HYPOXIA IN OPERATION ORIENTED SIMULATION. SAFE EUROPE, ZEIST, APRIL 2017 Wietse Ledegang, MSc.
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1 HYPOXIA IN OPERATION ORIENTED SIMULATION SAFE EUROPE, ZEIST, APRIL 2017 Wietse Ledegang, MSc.
2 TNO TNO = Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research Department of Human Factors in Soesterberg Located next to the RNLAF Centre for Man and Aviation (CML) Shared facilities and research projects Aeolus - Joint innovation center Human Performance under Extreme Conditions in Military Aerospace
3 AEOLUS PROJECT: HYPOXIA (work in progress) Research focus of project: Improve the operational realism of hypoxia training, by creating an hypoxia environment in a moving-base flight simulator Goal of this presentation: Provide overview of the activities and findings of the shared research project by TNO and the Centre for Man and Aviation
4 Altitude [ft] HYPOXIA Hypoxia is a condition in which blood or tissues of the human body are deprived of adequate oxygen supply 11.8% Example situations: Heli operations (unpressurized) above 10,000ft (e.g. special mission / temporary exposure) 20.9% Failing pressurization (e.g. failing oxygen equipment / rapid decompression) Effective O2 [%]
5 ALTITUDE EFFECTS Loss of consciousness Euphoric 78% Overconfidence Increased breathing Cognitive disturbances Performance of skilled tasks impaired Unaware of effects Heart rate increases Visual sensitivity starts to decrease Minor memory issues Performance is mostly unaffected 98% No effects
6 SIMULATION OF ALTITUDE EFFECTS Hypobaric hypoxia Hypobaric chamber Normobaric hypoxia Reduced Oxygen Breathing Device (ROBD) Bottles with pre-mixed gas
7 CURRENT HYPOXIA TRAINING Academics (classroom) Atmosphere, respiration, gas expansion, hypoxia, etc. Practical (in hypobaric chamber) Demonstration of oxygen deficiency Oxygen equipment Recognize and experience effects of hypoxia while performing puzzles and psychomotor tasks Rapid Decompression at 27,000 ft Training according to: NATO STANAG 3114 Aeromedical Training of Flight Personnel US Air Force Instruction Aerospace physiological training program
8 TOWARDS OPERATION ORIENTED SIMULATION What if... we extent hypoxia training with flight tasks in a more operational environment? we integrate multiple stressors together in a moving-base flight simulator? Hypoxia Spatial Disorientation Degraded visibility Extreme temperatures Dehydration Sleep deprivation there are relevant interactions between hypoxia and other stressors, maybe even below 10,000ft? (e.g. do pilots get more sensitive to Spatial Disorientation due to hypoxia)? need for research and development
9 IS THIS NEW? Nesthus et al. (1997) ROBD (sea level; 8,000ft; 10,000ft; and 12,500ft) FAA fixed-base Basic General Aviation Research Simulator 2x10 pilots Artino et al. (2006) Temme et al. (2010) ROBD (25,000ft) Fixed-base F/A-18 simulator 121 pilots ROBD (18,000ft) Cessna-172 desktop simulator 14 instructor pilots
10 MEDICAL-ETHICAL The following aspects were addressed: Anamneses and ECG Medical backup Definition of stopcriteria Informed consent Realtime monitoring Try-outs at 10,000ft Exposure in experiments to max 15,000ft
11 HYPOBARIC VS NORMOBARIC Familiarization with: Hypobaric chamber (hypobaric hypoxia) ROBD (normobaric hypoxia) Development and testing of: Sensor suite (saturation, ventilation, ECG) Test suite (perception, performance, cognition) Pilot test at sealevel and 15,000ft hypobaric / normobaric, N=3
12 SENSOR VALIDATION 1 2 Different sensor systems: Pulse-oxymetry at forehead Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) at forehead Pulse-oxymetry at fingertip Electrocardiography (ECG) Measures: Reaction times Accuracy Easy usage Robustness...
13 SENSOR VALIDATION 2 2 Finger delayed response Preliminary result Head SpO2 fast response Differences between right and left hemisphere rso2 Rest at sealevel Rest at 10,000ft Cogn. task at 10,000ft Cogn. task at sealevel
14 ASD-SIMULATOR Advanced Spatial Disorientation (ASD) simulator Hexapod system with additional turn table for sustained yaw Reconfigurable cockpit (both fixed- and rotary wing) Out-the-window field-of-view 120 x90 Scenarios to demonstrate vestibular and visual illusions
15 INTEGRATED SET-UP Fixation gas bottle Physiological sensors Flow regulation Mask, hose and Douglas bag Monitoring setup SPO2 HR Video Synchronized logging Logging Flight performance Simulator motion ASD moving-base flight simulator
16 SCENARIO 1 2 Scenario developed for student pilots: Pilatus PC-7 aircraft Effect of hypoxia on flight performance during basic flight phases Take-off and Climb out Straight-and-level flight Level turn / Orbit Descending turn ILS interception and approach Go-around Integration of hypoxia with Spatial Disorientation Somatogravic illusion ( over-tilt due to acceleration ) False horizon / Cloud leans Coriolis illusion ( tumbling sensation when moving head during rotation )...
17 SCENARIO 2 2 Ideas for scenario for expert pilots: Combine hypoxia with challenging training Brown-out landing Inverted deep-stall Advanced SD training Low altitude maneuvering with NVG... Offer training when preparing for a mission with hypoxia risk, because then pilots will acknowledge the relevance more
18 NEAR FUTURE Currently we are planning experiments on: The effect of hypoxia on flight performance in the ASD moving-base flight simulator Interaction between Hypoxia and Spatial Disorientation / Degraded Visibility
19 CONCLUSIONS We realized an integrated (normobaric) hypoxia environment in the ASD flight simulator, which enhances the operational realism for future hypoxia familiarization training enables hypoxia research in an operation oriented simulator provides a testbed for shared research, testing and validation, training developments, etc. Interested? Come and take a look tomorrow!
20
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