RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY. Anaesthesiology Block 18 (GNK 586) Prof Pierre Fourie
|
|
- Andra Mosley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Anaesthesiology Block 18 (GNK 586) Prof Pierre Fourie
2 Outline Ventilation Diffusion Perfusion Ventilation-Perfusion relationship Work of breathing Control of Ventilation 2
3 This image cannot currently be displayed. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 May :29 AM) 2005 Elsevier
4 4
5 Ventilation Function: Supply O 2 to the alveoli and remove CO 2 Airways divided in conducting passages (dead space) and respiratory zone (gas exchange) Respiratory zone blood-gas interface Respiratory bronchiole Alveoli 5
6 Figure 37-8 Respiratory passages. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 22 May :53 PM) 2005 Elsevier 6
7 Blood-Gas interface 500 million alveoli Surface area of m 2 Extremely thin um Damaged by high capillary pressures 7
8 Figure 39-7 Respiratory unit. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 22 May :53 PM) 2005 Elsevier 8
9 Ventilation Tidal Volume Volume of air entering the lung with a normal breath = Tidal Volume (Vt) Vt = 6-8 ml/kg = 500 ml Vmin = Vt x RR = 500 x 12 = 6000 ml Vt = Alveolar volume (VA) + Physiological dead space (VdPhys) 9
10 Ventilation Dead Space VdPhys = Anatomical dead space (VdAnat) + Alveolar dead space (VdAlv) Vd/Vt = 1/3 2/3 of Tidal volume available for gas exchange Alveolar volume (330 ml) Anaesthesia - Apparatus dead space (VdApp) Total Vd = VdApp + VdAnat + Vd Alv 10
11 Ventilation Dead Space VdPhys = Vt(PaCO 2 - PECO 2 ) PaCO 2 Bohr equation PaCO 2 - PECO 2 = 5 mm Hg Dead space ventilation 11
12 Figure 37-6 Diagram showing respiratory excursions during normal breathing and during maximal inspiration and maximal expiration. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 22 May :53 PM) 2005 Elsevier
13 Ventilation Alveolar Gas exchange depends on Alveolar Ventilation (VA) VA = RR x Alveolar volume = 12 x 330 = 4000 ml Alveolar Ventilation Equation: VA = VCO 2 / P a CO 2 + K 13
14 This image cannot currently be displayed. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 24 May :29 AM) 2005 Elsevier
15 Oxygen cascade 15
16 Ventilation Function: Supply O 2 to the alveoli and remove CO 2 Alveolar gas equation P A O 2 = PiO 2 (P A CO 2 /R) + K = FiO 2 (PB - PH 2 O) (P A CO 2 /R) + K 16
17 Hypoventilation VA Vt Vd HYPERCAPNIA Headache, excitement, restlessness, confusion Respiratory acidosis, sympathetic stimulation tachycardia, pulse pressure, sweating, cyanosis 17
18 Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) FRC = ERV + RV Amount of air that remains in the lungs, end of normal expiration (+/ ml). Volume of air available for gas exchange diffusion of O 2 to blood and of CO 2 from blood to alveoli FRC supine, age, respiratory disease, anaesthesia 18
19 Figure 39-9 Ultrastructure of the alveolar respiratory membrane, shown in cross section. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 22 May :53 PM) 2005 Elsevier
20 Diffusion Fick s Law Rate of diffusion of a gas through a tissue slice is proportional to area of tissue Partial pressure difference Solubility of the gas in the tissue Inversely proportional Thickness of the tissue Square root of the molecular weight of the gas 20
21 Oxygen uptake Diffusion limited Perfusion limited RBC time spent in alveolar capillary = 0.75 sec PaO 2 is reached within 0.25 sec Limited High cardiac output Very low mixed venous PO 2 21
22 Perfusion Cardiac output (Qt) = SV x HR Vmin = Vt x RR Pulmonary blood flow (Qp) = Qt Vmin = Qt then ventilation / perfusion ratio = 1 Alveoli perfused but not ventilated = shunt (Qs) Alveoli ventilated but not perfused = dead space (Vd) 22
23 Shunt equation CcO 2 CaO Qs / Qt = 2 CcO 2 - CmvO 2 CcO 2 = O 2 concentration in capillaries of ventilated perfused alveoli (Alveolar gas equation) CmvO 2 = 40 mmhg or 70% saturated Qs / Qt = 2% 23
24 Ventilation Perfusion relationships Ideal V/Q ratio = 1 If V = 0 V/Q = 0 = pure shunt If Q = 0 V/Q = infinity = pure dead space ventilation V/Q ratio > 0 but < infinity = V/Q mismatch High V/Q Hypercapnia Low V/Q Hypoxia 24
25 V/Q mismatch and Anaesthesia Loss of motor tone compression atelectasis low V/Q ratio Vasodilatation and cardiac suppression - Qt high V/Q ratio V/Q mismatch open abdominal and thoracic procedures Atelectasis with high O 2 concentrations (Absorption atelectasis) 25
26 Management of V/Q mismatch Ventilatory support Rx atelectasis Avoid high O 2 concentrations Apply PEEP Circulatory support Rx low cardiac output Fluid management, correct hypovolemia Inotropes Vasopressors 26
27 Work of breathing (WOB) Energy and Work is required to expand the chest and move gas into the lungs and increase the lung volume = WOB Pressure is required to overcome airway resistance and tissue elasticity Volume change per unit of pressure change = Compliance Normal Compliance = 200 ml / cm H 2 0 transpulmonary pressure 27
28 This image cannot currently be displayed. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 26 May :55 AM) 2005 Elsevier
29 Work of breathing WOB Diseases that compliance = restrictive lung disease (inspiration) Diseases that airflow resistance = obstructive lung disease (expiration) WOB hypoventilation, hypercapnia and hypoxia Respiratory failure 29
30 Control of Breathing Central Respiratory centres in the brainstem control spontaneous breathing by rhythmic neural activity Dorsal inspiratory and ventral expiratory neurons in the medulla oblongata RR and rhythm fine-tuned by pontine centres (apneustic and pneumotacic) which influence the dorsal neurons H + sensitive chemoreceptors in the medulla is stimulated by low CSF ph ( PCO 2 ) stimulate breathing 30
31 Figure 41-1 Organization of the respiratory center. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 22 May :53 PM) 2005 Elsevier
32 Figure 41-2 Stimulation of the brain stem inspiratory area by signals from the chemosensitive area located bilaterally in the medulla, lying only a fraction of a millimeter beneath the ventral medullary surface. Note also that hydrogen ions stimulate the chemosensitive area, but carbon dioxide in the fluid gives rise to most of the hydrogen ions. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 22 May :53 PM) 2005 Elsevier
33 Control of Breathing Peripheral Chemoreceptors in the Aortic arch and Carotid body Sensitive to PaO 2 - ventilation Chemoreceptors in the Carotid body Sensitive to ph - ventilation Juxta-capillary receptors Irritation receptors Stretch receptors 33
34 This image cannot currently be displayed. Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 26 May :55 AM) 2005 Elsevier
35 Anaesthetic implications Central respiratory centres Very sensitive to opioids - Vmin Insensitive by chronic hypercapnia (CSF ph normalized by buffering with HCO3) stimulated by low PaO 2 (hypoxic drive) Peripheral centres Suppressed by Anaesthetic vapours benzodiasipines 35
Respiratory Physiology. Adeyomoye O.I
Respiratory Physiology By Adeyomoye O.I Outline Introduction Hypoxia Dyspnea Control of breathing Ventilation/perfusion ratios Respiratory/barometric changes in exercise Intra-pulmonary & intra-pleural
More informationRespiratory System Physiology. Dr. Vedat Evren
Respiratory System Physiology Dr. Vedat Evren Respiration Processes involved in oxygen transport from the atmosphere to the body tissues and the release and transportation of carbon dioxide produced in
More information4. For external respiration to occur effectively, you need three parameters. They are:
Self Assessment Module D Name: ANSWER KEY 1. Hypoxia should be assumed whenever the PaO 2 is below 45 mm Hg. 2. Name some clinical conditions that will result in hyperventilation (respiratory alkalosis).
More informationRespiratory Anatomy and Physiology. Respiratory Anatomy. Function of the Respiratory System
Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology Michaela Dixon Clinical Development Nurse PICU BRHFC Respiratory Anatomy Function of the Respiratory System - In conjunction with the cardiovascular system, to supply
More informationI Physical Principles of Gas Exchange
Respiratory Gases Exchange Dr Badri Paudel, M.D. 2 I Physical Principles of Gas Exchange 3 Partial pressure The pressure exerted by each type of gas in a mixture Diffusion of gases through liquids Concentration
More informationPhysiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY In Physiology Today Respiration External respiration ventilation gas exchange Internal respiration cellular respiration gas exchange Respiratory Cycle Inspiration
More informationRespiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics
Respiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics PUL 1. Diagram how pleural pressure, alveolar pressure, airflow, and lung volume change during a normal quiet breathing cycle. Identify on the figure the
More informationModule Two. Objectives: Objectives cont. Objectives cont. Objectives cont.
Transition to the New National EMS Education Standards: EMT-B B to EMT Module Two Objectives: Upon completion, each participant will do the following to a degree of accuracy that meets the Ntl EMS Education
More informationChapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing
Chapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing Overview of Pulmonary Circulation o Diffusion of Gases o Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide o Transport of Gases in the Blood
More informationChapter 16 Respiration. Respiration. Steps in Respiration. Functions of the respiratory system
Chapter 16 Respiration Functions of the respiratory system Respiration The term respiration includes 3 separate functions: Ventilation: Breathing. Gas exchange: Occurs between air and blood in the lungs.
More informationRespiration. The resspiratory system
Respiration The resspiratory system The Alveoli The lungs have about 300 million alveoli, with a total crosssec onal area of 50 70 m2.. Each alveolar sac is surrounded by blood capillaries. The walls of
More informationVENTILATION AND PERFUSION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. Dr.HARIPRASAD VS
VENTILATION AND PERFUSION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Dr.HARIPRASAD VS Ventilation Total ventilation - total rate of air flow in and out of the lung during normal tidal breathing. Alveolar ventilation -represents
More informationTable of Contents. By Adam Hollingworth
By Adam Hollingworth Table of Contents Oxygen Cascade... 2 Diffusion... 2 Laws of Diffusion... 2 Diffusion & Perfusion Limitations... 3 Oxygen Uptake Along Pulmon Capillary... 4 Measurement of Diffusing
More informationSection Two Diffusion of gases
Section Two Diffusion of gases Lecture 5: Partial pressure and the composition of gasses in air. Factors affecting diffusion of gases. Ventilation perfusion ratio effect on alveolar gas concentration.
More informationRespiratory system. Role. Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation
Respiratory system Role oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : 1. pulmonary ventilation gas exchange between lungs and
More informationPICU Resident Self-Study Tutorial The Basic Physics of Oxygen Transport. I was told that there would be no math!
Physiology of Oxygen Transport PICU Resident Self-Study Tutorial I was told that there would be no math! INTRODUCTION Christopher Carroll, MD Although cells rely on oxygen for aerobic metabolism and viability,
More informationBy: Aseel Jamil Al-twaijer. Lec : physical principles of gas exchange
By: Aseel Jamil Al-twaijer Lec : physical principles of gas exchange Date:30 /10/2017 this lecture is about the exchange of gases between the blood and the alveoli. I might add some external definitions
More informationPhysiology of Respiration
Physiology of Respiration External Respiration = pulmonary ventilation breathing involves 2 processes: inspiration expiration Inspiration an active process involves contraction of diaphragm innervated
More information2. State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.
CLASS XI BIOLOGY Breathing And Exchange of Gases 1. Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Answer: Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.
More informationRESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE
RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE Alveolar PO 2 = 105 mmhg; Pulmonary artery PO 2 = 40 mmhg PO 2 gradient across respiratory membrane 65 mmhg (105 mmhg 40 mmhg) Results in pulmonary vein PO 2 ~100 mmhg Partial
More informationRespiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3
Respiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3 1. The pressure of a gas: a. is inversely proportional to its volume b. is unaffected by temperature changes c. is directly proportional to its volume d. does not
More informationRespiratory Physiology 2
Respiratory Physiology 2 Session Objectives. What you will cover Gaseous Exchange Control of Breathing Rate Your objectives are State the function of support structures and epithelia of the bronchial tree
More informationSection 01: The Pulmonary System
Section 01: The Pulmonary System Chapter 12 Pulmonary Structure and Function Chapter 13 Gas Exchange and Transport Chapter 14 Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation HPHE 6710 Exercise Physiology II Dr. Cheatham
More informationUnit II Problem 4 Physiology: Diffusion of Gases and Pulmonary Circulation
Unit II Problem 4 Physiology: Diffusion of Gases and Pulmonary Circulation - Physical principles of gases: Pressure of a gas is caused by the movement of its molecules against a surface (more concentration
More informationIntroduction. Respiration. Chapter 10. Objectives. Objectives. The Respiratory System
Introduction Respiration Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body Plays a role in the regulation of acidbase balance during exercise Objectives
More informationRespiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange
Respiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange Session Objectives. What you will cover Basic anatomy of the lung including airways Breathing movements Lung volumes and capacities Compliance and Resistance in
More informationBlood gas adventures at various altitudes. Friedrich Luft Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin-Buch
Blood gas adventures at various altitudes Friedrich Luft Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin-Buch Mount Everest 8848 M Any point in bird watching here? Respiration is gas exchange: the process
More informationCHAPTER 6. Oxygen Transport. Copyright 2008 Thomson Delmar Learning
CHAPTER 6 Oxygen Transport Normal Blood Gas Value Ranges Table 6-1 OXYGEN TRANSPORT Oxygen Dissolved in the Blood Plasma Dissolve means that the gas maintains its precise molecular structure About.003
More informationUNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION MUST, AT ALL TIMES, ACCEPT THE ENTIRE CARDIAC OUTPUT
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION MUST, AT ALL TIMES, ACCEPT THE ENTIRE CARDIAC OUTPUT UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
More informationCollin County Community College. Lung Physiology
Collin County Community College BIOL. 2402 Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 9 Respiratory System 1 Lung Physiology Factors affecting Ventillation 1. Airway resistance Flow = Δ P / R Most resistance is encountered
More informationChapter 13 The Respiratory System
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System by Dr. Jay M. Templin Brooks/Cole - Thomson Learning Atmosphere Tissue cell External respiration Alveoli of lungs 1 Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere
More informationRespiratory System. Prepared by: Dorota Marczuk-Krynicka, MD, PhD
Respiratory System Prepared by: Dorota Marczuk-Krynicka, MD, PhD Lungs: Ventilation Perfusion Gas Exchange - Diffusion 1. Airways and Airway Resistance (AWR) 2. Mechanics of Breathing and Lung (Elastic)
More informationBREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
96 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Respiration in insects is called direct because a. The cell exchange O 2 directly with the air in the
More informationChapter 23: Respiratory System
Chapter 23: Respiratory System I. Functions of the Respiratory System A. List and describe the five major functions of the respiratory system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. Anatomy and Histology of the Respiratory
More informationQuestion 1: Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. It is about 3.5 4.5 litres in the human body. It
More informationRESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE
RESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE Respiration Respiration delivery of oxygen to and removal of carbon dioxide from the tissue External respiration ventilation and exchange of gases in the lung Internal
More information- How do the carotid bodies sense arterial blood gases? o The carotid bodies weigh 25mg, yet they have their own artery. This means that they have
- How do the carotid bodies sense arterial blood gases? o The carotid bodies weigh 25mg, yet they have their own artery. This means that they have the highest blood flow of all organs, which makes them
More informationBREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
96 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Respiration in insects is called direct because a. The tissues exchange O 2 directly with the air in
More informationChapter 22 The Respiratory System
Chapter 22 The Respiratory System 1 Respiration Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the lungs External respiration: O 2 and CO 2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
More informationRespiratory System. Part 2
Respiratory System Part 2 Respiration Exchange of gases between air and body cells Three steps 1. Ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Internal respiration Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation consists
More informationCHAPTER 3: The respiratory system
CHAPTER 3: The respiratory system Practice questions - text book pages 56-58 1) When the inspiratory muscles contract, which one of the following statements is true? a. the size of the thoracic cavity
More informationEssential Skills Course Acute Care Module. Respiratory Day 2 (Arterial Blood Gases) Pre course Workbook
Essential Skills Course Acute Care Module Respiratory Day 2 (Arterial Blood Gases) Pre course Workbook Acknowledgements This pre course workbook has been complied and updated with reference to the original
More informationRegulation of Ventilation, Ventilation/ Perfusion Ratio, and Transport of Gases
M07_LIMM3516_01_SE_C07.indd Page 37 1/28/11 4:38 PM user-s146 Standard Pathophysiology TOPIC Competency Applies fundamental knowledge of the pathophysiology of respiration and perfusion to patient assessment
More informationLung Volumes and Ventilation
Respiratory System ssrisuma@rics.bwh.harvard.edu Lung Volumes and Ventilation Minute ventilation Volume of an inspired or expired air per minute = tidal volume (V T ) x respiratory rate Dead space ventilation
More informationChapter 23. Gas Exchange and Transportation
Chapter 23 Gas Exchange and Transportation What is air? Mixture of gasses 78.6 % nitrogen 20.9% oxygen 0.04% carbon dioxide 0 4% water vapor depending on temperature and humidity and minor gases argon,
More informationRespiratory Physiology
chapter 4 Respiratory Physiology I. LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES A. Lung volumes (Figure 4-1) 1. Tidal volume (TV) is the volume inspired or expired with each normal breath. 2. Inspiratory reserve volume
More informationChapter 16 Respiratory System
Introduction Chapter 16 Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it to alveoli where gases are exchanged. Think pair share: what organs are associated
More informationChapter 4: Ventilation Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE
Instant download and all chapters Test Bank Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology Foundations for Clinical Practice 3rd Edition Will Beachey https://testbanklab.com/download/test-bank-respiratory-care-anatomy-physiologyfoundations-clinical-practice-3rd-edition-will-beachey/
More informationControl of Respiration. Central Control of Ventilation
Central Control of Goal: maintain sufficient ventilation with minimal energy Process steps: mechanics + aerodynamics Points of Regulation Breathing rate and depth, coughing, swallowing, breath holding
More informationVENTILATION STRATEGIES FOR THE CRITICALLY UNWELL
VENTILATION STRATEGIES FOR THE CRITICALLY UNWELL Dr Nick Taylor Visiting Emergency Specialist Teaching Hospital Karapitiya Senior Specialist and Director ED Training Clinical Lecturer, Australian National
More informationPhysiology: Respiratory System
In the name of God Physiology: Respiratory System Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate Tehran University of Medical Sciences drmoradian@sums.ac.ir 2013 Respiratory Anatomy The primary function of the respiratory
More informationPhysiological Basis of Mechanical Ventilation
Physiological Basis of Mechanical Ventilation Wally Carlo, M.D. University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology wcarlo@peds.uab.edu Fine Tuning Mechanical Ventilation
More informationAirway: the tubes through which air flows between atmosphere and alveoli. Upper airway. Lower airway
Respiration Yu Yanqin ( 虞燕琴 ), PhD Dept. of fph Physiology Zhejiang University, School of Medicine Respiration Definition: the bodily processes involved in exchange of oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide
More informationSome major points on the Effects of Hypoxia
Some major points on the Effects of Hypoxia Source: Kings College London http://www.kcl.ac.uk/teares/gktvc/vc/dental/year1/lectures/rbmsmajorpoints/effectsofhypoxia.htm Cells obtain their energy from oxygen.
More informationGAS EXCHANGE & PHYSIOLOGY
GAS EXCHANGE & PHYSIOLOGY Atmospheric Pressure Intra-Alveolar Pressure Inspiration 760 mm HG at Sea Level (= 1 atm) Pressure due to gases (N2, O2, CO2, Misc.) Pressure inside the alveolus (air sac) Phrenic
More informationRespiratory system & exercise. Dr. Rehab F Gwada
Respiratory system & exercise Dr. Rehab F Gwada Objectives of lecture Outline the major anatomical components & important functions of the respiratory system. Describe the mechanics of ventilation. List
More informationRespiratory Physiology. ED Primary Teaching
Respiratory Physiology ED Primary Teaching Functions of the respiratory system Gas exchange with O2 and CO2 Surfactant production Defence - IgA and macrophages Filer - pollutants and thromboembolism Metabolises
More informationCHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
268 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 17.1 Respiratory Organs 17.2 Mechanism of Breathing 17.3 Exchange of Gases 17.4 Transport of Gases 17.5 Regulation of Respiration 17.6 Disorders of
More informationRespiratory Medicine. A-A Gradient & Alveolar Gas Equation Laboratory Diagnostics. Alveolar Gas Equation. See online here
Respiratory Medicine A-A Gradient & Alveolar Gas Equation Laboratory Diagnostics See online here Alveolar gas equation helps to calculate the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli and A-a gradient is the
More informationRESPIRATION III SEMESTER BOTANY MODULE II
III SEMESTER BOTANY MODULE II RESPIRATION Lung Capacities and Volumes Tidal volume (TV) air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath (approximately 500 ml) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
More informationChapter 13 The Respiratory System
VI edit Pag 451-499 Chapter 13 The Respiratory System V edit. Pag 459-509 Tissue cell Alveoli of lungs Atmosphere 1 External respiration Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs
More informationChapter 23. Gas Exchange and Transportation
Chapter 23 Gas Exchange and Transportation What is air? Mixture of gasses 78.6 % nitrogen 20.9% oxygen 0.04% carbon dioxide 0 4% water vapor depending on temperature and humidity other minor gases argon,
More informationRespiratory physiology II.
Respiratory physiology II. Learning objectives: 29. Pulmonary gas exchange. 30. Oxygen transport in the blood. 31. Carbon-dioxide transport in the blood. 1 Pulmonary gas exchange The transport mechanism
More information1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/
1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/ CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES Oxygen (O2) is utilised by the organisms to indirectly break down nutrient molecules like
More informationRodney Shandukani 14/03/2012
Rodney Shandukani 14/03/2012 OXYGEN THERAPY Aerobic metabolism accounts for 90% of Oxygen consumption by tissues. generates ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen cascade: Oxygen exerts a partial pressure,
More informationLung Volumes and Capacities
Lung Volumes and Capacities Normally the volume of air entering the lungs during a single inspiration is approximately equal to the volume leaving on the subsequent expiration and is called the tidal volume.
More information2.1.1 List the principal structures of the
physiology 2.1.1 List the principal structures of the The principle structures of the respiratory are: Nose/Mouth used for inhalation of oxygen-rich air and expelling carbon dioxide rich air Pharynx -
More informationGas exchange. Tissue cells CO2 CO 2 O 2. Pulmonary capillary. Tissue capillaries
Gas exchange Pulmonary gas exchange Tissue gas exchange CO 2 O 2 O 2 Tissue cells CO2 CO 2 Pulmonary capillary O 2 O 2 CO 2 Tissue capillaries Physical principles of gas exchange Diffusion: continuous
More informationP215 Respiratory System, Part 2
P15 Respiratory System, Part Gas Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide constant need for oxygen constant production of carbon dioxide exchange (and movement) lung alveoli pulmonary arteries pulmonary capillaries
More informationChapter 37: Pulmonary Ventilation. Chad & Angela
Chapter 37: Pulmonary Ventilation Chad & Angela Respiratory Structures Basic Structures of Respiration Nasal/Oral Cavities Larynx Trachea Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Mechanics of Ventilation
More informationPulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation resin cast of pulmonary arteries resin cast of pulmonary veins Blood Flow to the Lungs Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation Blood supply to the conducting zone provided by the
More informationAIIMS, New Delhi. Dr. K. K. Deepak, Prof. & HOD, Physiology AIIMS, New Delhi Dr. Geetanjali Bade, Asst. Professor AIIMS, New Delhi
Course : PG Pathshala-Biophysics Paper 13 : Physiological Biophysics Module 17 : Gas transport and pulmonary circulation Principal Investigator: Co-Principal Investigator: Paper Coordinator: Content Writer:
More informationCapnography in the Veterinary Technician Toolbox. Katie Pinner BS, LVT Bush Advanced Veterinary Imaging Richmond, VA
Capnography in the Veterinary Technician Toolbox Katie Pinner BS, LVT Bush Advanced Veterinary Imaging Richmond, VA What are Respiration and Ventilation? Respiration includes all those chemical and physical
More informationBIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. CHAPTER REVIEW 1. Define the four components of respiration. 2. What happens to the air as it moves along the air passages? What
More informationThe Human Respiratory System
The Human Respiratory System Maryam Maheri Kiana Kayoda, Nazalia, Emerald Bocobo NPB 101 L section 008 TA: Ashneel Krishna 2/26/2015 Introduction: The respiratory system allows gas exchange between cells
More informationExam Key. NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 Exam # 2 October 28, 2016 Total POINTS: % of grade in class
NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 Exam # 2 October 28, 2016 Total POINTS: 100 20% of grade in class 1) An arterial blood sample for a patient at sea level is obtained, and the following physiological values
More informationTERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS USED LN RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY. Assistant, Medical Unit, Middlesex Hospital, London, W.i
Brit. J. Anaesth. (1957), 29, 534 TERMINOLOGY AND SYMBOLS USED LN RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY BY E. J. MORAN CAMPBELL Assistant, Medical Unit, Middlesex Hospital, London, W.i INTRODUCTION MANY anaesthetists
More informationRESPIRATION. Dr F T Anthonyrajah Specialist Family Physician M.B.B.S, MMed (FamMed)
RESPIRATION Dr F T Anthonyrajah Specialist Family Physician M.B.B.S, MMed (FamMed) INSPIRATION: INSPIRATION: Inspiration is the active part of the breathing process, which is initiated by the respiratory
More informationPulmonary Circulation Linda Costanzo Ph.D.
Pulmonary Circulation Linda Costanzo Ph.D. OBJECTIVES: After studying this lecture, the student should understand: 1. The differences between pressures in the pulmonary and systemic circulations. 2. How
More informationRespiration - Human 1
Respiration - Human 1 At the end of the lectures on respiration you should be able to, 1. Describe events in the respiratory processes 2. Discuss the mechanism of lung ventilation in human 3. Discuss the
More informationIV. FROM AQUATIC TO ATMOSPHERIC BREATHING: THE TRACHEA & THE LUNG
GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT I. INTRODUCTION: Heterotrophs oxidize carbon cmpds using O 2 to generate CO 2 & H 2 O. This is cellular respiration II. HOW GAS ENTERS A CELL A. The composition of air: 79% N
More informationALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1
ALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1 Summary: These notes examine the general means by which ventilation is regulated in terrestrial mammals. It then moves on to a discussion of what happens when someone over
More informationHuman Biology Respiratory System
Human Biology Respiratory System Respiratory System Responsible for process of breathing Works in cooperation with Circulatory system Three types: 1. Internal Respiration 2. External Respiration 3. Cellular
More informationSection Three Gas transport
Section Three Gas transport Lecture 6: Oxygen transport in blood. Carbon dioxide in blood. Objectives: i. To describe the carriage of O2 in blood. ii. iii. iv. To explain the oxyhemoglobin dissociation
More informationChapter 15. Lecture and Animation Outline
Chapter 15 Lecture and Animation Outline To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have
More informationGas exchange and ventilation perfusion relationships in the lung
ERJ Express. Published on July 28, 214 as doi: 1.1183/931936.3714 REVIEW IN PRESS CORRECTED PROOF Gas exchange and ventilation perfusion relationships in the lung Johan Petersson 1,2 and Robb W. Glenny
More informationFigure 1. A schematic diagram of the human respiratory system.
Introduction to Respiration In this experiment, you will investigate various aspects of normal breathing, hyperventilation, rebreathing the effect of changing airway resistance and ways in which to measure
More informationLAB 7 HUMAN RESPIRATORY LAB. Complete the charts on pgs. 67 and 68 and read directions for using BIOPAC
66 LAB 7 HUMAN RESPIRATORY LAB Assignments: Due before lab: Quiz: Three Respiratory Interactive Physiology Animations pages 69 73. Complete the charts on pgs. 67 and 68 and read directions for using BIOPAC
More informationCHAPTER 3: The cardio-respiratory system
: The cardio-respiratory system Exam style questions - text book pages 44-45 1) Describe the structures involved in gaseous exchange in the lungs and explain how gaseous exchange occurs within this tissue.
More informationThe Physiologic Basis of DLCO testing. Brian Graham Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine University of Saskatchewan
The Physiologic Basis of DLCO testing Brian Graham Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine University of Saskatchewan Objectives Review gas transport from inhaled gas to the rest of the
More informationBreathing: The normal rate is about 14 to 20 times a minute. Taking in of air is called Inspiration and the forcing out of air is called Expiration.
Biology 12 Respiration Divisions of Respiration Breathing: entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs External Respiration: exchange of gases(o2 and CO2) between air (in alveoli) and blood Internal
More informationObservations of the Properties of the Human Respiratory System. April Ramos Dela Fuente. Bill Keenen; Tommy Kham; Grace Park
P a g e 1 Observations of the Properties of the Human Respiratory System April Ramos Dela Fuente Bill Keenen; Tommy Kham; Grace Park NPB 101L - Section 06 - Ailsa Dalgliesh 11/25/14 P a g e 2 INTRODUCTION
More information660 mm Hg (normal, 100 mm Hg, room air) Paco, (arterial Pc02) 36 mm Hg (normal, 40 mm Hg) % saturation 50% (normal, 95%-100%)
148 PHYSIOLOGY CASES AND PROBLEMS Case 26 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Herman Neiswander is a 65-year-old retired landscape architect in northern Wisconsin. One cold January morning, he decided to warm his
More informationPROBLEM SET 9. SOLUTIONS April 23, 2004
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology HST.542J: Quantitative Physiology: Organ Transport Systems Instructors: Roger Mark and Jose Venegas MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Departments
More informationNROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 Exam # 2 October 28, 2016 Total POINTS: % of grade in class
NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 and MSNBIO 2070 Exam # 2 October 28, 2016 Total POINTS: 100 20% of grade in class 1) An arterial blood sample for a patient at sea level is obtained, and the following physiological values
More information3/24/2009 LAB D.HAMMOUDI.MD. 1. Trachea 2. Thoracic wall 3. Lungs 4. Primary bronchi 5. Diaphragm
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY LAB D.HAMMOUDI.MD 1. Trachea 2. Thoracic wall 3. Lungs 4. Primary bronchi 5. Diaphragm 1 KEY WORDS TO KNOW BOYLE S LAW INTERCOSTAL NERVES PHRENIC NERVE DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL
More informationNeonatal Assisted Ventilation. Haresh Modi, M.D. Aspirus Wausau Hospital, Wausau, WI.
Neonatal Assisted Ventilation Haresh Modi, M.D. Aspirus Wausau Hospital, Wausau, WI. History of Assisted Ventilation Negative pressure : Spirophore developed in 1876 with manual device to create negative
More informationThe Respiratory System Part I. Dr. Adelina Vlad
The Respiratory System Part I Dr. Adelina Vlad The Respiratory Process Breathing automatic, rhythmic and centrally-regulated mechanical process by which the atmospheric gas moves into and out of the lungs
More informationInitiation and Management of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV)
Initiation and Management of Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) Eric Kriner RRT Pulmonary Critical Care Clinical Specialist Pulmonary Services Department Medstar Washington Hospital Center Disclosures
More informationPresentation Overview. Monitoring Strategies for the Mechanically Ventilated Patient. Early Monitoring Strategies. Early Attempts To Monitor WOB
Monitoring Strategies for the Mechanically entilated Patient Presentation Overview A look back into the future What works and what may work What s all the hype about the WOB? Are ventilator graphics really
More information