8. Now plot on the following grid the values of T (K) and V from the table above, and connect the points.
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1 Charles s Law According to Charles s law, the volume of a fixed mass of gas varies directly with its Kelvin temperature if its pressure is constant. The following table contains Celsius temperature and volume readings for a gas under such conditions. Recall that K = C Convert each Celsius temperature to Kelvins. Temperature C Temperature (K) Volume (ml) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Now plot on the following grid the values of T (K) and V from the table above, and connect the points. 9. What is the shape of the graph you have drawn? 9.
2 Boyle s Law According to Boyle s law, the product of the pressure (P) and volume (V) of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is a constant (K). The following table contains pairs of pressure and volume readings for a gas under such conditions. For each pair of readings, calculate the value of K. Pressure (atm) Volume (ml) K (atm x ml) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Now plot on the following grid the values of P and V from the table above. Connect the points with a smooth curve. 12. What is the name of the kind of curve you have drawn? 12.
3 States of Matter Section 13.1 Gases In your textbook, read about the kinetic-molecular theory. Complete each statement. 1. The kinetic molecular theory describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in. 2. The kinetic-molecular theory makes the following assumptions. a. In a sample of a gas, the volume of the gas particles themselves is very compared to the volume of the sample. b. Because gas particles are far apart, there are no significant attractive or repulsive between gas particles. c. Gas particles are in constant and motion. d. The collisions between gas particles are ; that is, no energy is lost. 3. The kinetic energy of a particles is represented by the equation 4. is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. In your textbook, read about explaining the behavior of gases. For each statement below, write true or false. 5. Gases are less dense than solids because there is a lot of space particles of a gas. 6. The random motion of gas particles causes a gas to expand until it fills its container. 7. The density of a gas decreases as it is compressed. 8. A gas can flow into a space occupied by another gas. 9. The diffusion of a gas is caused by the random motion of the particles of the gases. 10. Lighter gas particples diffuse less rapidly than do heavier gas particles. 11. During effusion a gas escapes through a tiny opening into a vacuum. 12. Graham s law of effusion states that the rate of effusion of a gas is directly related to the square foot of its molar mass.
4 Section 13.1 continued In your textbook, read about gas pressure. Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 13. Pressure is defined as force per unit a. area b. mass c. time d. volume 14. What is an instrument designed to measure atmospheric pressure? a. barometer b. manometer c. sphygmomanometer d. thermometer 15. The height of the liquid in a barometer is affected by all of the following EXCEPT the a. altitude. c. density of the liquid in the column. b. atmospheric pressure. d. diameter of the column tube. 16. The pressure of the gas in a manometer is directly related to which of the following quantities? a. height of the mercury column in the closed-end arm b. height of the mercury column in the open-end arm c. a + b d. a - b 17. One atmosphere is equal to a pressure of a. 76 mm HG b kpa c. 147 psi d. 706 torr 18. The partial pressure of a gas depends on all of the following EXCEPT the a. concentration of gas. c. size if the container. b. identity of the gas. d. temperature of the gas. 19. The pressure of a sample of air in a manometer is kpa. What is the partial pressure of nitrogen in the sample if the combined partial pressures of the other gases is 22.4 kpa? a kpa b kpa c kpa d kpa Use the figure to answer the following questions. 20. What instrument is illustrated in the figure? 21. Who invented this instrument? 22. What are the two opposing forces that control the height of the mercury in the column? 23. What does it mean when the level of mercury rises in the column?
5 A Simple Mercury Barometer In Figure 1, a simple mercury barometer is made by filing a long glass tube with mercury and then inverting the open end of the tube into a bowl of mercury. Answer the following questions about the simple mercury barometer shown here. 1. What occupies the space above the mercury column in the barometer s glass tube? 2. What prevents mercury from flowing out of the glass tube into the bowl of mercury? 3. When the barometer in Figure 1 is moved to a higher elevation, such as an altitude of 5000 meters, the column of mercury changes as shown in Figure 2. Why is the mercury column lower in Figure 2 than in Figure1? 4. Suppose the barometer in Figure 1 was carried into an open mine 500 meters below sea level. How would the height of the mercury column change? Explain why. 5. Suppose the liquid used to make the barometer was water instead of mercury. How would this substitution affect the barometer? Explain. 6. Suppose a tiny crack formed at the top of the barometer s glass tube. How would this event affect the column of mercury? Explain why.
6 Measuring Pressure Barometers and open- and closed-end manometers are devices used to measure pressure. The closed-end manometer (Figure B) is used to measure the actual pressure of a confined gas. There is a vacuum above the column of mercury in the closed end of the manometer tube. The pressure, in torr, of the confined gas equals the difference, in millimeters, between the heights of the mercury in the two vertical arms of the tube. The tube of the open-end manometer (Figure C) is open, at one end, to the atmosphere. Therefore, atmospheric pressure is being exerted on the column of mercury in that arm of the tube. If the height of the mercury in the open arm is greater than that in the other arm, the difference between the two heights must be added to the atmospheric pressure to find the pressure of the confined gas. If the height in the open arm is less than that in the other arm, the difference in height must be subtracted from the atmospheric pressure. Refer to the figures below in answering the following questions. 1. What is the atmospheric pressure, in torr, indicated 1. by the barometer in Figure A? 2. What is the pressure, in torr, of the confined gas as 2. Indicated by the closed-end manometer in Figure B? 3. What is the pressure, in torr, of the confined gas 3. Indicated by the open-end manometer in Figure C? 4. What is the pressure, in torr, of the confined gas 4. Indicated by the open-end manometer in Figure D?
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