPressure on Demand. Air Pressure Amplifiers
Pressure on Demand Air Pressure Amplifiers Introduction Haskel air pressure amplifiers offer the most comprehensive range in the industry combining simple principles of operation with rugged construction
More informationExercise 4-2. Centrifugal Pumps EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. Pumps
Exercise 4-2 Centrifugal Pumps EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Familiarize yourself with the basics of liquid pumps, specifically with the basics of centrifugal pumps. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise
More informationOptimizing Compressed Air Storage for Energy Efficiency
University of Dayton ecommons Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 4-2011 Optimizing Compressed Air Storage for Energy Efficiency
More informationAcoustical Modeling of Reciprocating Compressors With Stepless Valve Unloaders
Acoustical Modeling of Reciprocating Compressors With Stepless Valve Unloaders Kelly Eberle, P.Eng. Principal Engineer keberle@betamachinery.com Brian C. Howes, M.Sc., P.Eng. Chief Engineer bhowes@betamachinery.com
More informationDisplacement 12, , Maximum flow rate (at 1450 rpm) bar.
00/07 ED PVD VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT VANE PUMPS SERIES 0 OPERATING PRINCIPLE The PVD pumps are variable displacement vane pumps with a mechanical type of pressure compensator. They allow instantaneous adjustment
More informationSimulator For Performance Prediction Of Reciprocating Compressor Considering Various Losses
Simulator For Performance Prediction Of Reciprocating Considering Various Losses Aditya S. Bawane 1, Dr. V.K. Bhojwani 2, Mitali B. Deshmukh 3 1 (Mechanical Engineering Department, JSCOE, S.P. Pune University,
More informationExercise 2-3. Flow Rate and Velocity EXERCISE OBJECTIVE C C C
Exercise 2-3 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE C C C To describe the operation of a flow control valve; To establish the relationship between flow rate and velocity; To operate meter-in, meter-out, and bypass flow control
More informationA centrifugal pump consists of an impeller attached to and rotating with the shaft and a casing that encloses the impeller.
Centrifugal pump How centrifugal pumps work A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller attached to and rotating with the shaft and a casing that encloses the impeller. In centrifugal pump, liquid is forced
More informationINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE NPTEL NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE NPTEL NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Lecture-07 Vapour Compression Cycle-1 with Prof. Ravi Kumar Department of Mechanical and
More informationDevelopment of a High Pressure, Oil Free, Rolling Piston Compressor
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 1994 Development of a High Pressure, Oil Free, Rolling Piston Compressor S. J. Delmotte
More informationAnother convenient term is gauge pressure, which is a pressure measured above barometric pressure.
VACUUM Theory and Applications Vacuum may be defined as the complete emptiness of a given volume. It is impossible to obtain a perfect vacuum, but it is possible to obtain a level of vacuum, defined as
More informationInvestigation of Suction Process of Scroll Compressors
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2006 Investigation of Suction Process of Scroll Compressors Michael M. Cui Trane Jack Sauls
More informationHW-1: Due by 5:00 pm EDT on Wednesday 13 June 2018 to GradeScope.
HW-1: Due by 5:00 pm EDT on Wednesday 13 June 2018 to GradeScope. The solar cell/solar panel shown above depict how a semiconductor can transform solar power into electrical power. Consider the solar panel
More informationDesign. Pompetravaini-NSB API SB Liquid Ring Compressor for Gas Processing. Working Principle
SB Pompetravaini-NSB API SB Liquid Ring Compressor for Gas Processing A family of API liquid ring compressors has been developed and has been in the market for nearly a decade, they are specifically made
More informationWORKHOLDING APPLICATION BOOKLET
WORKHOLDING APPLICATION BOOKLET Applications and advantages of using minibooster hydraulic pressure intensifiers MINIMUM SIZE MAXIMUM POWER B-GB Workholding 2018.04 1 of 20 2 of 20 B-GB Workholding 2018.04
More informationMECHANICAL EQUIPMENTS: COMPRESSORS, PUMPS, SEALS, SPEED DRIVES, CONTROL VALVES & ACTUATORS & SAFETY RELIEF VALVES
Training Title MECHANICAL EQUIPMENTS: COMPRESSORS, PUMPS, SEALS, SPEED DRIVES, CONTROL VALVES & ACTUATORS & SAFETY RELIEF VALVES Training Duration 5 days Training Venue and Dates REF Mechanical Equipments:
More informationAssembly Drawing: W-311B-A01, or as applicable Parts List: W-311B-A01-1, or as applicable Special Tools: , , &
REDQ Regulators Model 411B Barstock Design Powreactor Dome Regulator OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Contents Scope..............................1 Installation..........................1 General Description....................1
More informationAir Eliminator Series
Air Eliminator Series Air Separation Equipment FILE NO: 9-1 DATE: August 2010 SUPERSEDES: 9-1 DATE: January 2009 Air Eliminator Series Air Separation Equipment Modern sealed heating and cooling systems
More informationOIL SUPPLY SYSTEMS ABOVE 45kW OUTPUT 4.1 Oil Supply
OIL SUPPLY SYSTEMS ABOVE 45kW OUTPUT 4.1 Oil Supply 4.1.1 General The primary function of a system for handling fuel oil is to transfer oil from the storage tank to the oil burner at specified conditions
More informationThe Compact, Portable, Efficient and Economical Solution to boost Shop Compressed Air Pressure by 2 or 3 times
Tseries Series AB AB Air Air Boosters Boosters The Compact, Portable, Efficient and Economical Solution to boost Shop Compressed Air Pressure by 2 or 3 times.01/1 MANIFOLD MOUNTED VALVES FOR EASY SERVICING
More informationBACK PRESSURE / SUSTAINING
In many liquid piping systems, it is vital that line pressure is maintained within relatively narrow limits. This is the function of the 108 Pressure Relief / Back Pressure Series of the OCV control valves.
More informationSpool Compressor Tip Seal Design Considerations and Testing
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2012 Spool Compressor Tip Seal Design Considerations and Testing Greg Kemp greg.kemp@toradengineering.com
More informationSchedule of Requirements THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
S. No 1 Description Calorimeter The Unit should be designed for the accurate determination of the calorific value of liquid and solid hydrocarbons and other fuels. Specifications: A temperature-controlled
More informationVibration-Free Joule-Thomson Cryocoolers for Distributed Microcooling
Vibration-Free Joule-Thomson Cryocoolers for Distributed Microcooling W. Chen, M. Zagarola Creare Inc. Hanover, NH, USA ABSTRACT This paper reports on an innovative concept for a space-borne Joule-Thomson
More informationAn Investigation of Liquid Injection in Refrigeration Screw Compressors
An Investigation of Liquid Injection in Refrigeration Screw Compressors Nikola Stosic, Ahmed Kovacevic and Ian K. Smith Centre for Positive Displacement Compressor Technology, City University, London EC1V
More informationSECTION 11 VACUUM GRIPPER
VACUUM GRIPPERS SECTION VACUUM GRIPPER EDCO USA. www.edcousa.net : CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION ER L-Series Coaxial Venturi Technology : Centralized Systems : Operating Pressure : Discrete Systems :4 Rugged
More informationBACK PRESSURE / SUSTAINING
SPECIFICATIONS DIMENSIONS In many liquid piping systems, it is vital that line pressure is maintained within relatively narrow limits. This is the function of the 108 Pressure Relief / Back Pressure Series
More informationUNIT 15 WATER HAMMER AND SURGE TANKS
UNT 15 WATER HAMMER AND SURGE TANKS Structure 15.1 ntroduction Objectives 15.2 Water Hammer 15.2.1 Expression for Rise in Pressure 15.3 Rapid Acceleration of Flow 15.4 Surge Tanks 15.5 Summary 15.6 Keywords
More informationFixed Displacement Pump KFA for commercial vehicles in open circuits
RE 91 501/05.98 Replaces: 11.96 Fixed Displacement Pump KFA for commercial vehicles in open circuits Sizes 23...107 Series 6 Nominal pressure 300 bar Peak pressure 350 bar KFA List of contents Features
More informationOWNER S TECHNICAL MANUAL
EL SERIES OWNER S TECHNICAL MANUAL DP7002 1 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump Description The DP7002 1 air operated diaphragm pump is the ideal device for the pumping, transfer and dispensing of chemical liquids,
More informationCourse Teacher: Prof. Dr. M. R. Kabir SPILLWAY & IRRIGATION PUMPS. Spillway:
Spillway: CHAPTER 10 The spillways are openings provided at the body of the dam to discharge safely the excess water or flood water when the water level rises above the normal pool level. Necessity of
More informationHeat Engine. Reading: Appropriate sections for first, second law of thermodynamics, and PV diagrams.
Heat Engine Equipment: Capstone, 2 large glass beakers (one for ice water, the other for boiling water), temperature sensor, pressure sensor, rotary motion sensor, meter stick, calipers, set of weights,
More informationVPPL VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT AXIAL-PISTON PUMPS FOR INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE SERIES 10
/ ED VPPL VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT AXIAL-PISTON PUMPS FOR INTERMEDIATE PRESSURE SERIES OPERATING PRINCIPLE The VPPL are variable displacement axial-piston pumps with variable swash plate, suitable for applications
More informationDesign Enhancements on Dry Gas Seals for Screw Compressor Applications
VDI-Berichte Nr. 1932, 2006 B 8 331 Design Enhancements on Dry Gas Seals for Screw Compressor Applications Dipl.-Ing C. Kirchner, Flowserve Dortmund GmbH & Co KG, Dortmund Introduction The development
More informationInfluencing Factors Study of the Variable Speed Scroll Compressor with EVI Technology
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2016 Influencing Factors Study of the Variable Speed Scroll Compressor with EVI Technology
More informationASSIGNMENT-1 HYDROPOWER PLANT
ASSIGNMENT-1 HYDROPOWER PLANT Theory 1. Give classification of hydro electric power plant. 2. Write advantages, disadvantages and application of hydro electric power plant. 3. Explain general layout and
More information(AS AT 31 st MARCH, 2002)
ACACA PROTOCOL 2000 (AS AT 31 st MARCH, 2002) ACACA PROTOCOL 2000 INCLUDES (A) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR MANUFACTURERS AND/OR SUPPLIERS OF COMMERCIAL AIR COMPRESSORS AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING (B) RECIPROCATING
More informationCHAPTER 9 PROPELLERS
CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9 PROPELLERS CONTENTS PAGE How Lift is Generated 02 Helix Angle 04 Blade Angle of Attack and Helix Angle Changes 06 Variable Blade Angle Mechanism 08 Blade Angles 10 Blade Twist 12 PROPELLERS
More informationDean Pump Self-Priming Chemical Process Pumps
Bulletin C 1.2.34.7 Dean Pump Self-Priming Chemical Process Pumps php Series HEAD CAPACITY RANGE CHARTS php Self Primer - 2 Pole 3500 RPM 500 CAPACITY M 3 /HR 2900 RPM 50 HERTZ 25 50 75 125 150 400 TOTAL
More informationFlow Through Axial and Centrifugal Compressors by Kartik Sharma Mentors Prof. Gautam Biswas Prof. Subrata Sarkar
6 th Indo-German Winter Academy 2007 IIT Guwahati, India, December 13-19, 2007 Flow Through Axial and Centrifugal Compressors by Kartik Sharma Mentors Prof. Gautam Biswas Prof. Subrata Sarkar Outline of
More informationChapter 10 Fluid Power Pneumatics (gas) & Hydraulics (liquid)
Chapter 10 Fluid Power Pneumatics (gas) & Hydraulics (liquid) Use the Textbook Pages 227 254 to help answer the questions Why You Learn So Well in Tech & Engineering Classes 1. Fluid power systems use
More informationPROCESS ROTATING EQUIPMENT (CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS )
PROCESS ROTATING EQUIPMENT ( ) Slide No: ١ Pumps can be divided into two main groups: Displacement pumps Dynamic pumps Slide No: ٢ Slide No: ٣ Slide No: ٤ Slide No: ٥ BASIC CENTRIFUGAL PUMP PARTS Casing
More informationCOMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS AND ENERGY SAVINGS
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS AND ENERGY SAVINGS Denis Cooke, Denis Cooke & Associates Pty Limited www.decoa.com.au Phone (02) 871 6641 March 1994 DISCLAIMER The author makes no warranties whatsoever in connection
More informationEnd of Chapter Exercises
End of Chapter Exercises Exercises 1 12 are conceptual questions that are designed to see if you have understood the main concepts of the chapter. 1. While on an airplane, you take a drink from your water
More informationThe Estimation Of Compressor Performance Using A Theoretical Analysis Of The Gas Flow Through the Muffler Combined With Valve Motion
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering The Estimation Of Compressor Performance Using A Theoretical Analysis Of The Gas Flow Through
More informationAIR SYSTEM TABLE 1 SPECIAL COMPRESSOR SYSTEM DISCHARGE PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS TYPE. M.P. 1.0 mfa(s) (140 psis) oil free PNGS - Self lubricated
Mechanical Equipment - Course 430.1 AR SYSTEM Compres..'ed air is a major source of industrial power with many advantages. t is relatively safe, economical, easily transmitted and adaptable. ts adaptability
More informationLiquid ring vacuum pumps in compact design
Liquid ring vacuum pumps in compact design, Pressure range: Suction volume flow: 33 to 113 mbar 3 to 58 m³/h CONSTRUCTION TYPE SIHI liquid ring vacuum pumps are displacement pumps of uncomplicated and
More informationTo plot the following performance characteristics; A pump is a device, which lifts water from a lower level to a higher
LABORATORY MANUAL ON RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG Prepared By Prof. (Dr.) M. K. Roul Professor and Principal Department of Mechanical Engineering Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement (GITA), Bhubaneswar-752054
More informationSTANDARD HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS COMPACT PACKAGE FOR DEMANDING APPLICATIONS
STANDARD HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS COMPACT PACKAGE FOR DEMANDING APPLICATIONS 2 STANDARD HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS BURCKHARDT COMPRESSION GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY LEADER IN THE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WORLD
More informationENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS
DEPARTMENT of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS Subject code: 10ME46B Faculty name: Naveen H E QUESTION BANK UNIT-1: FLUID PROPERTIES 1. Define the following: i) density, ii) weight density, iii)
More informationAir preparation units
Overview Description Page Characteristics Dimensions Order instructions Type overview unit three-piece 44, 45, 48 52 6 unit two piece 44, 45, 48 52 6 Filter-regulator 44, 45, 48 53 6 Filter-water-separator
More informationLECTURE 20 FLOW CONTROL VAVLES SELF EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LECTURE 20 FLOW CONTROL VAVLES SELF EVALUATION QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1: A cylinder has to exert a forward thrust of 150 kn and a reverse thrust of 15 kn. The effects of using various methods of regulating
More informationEfficiency Improvement of Rotary Compressor by Improving the Discharge path through Simulation
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2014 Efficiency Improvement of Rotary Compressor by Improving the Discharge path through
More informationLinear Compressor Suction Valve Optimization
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2016 Linear Compressor Suction Valve Optimization Rinaldo Puff Embraco, Brazil, rinaldo.puff@embraco.com
More informationIntroduction. 1. Large oil-free screw compressor, Emeraude ALE series
High-performance, energy-saving equipment is much needed to address the growing concern for the environment. To meet such needs, Kobe Steel has developed high-performance, large class, oil-free screw compressors,
More informationANTI SHOCK RELIEF VALVE
ANTI SHOCK RELIEF VALVE Wheeler Road Coventry CV3 4LA England Brüsseler Allee 2 D-41812 Erkelenz Tel. +44(0)2476-217-400 Fax +44(0)2476-217-488 Tel. +49(0)24 31-80 91-0 Fax +49(0)24 31-80 91-19 www.sunhydraulics.com
More informationIntroduction to Pneumatics
Introduction to Pneumatics Pneumatics Symbols Air generation and distribution Table 1: Symbols use in energy conversion and preparation ITEM SYMBOL MEANING Compressor SUPPLY Pressure Source Pneumatic Pressure
More informationPerformance and Operating Characteristics of a Novel Rotating Spool Compressor
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2012 Performance and Operating Characteristics of a Novel Rotating Spool Compressor Joe
More informationS-CO 2 Brayton Recompression Loop Design and Control
S-CO 2 Brayton Recompression Loop Design and Control 1) Background 2) Recommended Design Features 3) Modeling Strategy IST Model Changes Transient Results Prepared by: Mike Hexemer Advanced Concepts Knolls
More informationEarlier Lecture. In the earlier lecture, we have seen Kapitza & Heylandt systems which are the modifications of the Claude System.
17 1 Earlier Lecture In the earlier lecture, we have seen Kapitza & Heylandt systems which are the modifications of the Claude System. Collins system is an extension of the Claude system to reach lower
More informationCOMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS A-Z COMP AIR COMPRESSOR TRAINIBG
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS 1 SCOPE OF WORK Various types of compressors and their characteristics Measurement of power consumption, free air delivery, operating pressure, Isothermal power required, and volumetric
More informationSF SERIES CNG COMPRESSOR MODEL HF-4MH. 4 Nm3/Hour Displacement OPERATION MANUAL
SF SERIES CNG COMPRESSOR MODEL HF-4MH 4 Nm3/Hour Displacement OPERATION MANUAL 1 Content 1. General Description...3 2. Main technical parameters...3 3. Structural principle...4 3.1Main structure...4 3.2Compressor
More informationSIHI LPH-X - Liquid Ring Compressors
- Liquid Ring Compressors LPH 50523 LPH 60527 Pressure range: Suction volume range: 0.2 to 1.5 bar 260 to 780 m³/h CONSTRUCTION Sterling SIHI liquid ring compressors are displacement compressors with a
More informationFACT SHEET 1. Compressed Air System Selection and Efficient Production. How to save energy, reduce costs and help the environment
FACT SHEET 1 Compressed Air System Selection and Efficient Production How to save energy, reduce costs and help the environment COMPRESSED AIR USES Compressed air is clean, readily available, and simple
More informationNOTES ON WATER HAMMER. 55
NOTES ON WATER HAMMER. 55 NOTES ON WATER HAMMER. By A. B. Robison. When the flow conditions of a liquid in a pipe line are varied by the opening or closing of a valve or the equivalent, a change in the
More informationGRAPHIC DIVISION. 3D drawings available at
GRAPHIC DIVISION GRAPHIC DIVISION PRODUCT DESCRIPTION PAG..01 TABLES FOR PNEUMATIC PUMPS SELECTION PAG..02 SMALL PNEUMATIC SUCTION PUMPS ART. PA 3 and PA 7 PAG..03 SMALL PNEUMATIC SUCTION PUMPS ART. PA,
More information09 - Choosing /sizing a cylinder and valve
- Choosing /sizing a cylinder and valve - Pipe flow resistence - Valve sizing - Cylinder sizing LII PIPE FLOW RESISTENCE Flow rate Qn Flow rate is calculated as the volume at normal conditions ( atmospheric
More informationDigester Processes. 1. Raw Sludge Pumping System
Digester Processes 1. Raw Sludge Pumping System Removes accumulated sludge from the primary clarifiers, pumped through 1 of 2 pipes either 150 or 200mm in diameter (Fig. 1.1). Fig 1.1 Pipes feeding Digesters
More information. In an elevator accelerating upward (A) both the elevator accelerating upward (B) the first is equations are valid
IIT JEE Achiever 2014 Ist Year Physics-2: Worksheet-1 Date: 2014-06-26 Hydrostatics 1. A liquid can easily change its shape but a solid cannot because (A) the density of a liquid is smaller than that of
More informationIntroduction. Part one: Identify the Hydraulic Trainer Components
The University Of Jordan School of Engineering Mechatronics Engineering Department Fluid Power Engineering Lab Experiments No.4 Introduction to Hydraulic Trainer Objective: Students will be able to identify
More informationOil-Lubricated Compressors for Regenerative Cryocoolers Using an Elastic Membrane
Oil-Lubricated Compressors for Regenerative Cryocoolers Using an Elastic Membrane E.C. Luo, Z.H. Wu, G.Y. Yu, J.Y. Hu, and W. Dai Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences
More information