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1 Experiment 5a Class: Name: ( ) Date: 5a Boyle s law Objective To investigate the relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature. Background information Pressure is defined as the normal (perpendicular) force on a surface per unit area. Pressure = normal force on a surface area of the surface 2 Gas pressure can be measured using a Bourdon gauge. 3 If x and y are inversely proportional, a graph of y against x will look like the one in Figure 5a- and a graph of y against the reciprocal of x will be a straight line passing through the origin (Fig 5a-2), i.e. y x or xy = k (k is a constant) y y 0 x origin x Fig 5a- Fig 5a-2 Apparatus Boyle s law apparatus Bourdon gauge foot-pump rubber tubing 44

2 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Experiment 5a Procedure Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 5a-3. Open the valve. strong glass tube air Bourdon gauge oil valve oil reservoir foot-pump Fig 5a-3 Precaution The foot-pump is applied gently so that the volume of the air column changes slowly. This prevents or minimizes any change in the temperature of the air column. 2 Gently apply the foot-pump to increase the air pressure. Close the valve immediately after applying the foot-pump. Record the pressure and volume of the air column. 3 Open and close the valve quickly to slightly increase the volume of the air column. Record the new pressure and volume of the air column. 4 Repeat step 3 several times. Record the results in Table 5a- and calculate the values of. Results: Refer to Table 5a-2 on p.47. Pressure of the air column olume of the air column / cm 3 volume / cm 3 Table 5a- 45

3 Experiment 5a Class: Name: ( ) Date: Refer to the graph in Figure 5a-7 on p Plot a graph of p against in Figure 5a-4 and a graph of p against in Figure 5a-5. Fig 5a-4 / cm 3 Refer to the graph in Figure 5a-8 on p.48. Fig 5a-5 / cm 3 46

4 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Experiment 5a Alternative set-up using a syringe The Boyle s law apparatus produces good results but is expensive. The alternative method gives sufficient accurate results if certain precautions are taken. Apparatus glass syringe (50 cm 3 ) Bourdon gauge Procedure rubber tubing G-clamp Precaution The rubber tubing connecting the syringe and the Bourdon gauge should be as short as possible to minimize the errors in measuring the volume of air. The reading on the syringe gives the volume of the air inside the syringe but does not include that in the rubber tubing and the gauge. Lubricate the piston of a syringe with water so that it can slide smoothly into the syringe. Connect the syringe, with its piston halfway in, to a Bourdon gauge (Fig 5a-6). Bourdon gauge syringe Fig 5a-6 Precaution Prevent or minimize any change in the temperature of the air column as follows: The piston is pushed and pulled gently so that the volume of the air column in the syringe changes slowly. 2 Do not hold the syringe too long when pushing/pulling the piston. 2 Gently push and pull the piston. Record the pressure p shown on the Bourdon gauge and the volume of the air column in the syringe. 3 Repeat step 2 several times. Record the results in Table 5a-2 and calculate the values of. Results: Pressure of the air column olume of the air column / cm Connect the syringe to the Bourdon gauge with the piston halfway in. This is to obtain a range of pressure readings above and below the atmospheric pressure. volume Table 5a-2 / cm

5 Experiment 5a Class: Name: ( ) Date: 4 Plot a graph of p against in Figure 5a-7 and a graph of p against in Figure 5a Fig 5a-7 / cm Fig 5a-8 / cm 3 48

6 Class: Name: ( ) Date: Experiment 5a Discussion Describe the shape of the graph of p against The graph is a straight line.. What are the possible sources of error in the alternative set-up using a syringe? olume of air in the rubber tubing is not measured. There is leakage of air. The temperature of air inside the syringe is not constant. The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant. temperature Further thinking The rubber tubing connected to the syringe should be short while that connected to the Boyle s law apparatus can be long. Explain the reason. The air in the rubber tubing connected to the syringe is a part of the gas under investigation. However, its volume is not measured by the syringe. Therefore the rubber tubing should be short to minimize error. On the other hand, the volume of air in the rubber tubing connected to the Boyle s law apparatus is not a part of gas under investigation, so it would not affect the result of the experiment. 49

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