Title: Choosing the right nitrogen rejection scheme

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Title: Choosing the right nitrogen rejection scheme"

Transcription

1 Title: Choosing the right nitrogen rejection scheme Authors: Nicolas Chantant, Paul Terrien, Sylvain Gérard (Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions) Abstract: Nitrogen Rejection Units (NRU) are used to extract nitrogen from natural gas, either from naturally occurring sources or from associated gas from Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) using nitrogen. The final product is generally gas but it can also be LNG. Many possible process schemes to reject nitrogen from natural gas exist but choosing the best one necessitate the correct understanding of the drivers. First, the main categories of Cryogenic Nitrogen Rejection Unit will be presented as well as their potential variants. The paper will then present some general trends helping to decide which type of unit to select. The paper will specially focus on some critical factors such as: Feed conditions and nitrogen concentration Product methane and rejected nitrogen specifications Composition variation of the feed gas Co-products impact such as NGL, Helium or LNG The paper will finally highlight some common misconceptions regarding the nitrogen rejection units. In particular, the impacts of various parameters (such as the nitrogen content in the raw natural gas or the type of scheme selected) on the overall economics of a cryogenic unit solution, compared to alternate solutions, will be further explored. 1

2 1. Introduction The nitrogen as an inert gas has no added value in the natural gas. In small quantities it can be tolerated on most of the gas, however above a certain value it is necessary to extract it for different reasons. Most of the time the nitrogen rejection is necessary to match natural gas specification such as Higher Heating Value, maximum inert composition. In such case, the target value is close to few percent depending on the downstream application. For some applications, the rejection shall be deeper to avoid the pollution of a catalyst for instance or because of very stringent environmental requirements. In such cases, a purification of the natural gas down to ppm level is necessary. Nitrogen rejection is also used for Natural Gas Liquefaction process in order to avoid Nitrogen Stratification in the LNG tanks. Nitrogen Rejection Units (NRU) are used to extract nitrogen from natural gas, either from naturally occurring sources or from associated gas from Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) using nitrogen. The final product is generally gas but it can also be LNG. NRU is one of the typical cleaning steps in a gas treatment plant like amine wash unit or dehydration although not frequently used. 2. Main processes for nitrogen rejection Although it is possible to use other technologies to remove nitrogen from natural gas (membranes, Pressure Swing Adsorption), the vast majority of the nitrogen rejection is performed with cryogenic technologies because it is a highly efficient process and cost effective solution. This paper focuses on cryogenic NRU and here the word NRU means specifically cryogenic NRU. At least five main categories of NRU exist: Simple flash systems (typically used in some LNG plants) Single column schemes Double column schemes Two column schemes Three column schemes Each of those takes advantage of the volatility difference between methane and nitrogen to separate the two components by distillation. Nitrogen has a much higher volatility than methane making distillation process easy and efficient. Distillation temperatures range between -190 C and -100 C depending of the selected process scheme. The simple flash system: This scheme is the simplest process possible. The separation of the methane and nitrogen is done in a separation drum without any reboiler or condenser. As the volatility of the nitrogen is higher than the methane, liquid will be enriched in methane and vapor will be enriched in nitrogen. As the difference of volatility increases when the pressure decreases this type of separation is well suited at low pressure. This is typically the case on LNG plant just before the flat bottom storage at low pressure, producing LNG with very low nitrogen content. 2

3 Figure 1: Simple flash System This simple process will be used mostly for low nitrogen content and on processes consuming fuel gas as it produce enriched rich- nitrogen gas stream that cannot be vented to the atmosphere. Indeed regulation often requests a nitrogen purity of less than 1%mol of methane for rejection to the atmosphere which is not achievable by simple flash. Many alternatives of this scheme exist varying the number of separation drum, adding condenser, external cycle for refrigeration... The Single Column Process: In this process the cryogenic distillation is performed in one column under pressure and purity of both methane and nitrogen are controlled respectively using a reboiler and a condenser. The reboiler and the condenser are most frequently connected together using a process cycle to bring heat at the bottom of the column and cold at the top of the column. Figure 2: Simple Column Process 3

4 The main advantage of this scheme is to theoretically be able to treat all the possible range of nitrogen contained in the feed gas and to purify products at any purity. Indeed when the nitrogen has to be rejected to the atmosphere, the nitrogen shall have a very high purity of methane to comply with regulation. The column on this process operates in a range of 20-30bar. At this pressure the distillation is not as efficient as a low pressure process however the advantage is to directly produce high pressure methane and high pressure nitrogen. Also, at this pressure, the use of low pressure methane to condensate pure nitrogen is possible due to high pressure difference. On some cases, it can be interesting to decrease the pressure of the distillation column. To avoid sub atmospheric methane cycle pressure a possible alternate is to use a nitrogen cycle or a mix refrigerant. Many possible alternates exist on this scheme. One of the most frequent is to expand methane produced at the bottom of the column and the expanded stream is used in the overhead condenser. The methane gas shall then be recompressed from low pressure to product pressure specification but will require only one compressor. The Double Column Process: Figure 3: Double Column Process This process scheme is similar to air separation process. Two distillation columns are used; one high pressure (HP) column and one low pressure (LP) column thermally integrated with a condenser-vaporizer heat exchanger. This equipment is the key element of the process as it has the function of condenser of the HP column and reboiler of the LP column. This double function is possible only because the pressures in the two columns are different. Indeed the boiling point of nitrogen is lower than the boiling point of the methane at the same pressure. In other words at equivalent pressure it would not be possible to use the condensation of nitrogen to vaporize the methane. The pressure of the LP column and the temperature pinch in the vaporizer-condenser fixes the pressure of the HP column. In this process scheme, a Joule-Thompson expansion provides the refrigeration of the unit. Additionally, the use of a condenser-reboiler requires careful design of the heat exchangers as the temperature pinch shall be as low as possible. Air Liquide expertise and extensive knowledge of such equipments (design, manufacture and operation) are key to properly design such a plant. 4

5 The nitrogen is usually produced at very low pressure and directly vented to the atmosphere. This process scheme is perfectly adapted to reach very low methane content in the nitrogen vent. The methane is pumped from the sump of the LP column and routed to the product line after vaporization in the exchanger. Depending on the required pressure of the methane product, a compressor can be necessary. The advantage of this scheme is the very good energy efficiency to separate the components. The drawback is that the methane recovery will be limited if the nitrogen content of the feed is low. At very low nitrogen content in the feed, the methane will slip in the nitrogen-rich stream and methane recovery will decrease. The limit is around 25-30% mol of nitrogen in the feed in order to achieve a reasonable nitrogen content in methane (e.g. <1%mol of CH4 in N2). The Three Columns Process: Figure 4: Three Columns Process This process scheme is similar to a double column process but with an additional column upstream the high pressure column. This column produces a high pressure methane and also concentrate the nitrogen at the top. This enriched nitrogen stream is sent directly to a double column scheme. By enriching the nitrogen content of the stream going to the double column part, this first column increases the possible range of application of the double column scheme. Also the first step of production of methane at high pressure before the cold section of the process makes this scheme more tolerant to impurities subject to freezing (e.g. CO2, heavy hydrocarbons ). The two Columns Process: This process is similar to the three columns process, however the HP column is replaced by a separation drum and the vaporizer-condenser is integrated to the main exchange line. By doing so, the pressure of the LP column can be increased. 5

6 Comparative analysis: Principle Pros Cons Flash System Flash separation Simplicity Low recovery Limited range Single Column Heat pump cycle scheme Double Column Joule-Thomson effect High flexibility on Nitrogen content in the feed CO2 tolerant * Nitrogen under pressure Very high HC recovery Energy efficient Very high HC recovery Higher energy consumption Refrigeration cycle required Low CO2 tolerance and low tolerance to presence of impurities in general Limited range of Nitrogen content in the feed. Not suitable for low pressure feed Three Columns Joule-Thomson effect with preconcentration Energy efficient CO2 tolerant * Tolerance to impurities Not suitable for low pressure feed Wide range of application Very high HC recovery Two Column Joule-Thomson effect with preconcentration Energy efficient CO2 tolerant * Tolerance to impurities Not suitable for low pressure feed High flexibility on Nitrogen in the feed * Each of these schemes will at minimum tolerate more CO2 than a double column scheme. Simple additional features can even enhance the CO2 tolerance (see next chapter) 6

7 3. Cartography of NRU processes Selection criteria of the NRU scheme are numerous and none of the process scheme presented in the previous chapter is better than the other on every possible range of application. It is then very important to carefully define the condition of use of the NRU to select the most suitable scheme. Furthermore, additional features can be integrated to each scheme, which might in some cases change significantly the general conclusions or trends that will be presented in this chapter. The main NRU selection criteria are the following: Feed Methane Product Nitrogen Product Nitrogen Content Nitrogen Content Methane content Pressure Purity Pressure Impurities (CO2, Heavy hydrocarbons) Variability HHV, Wobbe index specification, Pressure Flowrate As an NRU is almost always linked to other processing units, the selection of the right scheme also involves consideration of direct environment (i.e. Amine wash unit, existing compressor, NGL extraction, helium production ) In this chapter the impact of some parameters on the scheme selection are illustrated. Nitrogen content in the feed: A case study is presented to give a trend of the energy consumption function of the nitrogen content in the feed. Feed Methane product Nitrogen Product 40 bar a 40 bar a Vented Variable Nitrogen content 3%mol N2 1%mol CH4 No CO2 content 7

8 Power (kw) NRU Power Trend Percentage Mole of N2 contained in the Feed One Column Double Column Three Columns Figure 5: Energy Consumption vs Nitrogen Content As can be seen from Figure 5: Energy Consumption vs Nitrogen Content, at low nitrogen content in the feed, the three columns process has a reduced energy consumption compared to one column scheme. This is mostly due to the fact that the single column process requires energy to produce high purity nitrogen to be rejected to the atmosphere. At medium nitrogen content in the feed (around 30%mol) the double column process scheme can be used as the methane specification in the nitrogen vent stream can be achieved. In this case, the advantages of this scheme are twofold: being the most simple and the most efficient scheme. The three columns scheme is more power consuming as it is necessary to expand the feed prior entering the first distillation column; in addition, this stream has a higher nitrogen content. These two effects will reduce the condensation temperature of the feed, it is then necessary do reduce the vaporization pressure of the countercurrent methane flow to be produced, increasing the compression power. At very high nitrogen content, the energy consumption is reduced as it is possible to use the nitrogen expansion to compress the methane product (a turbo-expander is used to valorize the pressure of the vented nitrogen). This curve gives a good overview of scheme energy consumption depending on the nitrogen content. However even a change in one parameter can drastically change the profile of these curves, for example the presence of CO2. Moreover a scheme selection is rarely only dependent of the energy consumption, other parameters shall be taken into account. 8

9 Nitrogen Rejected to the atmosphere: 0.02 Methane in rejected Nitrogen (%mol) Double Column Three Columns Nitrogen in feed (%mol) Figure 6: Methane content in Nitrogen Figure 6 shows the methane content in the vented nitrogen for the double and three columns scheme. In both cases reducing the nitrogen content in the feed will increase the quantity of methane present in the vented nitrogen, other things being equal. This is due to a lack of refluxed nitrogen in the low pressure column. The consequence is both a lower recovery of methane and an increased rejection of methane to the atmosphere. As CH4 is one of the gas involved in the global warming effect (each molecule of methane having a contribution to global warming more than 50 times higher than carbon dioxide), regulation are becoming more and more stringent regarding its emission. However it can be observed that this effect is significantly reduced by the use of a three columns scheme because the first column is used as pre-concentration column, increasing the Nitrogen content feeding the double column system and therefore shifting the curves as shown above. CO2 content in the feed: CO2 is almost always present in raw Natural Gas sources. However the partial pressure of CO2 varies greatly depending on the source. CO2 is an inert gas with a very high triple point temperature (approximately C); at cryogenic temperatures the main issue is the risk of freezing. One of the easiest solutions is to remove CO2 upstream the NRU, however it requires a dedicated unit that will impact the economics of the treatment solution. Having a NRU tolerant to CO2 has an evident cost interest. The idea of tolerant CO2 NRU is to let CO2 enter the unit while operating above the freezing condition. CO2 then simply 9

10 passes through the NRU and ends up in the methane product. Indeed, although having a high triple point temperature, CO2 is quite soluble in methane at medium or high pressure. The tolerance of the different schemes is the following: The double column scheme has a very low tolerance to CO2 as the impurities will be concentrated in a low pressure (2 bar a) and cold temperature (-185 C) stream. At these conditions the freezing point of CO2 is of ppmv order. The simple flash process tolerance simply depends on the pressure and temperature of the end-flash separation. Tolerances of the other schemes are not so trivial. For the single column scheme, the amount of CO2 tolerated is dependant on the feed pressure, the column pressure and the composition of the gas to be treated. Indeed at very high nitrogen content, CO2 will concentrate in the methane. For instance, having a nitrogen content of 70% at NRU inlet and methane product purity of 97% mol will concentrate the CO2 by a factor 3 in the product. The freezing point of this stream is then dependant on the vaporizing curve in the exchange line. In other words, in case of lean feed gas, it may be impossible to vaporize methane without freezing. On a three columns and two columns, the amount of CO2 that can be accepted in the feed depends on both: tolerance of the pre concentration column. tolerance of the downstream process. In some way the tolerance of pre-concentration column is similar to single column scheme. An additional constraint is the ability of the first column to remove the CO2 from the feed as this stream will continue downstream to much colder part of the process. Additional reflux at the top of the column can reduce the CO2 content down to few ppm; however theses reflux are power consuming and it is sometime preferred to directly remove CO2 upstream the NRU. CO2 is then a real challenge for the scheme selection as it can eliminate a process solution that would be otherwise selected. The knowledge of freezing point of CO2 in pure methane and mixture of methane and nitrogen is essential. Air Liquide, as leader in cryogenic separations and specifically in CO2 production, has an extensive know how and operational feedback of the freezing behavior of such components, allowing to design safe and reliable NRU unit. As explained above, a CO2 tolerant NRU can either consist in a scheme naturally tolerant to the level of CO2 required with the information of composition and pressure of the feed, or sometimes in a specifically designed unit that will include one or several of the following: additional condenser and reflux, additional refrigeration cycles Feed pressure: As describe in the first chapter, in some solution, the refrigeration is provided by Joule-Thompson effect. In other words, the thermal balance of the unit is only dependant of the expansion of the feed gas. In some cases this refrigeration may be insufficient. The worst scenario will be a low pressure feed and low nitrogen content. For such case, a dedicated cycle and / or a feed compressor will be required to ensure the correct frigorific production in the unit. However adding rotating equipment to three columns or two columns schemes highly increases the total cost of the solution as well as the power consumption. This configuration is more in favor of a single column scheme with external process cycle. 10

11 The size of the unit is an additional factor to take into account for the thermal balance of the unit. Indeed the heat leaks are not directly proportional to the flow to be treated: lower the feed flow, higher the relative heat leaks. Accurate calculation of frigorific balance is then essential. In some extreme / limit cases, heat leaks alone might force the use of additional machines (turbo-expander or compressor). Nitrogen use: During the NRU scheme selection, the definition of the rejected nitrogen is as important as the produced methane. If nitrogen is not vented it can be used as fuel gas or re injected in a reservoir. In these two cases, the pressure and the maximum nitrogen content has be defined. Process scheme such as three columns and double columns are disadvantaged in such configuration as the nitrogen will require an additional compression from low pressure column to product pressure. Schemes having a distillation under pressure such as single column are better suited for such application. The nitrogen will be directly produced at the specified pressure and condenser duty will be reduced. Feed variation: Feed to be treated by the NRU can have a great variability in terms of flowrate but also in terms of composition. This is especially true in case of NRU for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) where the nitrogen content in the feed may vary from 5% mol at the beginning of the production and finish with 70% mol or above. For such application a process scheme tolerant to fluctuation is essential. Three columns and single column are often then preferred schemes for their intrinsic flexibility. Co-products NGL, Helium, LNG: As natural gas almost always contains other components such as NGL or Helium, it can be attractive from an economical point of view to extract them to produce highly valuable co-product. Helium has a much higher volatility than nitrogen; cryogenic separation is perfectly adapted for this production. By principle, the cryogenic separation will concentrate all the most volatile components in the same stream. On a double column scheme for instance the top of high pressure column will be a mixture of nitrogen and concentrated Helium. The valorization of such product can be very valuable. Single column with nitrogen open cycle will not be preferred as the mixture of helium and nitrogen will be produced at low pressure. NGL (C2+) will be easily separated in the NRU process and can be produced with few additional equipment. As per helium stream, if the recovery is specified at the design stage, the optimum process scheme can be directly selected. By principle, NRU liquefies methane. The frigorific balance of the unit imposes the vaporization of this LNG to cool down the feed gas. However during the design phase, it is possible to select a scheme that will increase the cold production allowing a co-production of LNG; for instance, single column scheme with dedicated cycle, or double column scheme with additional cycle. 11

12 Additional productions are then possible during engineering phase and can considerably steer the scheme selection. As described in this chapter, the numbers of parameters impacting the design of an NRU are numerous and in many cases, only a specifically developed design will maximize the profit for the final customer. Only macro trends about process scheme can be provided here as specificity of project, integration of the NRU in an existing plan can give different optimization. 4. Misconceptions about nitrogenn rejection Due to the complexity to select an optimized process for an NRU, different misconceptions exist about Nitrogen Rejection Units. In this part some common misconceptions will be highlighted. Thesee results are extracted from detailed sensitivity analysis of recent NRU projects and FEED experiences of Air Liquide. Misconception 1: A process using less columns is cheaper. This misconception is based on the logical idea that multiplying the number of equipment will increase the cost of the solution. For an NRU, the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), per MMBTU of sales gas produced, for a gas field operator, is defined as followed: Équation 1: Total Cost of Ownership To compare two different solutions with similar recovery, only CAPEX and OPEX of the solution shall be compared. OPEX criterion: As shown in Figure 5: Energy Consumption vs Nitrogen Content, the energy consumption of a NRU can be much lower for the three columns scheme than single column. For instance, on the studied case with a Nitrogen content in the feed of 25%mol, the energy consumption is 50% higher for the one column scheme than for the three columns. Cryogenic distillation is a very reliable way to separate components. Distillation columns, heat exchangers are static equipments that do not require regular maintenance. OPEX cost of an NRU is then mostly linked to the energy price. Having an energy consumption reducedd by 30% then gives a huge saving. CAPEX criterion: A distillation column is static equipment with quite limited cost and only few additional types of equipment are required between a single column and a three column scheme (exchanger, separation drums). On the cold part of the process, the three column scheme will then be slightly more expensive than a single column scheme. 12

13 However the major impact is on the warm part of the process regarding rotating equipments. In this case study, the three columns scheme requires a product compressor with different stages to compress from 10 bar abs to 40 bar abs. In comparison the single column scheme requires a product compressor to compress from 3 bar to 40 bar and a second compressor for the cycle. Compressors are expensive pieces of equipment in regards to the price of an NRU. Adding a compressor will then increase the price of the solution in a larger amount than adding columns. In this case, an alternative exist with a single compressor but only with multiple intermediate stages and a larger flow rate making this equipment more expensive. In this example, both OPEX and CAPEX of the three columns solution are lower, leading to an obvious reduction of the TCO. Misconception 2: Less nitrogen in the feed gas will be more economical for the operator of the field. This misconception is based on the idea that having more nitrogen in the natural gas is further away from the desired product specifications and therefore makes the separation more expensive. A case study has been performed by Air Liquide showing that for the same amount of sales gas being produced, the total cost of ownership is lower for a nitrogen rich gas (50-60% N2) than for a nitrogen lean gas (20-30% N2). The main reason is that in the first case, the plant is able to meet the final specifications taking advantage of the refrigeration available by expansion of the nitrogen. At high nitrogen content in the feed, the methane is directly produced at high pressure thanks to a cryogenic pump. The power consumption is then quite small. On the opposite, at low nitrogen content in the feed, it is not possible to directly produce a high pressure methane, a final compression is then required. Figure 7: NRU Solutions with different N2 content in Feed The power consumption on the low nitrogen case can be 10 to 30 times higher leading to a huge increase of the plant OPEX. On large plant, the power reduction can reach megawatts, what drastically reduce the OPEX of the unit. On the other hand, the increase of nitrogen content in the feed to be treated means larger equipment for equivalent sales gas to be produced, especially distillation column, separation drum, valves... This effect is offset by the reduction of the rotating equipment cost. 13

14 On large plant, saving on OPEX easily offset the increase of CAPEX, leading to a lower TCO of the unit. Having a high amount of nitrogen content in the feed is then potentially an opportunity to reduce the TCO of the plant. Misconception 3: Separating nitrogen with cryogenic technology is more expensive than with membranes. This misconception is based on the fact that cryogenic separation requires pre treatment and that the price of such NRU unit is often higher than membranes NRU for instance. However cryogenic NRU and membranes NRU are suited for very different applications. Membranes solutions can be interesting on processes requiring bulk nitrogen removal and rather on small scale unit. Typical application is the increase of higher heating value of fuel gas to feed gas turbines. Membranes are also very attractive solution on biogas sources with small amounts of nitrogen. In this case membrane solution will be very simple with no pre treatment unit. With current membranes NRU technology, the enriched methane stream will be produced at low pressure and the nitrogen enriched stream at high pressure. Also, membrane separation, intrinsically, is not suited for large nitrogen content reduction (for instance from more than 20% down to 1 or 2%), or to produce relatively pure nitrogen to be vented to the atmosphere (below 1%mol methane). Typically, in the following cases, multiple stages membranes shall be installed requiring several major compression steps that would overshadow CAPEX of everything else for small plants: Large nitrogen rejection from Feed to product (example: from 20% down to 2%) Very high purity of any of the products (below % levels) Also, in case of large feed flow rate to be treated (> Nm3/h), membranes cannot compete with cryogenic nitrogen removal unit because its costs generally become prohibitive. The scenarios described above show that, irrespective of efficiency and energy consumption, membrane NRU solution will be more expensive than cryogenic NRU. Based on its own state-of-the-art membrane technology, Air Liquide is in position to select the most appropriate solution between membranes and cryogenic, on a case by case basis. 14

15 5. Conclusion Cryogenic Nitrogen Removal Unit is a simple, cost effective and efficient way to remove nitrogen from natural gas. However the number of parameters to take into account for the selection of the unit requires an extensive knowledge of all the problematic. Only a customized solution taking into account all the parameters of the project, the technical specifications and local regulation will provide the most suitable solution. Through its various references and unique cryogenic expertise, Air Liquide is able to offer any of the most advanced designs for nitrogen rejection technologies while ensuring the highest standards of safety and reliability, including: One-column, two-column, three-column, and double column processes and their variants A variety of flexible NGL / NRU integration concepts ranging from moderate to very high levels of integration to fulfill project-specific requirements A variety of refrigeration schemes ranging from simple JT expansion to external refrigeration cycles using nitrogen, methane, or mixtures of refrigerants. 15

Removing nitrogen. Nitrogen rejection applications can be divided into two categories

Removing nitrogen. Nitrogen rejection applications can be divided into two categories Removing nitrogen Doug MacKenzie, Ilie Cheta and Darryl Burns, Gas Liquids Engineering, Canada, present a comparative study of four nitrogen removal processes. Nitrogen rejection applications can be divided

More information

FlashCO2, CO2 at 23 $/ton

FlashCO2, CO2 at 23 $/ton FlashCO2, CO2 at 23 $/ton A cost effective solution of capturing CO2 from Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Hydrogen production plants by the FlashCO2 process Introduction to a cost effective solution Driven

More information

A NEW PROCESS FOR IMPROVED LIQUEFACTION EFFICIENCY

A NEW PROCESS FOR IMPROVED LIQUEFACTION EFFICIENCY WHITE PAPER A NEW PROCESS FOR IMPROVED LIQUEFACTION EFFICIENCY Author(s): Adam Jones and Grant Johnson, Costain Natural Resources First published: GPAE, September 2014 www.costain.com A New Process for

More information

Designing Flexible Plants for Market Adaptation

Designing Flexible Plants for Market Adaptation Designing Flexible Plants for Market Adaptation Jonathan Berg Lead Process Engineer Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Co-authors: William Schmidt, Dr. CHEN Fei, Christopher Ott Discussion Topics Feed Gas

More information

Pressurised Oxygen Supply for CO 2 Capture Applications

Pressurised Oxygen Supply for CO 2 Capture Applications Pressurised Oxygen Supply for CO 2 Capture Applications Paul Higginbotham and Vince White Air Products PLC, Hersham Place, Molesey Road, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, KT12 4RZ, UK September, 2013 1 Purpose

More information

DISTILLATION POINTS TO REMEMBER

DISTILLATION POINTS TO REMEMBER DISTILLATION POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Distillation columns carry out physical separation of liquid chemical components from a mixture by a. A combination of transfer of heat energy (to vaporize lighter components)

More information

Analysis and Modeling of Vapor Recompressive Distillation Using ASPEN-HYSYS

Analysis and Modeling of Vapor Recompressive Distillation Using ASPEN-HYSYS Computer Science Journal of Moldova, vol.19, no.2(56), 2011 Analysis and Modeling of Vapor Recompressive Distillation Using ASPEN-HYSYS Cinthujaa C. Sivanantha, Gennaro J. Maffia Abstract HYSYS process

More information

Single- or Two-Stage Compression

Single- or Two-Stage Compression The following article was published in ASHRAE Journal, August 2008. Copyright 2008 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc. It is presented for educational purposes

More information

New low temperature technologies of natural gas processing

New low temperature technologies of natural gas processing New low temperature technologies of natural gas processing Salavat Imaev, Vasily Borisov, Sergey Bordachev, ENGO Engineering, Ltd. Abstract Over the past 10 years a number of companies have been working

More information

Training Fees 4,000 US$ per participant for Public Training includes Materials/Handouts, tea/coffee breaks, refreshments & Buffet Lunch.

Training Fees 4,000 US$ per participant for Public Training includes Materials/Handouts, tea/coffee breaks, refreshments & Buffet Lunch. Training Title GAS CONDITIONING & PROCESSING Training Duration 5 days Training Venue and Dates Gas Conditioning & Processing 5 07 11 April, 2019 $4,000 Dubai, UAE Trainings will be conducted in any of

More information

GeQuip Joule Thomson Plant. Process Description (see Figure 1) Standard Control Instrumentation

GeQuip Joule Thomson Plant. Process Description (see Figure 1) Standard Control Instrumentation Process Description (see Figure 1) The purpose of the process configuration of a Joule Thomson plant is to refrigerate the gas by expanding the gas across a restriction (commonly referred to as a choke

More information

Earlier Lecture. In the earlier lecture, we have seen Kapitza & Heylandt systems which are the modifications of the Claude System.

Earlier Lecture. In the earlier lecture, we have seen Kapitza & Heylandt systems which are the modifications of the Claude System. 17 1 Earlier Lecture In the earlier lecture, we have seen Kapitza & Heylandt systems which are the modifications of the Claude System. Collins system is an extension of the Claude system to reach lower

More information

A NOVEL APPROACH TO ETHANE REFRIGERANT EXTRACTION FOR GREENFIELD LNG PLANTS

A NOVEL APPROACH TO ETHANE REFRIGERANT EXTRACTION FOR GREENFIELD LNG PLANTS A NOVEL APPROACH TO ETHANE REFRIGERANT EXTRACTION FOR GREENFIELD LNG PLANTS Derek Hodges Woodside Energy Ltd Christiane Kerber Linde AG ABSTRACT The first start of a Greenfield Propane-Mixed Refrigerant

More information

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MODIFICATIONS TO DEW POINT CONTROL PROCESS

INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM MODIFICATIONS TO DEW POINT CONTROL PROCESS INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: FROM: SUBJECT: NEW ENGINEER I.M. ANOLDGUY MODIFICATIONS TO DEW POINT CONTROL PROCESS DATE: JANUARY 10, 2017 We are looking to make modifications to our initial design for a DPC

More information

How To Choose a Roughing/Backing Pump for the Turbo and Drag Family

How To Choose a Roughing/Backing Pump for the Turbo and Drag Family A Journal of Practical and Useful Vacuum Technology From By Phil Danielson How To Choose a Roughing/Backing Pump for the Turbo and Drag Family The process of choosing the right high vacuum pump to suit

More information

SOLUTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIGHLY SOUR GASES

SOLUTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIGHLY SOUR GASES SOLUTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF HIGHLY SOUR GASES PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 9 TH INTERNATIONAL SOGAT CONFERENCE Abu Dhabi, March 24 th 28 th, 2013 François Lallemand, Laurent Normand & Gauthier Perdu PROSERNAT

More information

DISTILLATION COLUMN PROCESS CONTROL STRATEGIES

DISTILLATION COLUMN PROCESS CONTROL STRATEGIES DISTILLATION COLUMN PROCESS CONTROL STRATEGIES Satyajit Deshmukh 1, Salil Rajwade 2, Atharva Pundalik 3, Anil Ranveer 4 ABSTRACT 1,2,3,4 Chemical Engineering Department, Datta Meghe College of Engineering,

More information

DEHYDRATION OF ACID GAS PRIOR TO INJECTION Eugene W. Grynia, John J. Carroll, Peter J. Griffin, Gas Liquids Engineering, Calgary, Canada

DEHYDRATION OF ACID GAS PRIOR TO INJECTION Eugene W. Grynia, John J. Carroll, Peter J. Griffin, Gas Liquids Engineering, Calgary, Canada DEHYDRATION OF ACID GAS PRIOR TO INJECTION Eugene W. Grynia, John J. Carroll, Peter J. Griffin, Gas Liquids Engineering, Calgary, Canada Acid gas is a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, with

More information

INTRODUCTION. The Quantum Technology system has the following advantages:, as it does not need plastic gas-bags which are volume-consuming,

INTRODUCTION. The Quantum Technology system has the following advantages:, as it does not need plastic gas-bags which are volume-consuming, 1 INTRODUCTION Quantum Technology is a leading scientific equipment supplier. For the last thirty years we served our customers by tailoring our products to each customer s unique requirements. Quantum

More information

SUPERSONIC GAS TECHNOLOGIES

SUPERSONIC GAS TECHNOLOGIES SUPERSONIC GAS TECHNOLOGIES Vladimir Feygin, Salavat Imayev, Vadim Alfyorov, Lev Bagirov, Leonard Dmitriev, John Lacey TransLang Technologies Ltd., Calgary, Canada 1. INTRODUCTION The 3S technology is

More information

PURE SUBSTANCE. Nitrogen and gaseous air are pure substances.

PURE SUBSTANCE. Nitrogen and gaseous air are pure substances. CLASS Third Units PURE SUBSTANCE Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout. Air is a mixture of several gases, but it is considered to be a pure substance. Nitrogen and

More information

TURBO OXYGEN NITROGEN PLANT

TURBO OXYGEN NITROGEN PLANT TURBO OXYGEN NITROGEN PLANT WITH LATEST ROTARY AIR COMPRESOR PICTORIAL FLOW CHART OF THE LOW PRESSURE TURBO AIR SEPARATION PLANT FOR OXYGEN & NITROGEN. SALIENT FEATURES EASY TO INSTALL VERY LOW POWER CONSUMED

More information

Simulation and Economic Optimization of Vapor Recompression Configuration for Partial CO2 capture

Simulation and Economic Optimization of Vapor Recompression Configuration for Partial CO2 capture Simulation and Economic Optimization of Vapor Recompression Configuration for Partial CO2 capture Lars Erik Øi 1 Erik Sundbø 1 Hassan Ali 1 1 Department of and Process, Energy and Environmental Technology,

More information

DISTILLATION PRESSURE CONTROL TROUBLESHOOTING THE HIDDEN PITTFALLS OF OVERDESIGN

DISTILLATION PRESSURE CONTROL TROUBLESHOOTING THE HIDDEN PITTFALLS OF OVERDESIGN Distillation Absorption 2010 A.B. de Haan, H. Kooijman and A. Górak (Editors) All rights reserved by authors as per DA2010 copyright notice DISTILLATION PRESSURE CONTROL TROUBLESHOOTING THE HIDDEN PITTFALLS

More information

PETROLEUM & GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (PTT 365) SEPARATION OF PRODUCED FLUID

PETROLEUM & GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (PTT 365) SEPARATION OF PRODUCED FLUID PETROLEUM & GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (PTT 365) SEPARATION OF PRODUCED FLUID Miss Nur Izzati Bte Iberahim Introduction Well effluents flowing from producing wells come out in two phases: vapor and liquid

More information

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION. SPC-1 Stirling Process Cryogenerator

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION. SPC-1 Stirling Process Cryogenerator TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPC-1 Stirling Process Cryogenerator Reference 80 8013 00 Issue Date August 1, 2015 1. INTRODUCTION This document contains detailed technical information and specifications for

More information

ERTC PETROCHEMICAL Conference 20 st -22 nd February 2002, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

ERTC PETROCHEMICAL Conference 20 st -22 nd February 2002, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Reprint from Presentation at ERTC PETROCHEMICAL Conference 20 st -22 nd February 2002, Amsterdam, The Netherlands and ARTC PETROCHEMICAL Conference 11 th 13 th March 2002, Bangkok, Thailand Sulzer Chemtech,

More information

Simplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor

Simplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor Simplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor By Charlie D. McCoy and Mark Lancaster Abstract: Vapor Recovery Units are often expensive, complicated to operate and unable to deal with High H2S and liquids.

More information

Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas (TKK 564) Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/ staf/istadi )

Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas (TKK 564) Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/ staf/istadi ) Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas (TKK 564) Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/ staf/istadi ) Email: istadi@undip.ac.id Course Syllabus: (Part 1) 1. Definitions of Natural Gas, Gas Reservoir, Gas

More information

Focus on VOC Emissions Reduction Using an Oxygen Based Inerting Control System For Inert Gas Blanketing of Chemical Process Vessels

Focus on VOC Emissions Reduction Using an Oxygen Based Inerting Control System For Inert Gas Blanketing of Chemical Process Vessels Inerting Control Systems by NTRON PROCESS ANALYZER DIVISION of NEUTRONICS INC. EXTON. PA. 19341 RJN Rev. A June 2001 Focus on VOC Emissions Reduction Using an Oxygen Based Inerting Control System For Inert

More information

Optimizing Gas Supply for Industrial Lasers

Optimizing Gas Supply for Industrial Lasers Optimizing Gas Supply for Industrial Lasers Laser cutting of metals and other materials has grown rapidly due to developments in laser power, advancements in CNC automation, and decreasing costs. The industrial

More information

PTRT 2470: Petroleum Data Management 3 - Facilities Test 4 (Spring 2017)

PTRT 2470: Petroleum Data Management 3 - Facilities Test 4 (Spring 2017) Use scantron to answer all questions PTRT 2470: Petroleum Data Management 3 - Facilities Test 4 (Spring 2017) 1. The term dehydration of natural gas means A. addition of water vapor B. removal of water

More information

Successful Implementation of Dry Gas Seal in High Pressure Recycle gas Compressor at Hydrocracker & Effect of Gas composition on DGS Performance

Successful Implementation of Dry Gas Seal in High Pressure Recycle gas Compressor at Hydrocracker & Effect of Gas composition on DGS Performance Successful Implementation of Dry Gas Seal in High Pressure Recycle gas Compressor at Hydrocracker & Effect of Gas composition on DGS Performance Why - Dry Gas Seal??? M&I shutdown and Catalyst replacement

More information

Structure Study of Internal Thermally Coupled Distillation Columns

Structure Study of Internal Thermally Coupled Distillation Columns 2010 The Second China Energy Scientist orum Structure Study of Internal Thermally Coupled istillation Columns Lanyi Sun, Cheng Zhai, Hui Zhang, Qingsong Li State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,

More information

COMPRESSORS WITH SIDE STREAM

COMPRESSORS WITH SIDE STREAM NEW CONTROL PLACE METHOD FOR FOR TITLE FIXED SPEED AUTHORS COMPRESSORS WITH SIDE STREAM David Rossi, GE Oil & Gas Laurence Casali, GE Oil & Gas Marco Pelella, GE Oil & Gas Authors David is presently a

More information

Improving distillation tower operation

Improving distillation tower operation Improving distillation tower operation Measuring differential pressure across long sections of distillation columns has always been challenging, but purpose-built sensor systems provide a solution Fast

More information

Finding leaks in Main Cryogenic Heat Exchangers without shutdown

Finding leaks in Main Cryogenic Heat Exchangers without shutdown Finding leaks in Main Cryogenic Heat Exchangers without shutdown Liquefaction is the most fundamental step in the LNG production process. To achieve this there are several process solutions available,

More information

Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi )

Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi ) Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi ) Email: istadi@undip.ac.id Course Syllabus: (Part 1) 1. Definitions of Natural Gas, Gas Reservoir, Gas Drilling and Gas production (Pengertian

More information

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION. SPC-4 Stirling Process Cryogenerator

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION. SPC-4 Stirling Process Cryogenerator TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SPC-4 Stirling Process Cryogenerator Reference 80 8043 00 Issue Date August 1, 2015 1. INTRODUCTION This document contains detailed technical information and specifications for

More information

Multifunctional Screw Compressor Rotors

Multifunctional Screw Compressor Rotors Multifunctional Screw Compressor Rotors Nikola Stosic, Ian K. Smith and Ahmed Kovacevic Centre for Positive Displacement Compressor Technology, City University, London EC1V OHB, U.K. N.Stosic@city.ac.uk

More information

Detector Carrier Gas Comments Detector anode purge or reference gas. Electron Capture Nitrogen Maximum sensitivity Nitrogen Argon/Methane

Detector Carrier Gas Comments Detector anode purge or reference gas. Electron Capture Nitrogen Maximum sensitivity Nitrogen Argon/Methane Gas requirements Gases for packed columns The carrier gas you use depends upon the type of detector and the performance requirements. Table 520-1 lists gas recommendations for packed column use. In general,

More information

CHAPTER 16 %UHDWKLQJ*DV0L[LQJ3URFHGXUHV

CHAPTER 16 %UHDWKLQJ*DV0L[LQJ3URFHGXUHV CHAPTER 16 %UHDWKLQJ*DV0L[LQJ3URFHGXUHV 16-1 INTRODUCTION 16-1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize divers with the techniques used to mix divers breathing gas. 16-1.2 Scope. This chapter

More information

Title Specification of Water dew temperature of biomethane injected into below 7 bar Gas Distribution Systems

Title Specification of Water dew temperature of biomethane injected into below 7 bar Gas Distribution Systems davelanderconsulting Project number 0033 Report number DLC/0027 Title Specification of Water dew temperature of biomethane injected into below 7 bar Gas Distribution Systems Author Revision D.F.LANDER

More information

HiQ laboratory gas generators.

HiQ laboratory gas generators. Product information HiQ laboratory gas generators. The convenient alternative for laboratory environments. 02 HiQ laboratory gas generators HiQ laboratory gas generators. Designed with safety and convenience

More information

PE096: Overview of Gas Processing Technology

PE096: Overview of Gas Processing Technology PE096: Overview of Gas Processing Technology PE096 Rev.001 CMCT COURSE OUTLINE Page 1 of 6 Training Description: This course is designed for a broad audience and is participative and interactive, utilizing

More information

Membrane modules for nitrogen and oxygen generator systems. Technology Overview ENGINEERING YOUR SUCCESS.

Membrane modules for nitrogen and oxygen generator systems. Technology Overview ENGINEERING YOUR SUCCESS. Membrane modules for nitrogen and oxygen generator systems Technology Overview ENGINEERING YOUR SUCCESS. Parker modules the heart of OEM tailor-made nitrogen generators OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer)

More information

Engine enhancement using enriched oxygen inlet

Engine enhancement using enriched oxygen inlet International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy Online: 2015-03-25 ISSN: 2299-3843, Vol. 48, pp 37-49 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.48.37 2015 SciPress Ltd., Switzerland Engine enhancement

More information

Structured packing use in fluid catalytic cracker (FCC)

Structured packing use in fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) Reprinted from: March 1993 issue, p. 77-81. Used with permission. FCC main fractionator revamps Structured packing can influence unit pressure profiles and increase capacity Differential pressure S. W.

More information

11 5,617,741 McNeil et al. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 8, Antwerpen, Belgium /1989 United Kingdom.

11 5,617,741 McNeil et al. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 8, Antwerpen, Belgium /1989 United Kingdom. United States Patent (19) US00561.7741A Patent Number: 11 McNeil et al. () Date of Patent: Apr. 8, 1997 (54) DUAL COLUMN PROCESS TO REMOVE 5,7,505 11/1993 Butts... 62/927 X NITROGEN FROM NATURAL GAS FOREIGN

More information

Helium Extraction from LNG End-Flash

Helium Extraction from LNG End-Flash 595 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 45, 2015 Guest Editors: Petar Sabev Varbanov, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi, Jun Yow Yong, Xia Liu Copyright 2015, AIDIC Servizi

More information

MODELLING OF REGENERATION IN TEG NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION UNITS

MODELLING OF REGENERATION IN TEG NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION UNITS MODELLING OF REGENERATION IN TEG NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION UNITS Aalborg University Esbjerg Oil and Gas Technology Master Thesis, Spring Semester 2017 MODELLING OF REGENERATION IN TEG NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

More information

Dynamic Simulation and Control of Vapor Recompression Column

Dynamic Simulation and Control of Vapor Recompression Column The 7 th International Chemical Engineering Congress & Exhibition (IChEC 2011) Kish, Iran, 21-24 November, 2011 Dynamic Simulation and Control of Vapor Recompression Column Hojjat Dehghani, Mohammad Ali

More information

SAFETY TRAINING LEAFLET 06 CARBON DIOXIDE

SAFETY TRAINING LEAFLET 06 CARBON DIOXIDE SAFETY TRAINING LEAFLET 06 CARBON DIOXIDE Doc 23.06/18 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL GASES ASSOCIATION AISBL AVENUE DES ARTS 3-5 B 1210 BRUSSELS Tel: +32 2 217 70 98 Fax: +32 2 219 85 14 E-mail: info@eiga.eu Internet:

More information

OIL AND GAS PROCESSES AND EMISSIONS

OIL AND GAS PROCESSES AND EMISSIONS OIL AND GAS PROCESSES AND EMISSIONS This document provides a brief description of oil and gas activities, equipment and expected pollutants from those equipment types. The emissions processes are discussed

More information

On-Stream Tightness Testing of Vacuum Process Installations

On-Stream Tightness Testing of Vacuum Process Installations ECNDT 2006 - Tu.2.6.3 On-Stream Tightness Testing of Vacuum Process Installations André de JONGE, Leak Detection Group, DCI Meettechniek B.V., Kapelle, The Netherlands DCI Meettechniek. -DCI was founded

More information

Matching Vacuum Pump to Process

Matching Vacuum Pump to Process A Journal of Practical and Useful Vacuum Technology From By Phil Danielson Matching Vacuum Pump to Process What s the best vacuum pump? is one of those maddening questions that can only be answered with

More information

S-CO 2 Brayton Recompression Loop Design and Control

S-CO 2 Brayton Recompression Loop Design and Control S-CO 2 Brayton Recompression Loop Design and Control 1) Background 2) Recommended Design Features 3) Modeling Strategy IST Model Changes Transient Results Prepared by: Mike Hexemer Advanced Concepts Knolls

More information

4-7 kw/ hp. Dual Output Compressors (Air/Nitrogen) Driving Nitrogen Forward

4-7 kw/ hp. Dual Output Compressors (Air/Nitrogen) Driving Nitrogen Forward GN 4-7 kw/5.5-10 hp Dual Output Compressors (Air/Nitrogen) Driving Nitrogen Forward Total capability, total responsibility Right at the heart of your business, Atlas Copco delivers quality compressed air

More information

/ /

/ / GN 4- kw/5.5-0 hp Dual Output Compressors (Air/Nitrogen) Driving Nitrogen Forward GN: the dual output solution From cargo blanketing in LNG vessels to the inflation of Formula tires, nitrogen is used in

More information

Thermodynamics ERT 206 Properties of Pure Substance HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI

Thermodynamics ERT 206 Properties of Pure Substance HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI Thermodynamics ERT 206 Properties of Pure Substance HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI Outline: Pure Substance Phases of pure substance Phase change process of pure substance Saturation temperature and saturation pressure

More information

A generic concept for Helium purification and liquefaction/refrigeration plant

A generic concept for Helium purification and liquefaction/refrigeration plant A generic concept for Helium purification and liquefaction/refrigeration plant Said Al Rabadi Department of Chemical Engineering Al Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 50, 21510 Al-Huson, Jordan Tel: +962

More information

Training Title IDENTIFY OPERATIONAL UPSETS, REVIEW & VALIDATE IN OIL & CHEMICAL PLANTS

Training Title IDENTIFY OPERATIONAL UPSETS, REVIEW & VALIDATE IN OIL & CHEMICAL PLANTS Training Title IDENTIFY OPERATIONAL UPSETS, REVIEW & VALIDATE IN OIL & CHEMICAL PLANTS Training Duration 5 days Training Venue and Dates Identify Operational Upsets, Review & Validate in Oil & Chemical

More information

Influencing Factors Study of the Variable Speed Scroll Compressor with EVI Technology

Influencing Factors Study of the Variable Speed Scroll Compressor with EVI Technology Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2016 Influencing Factors Study of the Variable Speed Scroll Compressor with EVI Technology

More information

COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS WITH CO 2 AS REFRIGERANT

COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS WITH CO 2 AS REFRIGERANT COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS WITH CO 2 AS REFRIGERANT O. JAVERSCHEK Bitzer Kuehlmaschinenbau GmbH, Eschenbrünnlestr.15, 71083 Sindelfingen, Germany +49.(0)7031.9325244, javerschek@bitzer.de ABSTRACT

More information

Figure 1 The LHC cryogenic islands and plants layout

Figure 1 The LHC cryogenic islands and plants layout The LHC cryogenic operation for first collisions and physics run Brodzinski K, Barth K, Benda V, Bremer J, Casas-Cubillos J, Claudet S, Delikaris D, Ferlin G, Fernandez Penacoba G, Perin A, Pirotte O,

More information

Distillation Design The McCabe-Thiele Method

Distillation Design The McCabe-Thiele Method Distillation Design The McCabe-Thiele Method Distiller diagam Introduction Using rigorous tray-by-tray calculations l is time consuming, and is often unnecessary. One quick method of estimation i for number

More information

Linde Cryogenics. Helium Recovery Systems.

Linde Cryogenics. Helium Recovery Systems. Linde Cryogenics. Helium Recovery Systems. 02 Contents. 3 Introduction 4 Recovery Compressor Options 6 Installation Recovery Piping and Fittings Kits 6 Model 500A Automatic External Helium Purifier 7 Purity

More information

CO 2 refrigeration in warm climates. Copyright 2012 shecco All rights reserved.

CO 2 refrigeration in warm climates. Copyright 2012 shecco All rights reserved. CO 2 refrigeration in warm climates Copyright 2012 shecco All rights reserved. 1 Enex srl DRAVA ELBA NEVA AIRHEAT/ GEOHEAT MORE THAN 300 UNITS PRODUCED CO 2 AS THE ONLY REFRIGERANT - INSTALLED IN 15 COUNTRIES

More information

Fundamentals of NGL Sampling Systems. By Dominic Giametta & Jim Klentzman

Fundamentals of NGL Sampling Systems. By Dominic Giametta & Jim Klentzman Fundamentals of NGL Sampling Systems By Dominic Giametta & Jim Klentzman The purpose of this paper is to discuss in depth the systems we use as a standard to sample natural gas liquids, or NGL s. Before

More information

Caltec. The world leader in Surface Jet Pump (SJP) and compact separation systems for upstream oil and gas production enhancement

Caltec.   The world leader in Surface Jet Pump (SJP) and compact separation systems for upstream oil and gas production enhancement Caltec brings simple passive technology that enables oil and gas operators to harness the kinetic energy of the production process to enhance their production, extending economic field life and reducing

More information

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION. StirLNG-4 Stirling Cryogenics gas liquefier for LNG production

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION. StirLNG-4 Stirling Cryogenics gas liquefier for LNG production TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION StirLNG-4 Stirling Cryogenics gas liquefier for LNG production Reference 80 8414 04 Issue Date November 1, 2016 1. INTRODUCTION Since more than sixty years Stirling Cryogenics has

More information

Applied Compression s nitrogen generator packages offer users a cost-effective alternative to costly bottled nitrogen.

Applied Compression s nitrogen generator packages offer users a cost-effective alternative to costly bottled nitrogen. APPLICATIONS: Autoclaves Modified Packaging Atmospheres Coffee Packaging Oxidation Control Coil Tubing Units Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Electronic Parts Manufacturing Reflow Ovens Enhanced Oil Recovery

More information

Ball Beating Lubrication in Refrigetation Compressors

Ball Beating Lubrication in Refrigetation Compressors Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 1996 Ball Beating Lubrication in Refrigetation Compressors B. Jacobson SKF Engineering &

More information

ON-SITE INDUSTRIAL GASES. Nitrogen & Oxygen Generators

ON-SITE INDUSTRIAL GASES. Nitrogen & Oxygen Generators ON-SITE INDUSTRIAL GASES Nitrogen & Oxygen Generators A SECURE SUPPLY OF NITROGEN AND OXYGEN Whether your company is specialized in chemical manufacturing, electronics, laser cutting or food and beverage,

More information

NITROGEN GENERATION FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

NITROGEN GENERATION FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS TRIDENT NOTES: NUMBER 5 DECEMBER 2017 NITROGEN GENERATION FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Industry requires nitrogen Dozens of gases are used by industry. First among these in terms of quantity consumed is

More information

PRC CO ² -LASER PRESENTATION

PRC CO ² -LASER PRESENTATION Page 1 of 7 PRC CO ² -LASER PRESENTATION GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS - Embedded PC104 Electronics with exchangeable software allowing very easy integration of customer specified functions: such as eg. specific

More information

Performance Analysis of a Helium Turboexpander for Cryogenic Applications with a Process Modeling Tool: Aspen HYSYS

Performance Analysis of a Helium Turboexpander for Cryogenic Applications with a Process Modeling Tool: Aspen HYSYS Performance Analysis of a Helium Turboexpander for Cryogenic Applications with a Process Modeling Tool: Aspen HYSYS Darshna M. Joshi Lecturer, Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Government

More information

Overview. OPIPOH10 - SQA Unit Code HG Operate an Oil and Gas Process ( Gas Treatment)

Overview. OPIPOH10 - SQA Unit Code HG Operate an Oil and Gas Process ( Gas Treatment) OPIPOH10 - SQA Unit Code HG21 04 Overview This process involves the removal of impurities from the gas stream to reach the specified quality. The process boundary is from the inlet such as separator, compressor

More information

Offshore Equipment. Yutaek Seo

Offshore Equipment. Yutaek Seo Offshore Equipment Yutaek Seo Flash Gas Compressor (East spar) Dehydration NGL recovery Slug catcher Separator Stabilization Booster compressor Gas export compression (Donghae-1 Platform) May 7 th Gas

More information

The Future of Hydraulic Control in Water-Systems

The Future of Hydraulic Control in Water-Systems The Future of Hydraulic Control in Water-Systems A. Heimann Manager of R&D and of Technical Support & Applications Engineering departments at Dorot Automatic Control Valves Dorot Control Valves, Kibbutz

More information

High Efficiency SO2 Scrubber Design to Reduce Caustic Consumption

High Efficiency SO2 Scrubber Design to Reduce Caustic Consumption High Efficiency SO2 Scrubber Design to Reduce Caustic Consumption Paper # 35 Andrew C. Bartocci Envitech, Inc. 2924 Emerson Street- Suite 320 San Diego, CA 92106 Ph: 619-223-9925, ext. 203 ABSTRACT An

More information

Separation of Acetone-Water with Aspen HYSYS V8.0

Separation of Acetone-Water with Aspen HYSYS V8.0 Separation of Acetone-Water with Aspen HYSYS V8.0 Liquid-Liquid Extraction with 3-Methylhexane as the Solvent 1. Lesson Objectives Learn how to build an extraction and solvent recovery flowsheet. Learn

More information

Development of a High Pressure, Oil Free, Rolling Piston Compressor

Development of a High Pressure, Oil Free, Rolling Piston Compressor Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 1994 Development of a High Pressure, Oil Free, Rolling Piston Compressor S. J. Delmotte

More information

Instructor s t Background

Instructor s t Background Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas (TKK 564) Instructor: Dr. Istadi (http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi ) Email: il iistadi@undip.ac.id di di id Instructor s t Background BEng. (1995): Universitas Diponegoro Meng.

More information

Another convenient term is gauge pressure, which is a pressure measured above barometric pressure.

Another convenient term is gauge pressure, which is a pressure measured above barometric pressure. VACUUM Theory and Applications Vacuum may be defined as the complete emptiness of a given volume. It is impossible to obtain a perfect vacuum, but it is possible to obtain a level of vacuum, defined as

More information

Natural Gas Desulfurization Process By MEA Amine: The preferable Engineering Design Procedure

Natural Gas Desulfurization Process By MEA Amine: The preferable Engineering Design Procedure Natural Gas Desulfurization Process By MEA Amine: The preferable Engineering Design Procedure Ribwar Abdulrahman 1, Ibtisam Kamal 2, Jagar Ali 3 1 Faculty of Engineering, KoyaUniversity, Kurdistan region,

More information

Optimizing Effective Absorption during Wet Natural Gas Dehydration by Tri Ethylene Glycol

Optimizing Effective Absorption during Wet Natural Gas Dehydration by Tri Ethylene Glycol IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSRJAC) ISSN : 2278-5736 Volume 2, Issue 2 (Sep-Oct. 212), PP 1-6 Optimizing Effective Absorption during Wet Natural Gas Dehydration by Tri Ethylene Glycol Khan, Mohd

More information

Revision 2013 Vacuum Technology 1-3 day Good Vacuum Practice 1 Day Course Outline

Revision 2013 Vacuum Technology 1-3 day Good Vacuum Practice 1 Day Course Outline Revision 2013 Vacuum Technology 1-3 day Good Vacuum Practice 1 Day Course Outline This training course outline is intended to cover the following: Introduction to vacuum Measurement Lubricated rotary pumps

More information

Prudhoe Bay Oil Production Optimization: Using Virtual Intelligence Techniques, Stage One: Neural Model Building

Prudhoe Bay Oil Production Optimization: Using Virtual Intelligence Techniques, Stage One: Neural Model Building Prudhoe Bay Oil Production Optimization: Using Virtual Intelligence Techniques, Stage One: Neural Model Building Shahab D. Mohaghegh, West Virginia University Lynda A. Hutchins, BP Exploration (Alaska),

More information

HOW TO MANAGE VAPORIZATION IN AN ANALYTICAL SYSTEM By Dean Slejko and Tony Waters

HOW TO MANAGE VAPORIZATION IN AN ANALYTICAL SYSTEM By Dean Slejko and Tony Waters HOW TO MANAGE VAPORIZATION IN AN ANALYTICAL SYSTEM By Dean Slejko and Tony Waters If the analyzer in your analytical system requires gas but your sample is liquid, the only option is to convert the liquid

More information

CTB3365x Introduction to Water Treatment

CTB3365x Introduction to Water Treatment CTB3365x Introduction to Water Treatment D4b Aeration Doris van Halem Did you know that there are not just gasses in your glass of sparkling coke, but also in the tap water you drink? Welcome to the water

More information

LP Separator Level Control by Variable Speed and Multi Stage Brine Reinjection Pumps at Kawerau and Nga Awa Purua Geothermal Projects, New Zealand

LP Separator Level Control by Variable Speed and Multi Stage Brine Reinjection Pumps at Kawerau and Nga Awa Purua Geothermal Projects, New Zealand Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 LP Separator Level Control by Variable Speed and Multi Stage Brine Reinjection Pumps at Kawerau and Nga Awa Purua Geothermal

More information

THE DELIVERY OF GAS SUPPLY

THE DELIVERY OF GAS SUPPLY GAS ASSIST INJECTION MOLDING THE DELIVERY OF GAS SUPPLY April 2010 www.bauerptg.com THE DELIVERY OF GAS SUPPLY Gas assist requires a source of high-pressure nitrogen gas that can be controlled and delivered

More information

USE A RELIABLE A INNOVATIVE A COST EFFICIENT GAS EQUIPMENTS AND GAS SYSTEMS

USE A RELIABLE A INNOVATIVE A COST EFFICIENT GAS EQUIPMENTS AND GAS SYSTEMS USE A RELIABLE A INNOVATIVE A COST EFFICIENT GAS EQUIPMENTS AND GAS SYSTEMS Air & Opp. Pudumjee Paper Mills, Thergaon, Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra State, India-411033 Telephone. ++91 20 27273809 Telefax

More information

16. Studio ScaleChem Calculations

16. Studio ScaleChem Calculations 16. Studio ScaleChem Calculations Calculations Overview Calculations: Adding a new brine sample Studio ScaleChem can be used to calculate scaling at one or more user specified temperatures and pressures.

More information

White Paper. Chemical Sensor vs NDIR - Overview: NDIR Technology:

White Paper. Chemical Sensor vs NDIR - Overview: NDIR Technology: Title: Comparison of Chemical Sensor and NDIR Technologies TSN Number: 25 File:\\MII- SRV1\Metron\Bridge_Analyzers\Customer_Service_Documentation\White_Papers\25_G en EGA NDIR vs Chemical Sensor.docx Created

More information

Flare Gas Recovery A consideration of the benefits and issues associated with sizing, installation and selection of the most appropriate technology

Flare Gas Recovery A consideration of the benefits and issues associated with sizing, installation and selection of the most appropriate technology Flare Gas Recovery A consideration of the benefits and issues associated with sizing, installation and selection of the most appropriate technology Peter Angwin, Principal Consultant Process Engineer Stuart

More information

1 PIPESYS Application

1 PIPESYS Application PIPESYS Application 1-1 1 PIPESYS Application 1.1 Gas Condensate Gathering System In this PIPESYS Application, the performance of a small gascondensate gathering system is modelled. Figure 1.1 shows the

More information

Atlas Copco. On-site Industrial Gases Nitrogen & Oxygen Generators

Atlas Copco. On-site Industrial Gases Nitrogen & Oxygen Generators Atlas Copco On-site Industrial Gases Nitrogen & Oxygen Generators A secure supply of nitrogen and oxygen Whether your company is specialized in chemical manufacturing, electronics, laser cutting or food

More information

Experimental Analysis on Vortex Tube Refrigerator Using Different Conical Valve Angles

Experimental Analysis on Vortex Tube Refrigerator Using Different Conical Valve Angles International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 7-067X, p-issn: 7-00X, www.ijerd.com Volume 3, Issue 4 (August ), PP. 33-39 Experimental Analysis on Vortex Tube Refrigerator Using

More information