Interim results The Sand Motor: driver of innovative coast maintenance
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- Lilian Lawson
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1 Interim results The Sand Motor: driver of innovative coast maintenance
2 The Sand Motor The coast between Ter Heijde and Kijkduin acquired a new landmark in 2011: the Sand Motor, a large artificial sand bank in the form of a peninsula. The wind, waves and currents have been given a free hand to spread the sand along the Delfland coast between Hook of Holland and Scheveningen. The Sand Motor is important as a trial for innovative coast maintenance. From the start, dozens of researchers from different universities and research institutes have been following every step of the development of the Sand Motor. How quickly does sand spread along the coast? To what extent does the Sand Motor contribute to coastal protection? How will nature develop in the shallow sea, on the beach and in the dunes? Will more fish and birds settle on the new coastal strip? And what effect will the new landscape have on leisure activities? 2 The Sand Motor: driver of innovative coast maintenance
3 Initial conclusions Five years after the Sand Motor emerged from the waves, the results of the first major evaluation have been published. The conclusions are positive. The Sand Motor has indeed resulted in a wider coastal zone. The sand has gradually been spread to the north and south by the wind, waves and currents. The area increasingly resembles dynamic coastal areas like those we know on the Friesian Islands. A variety of plants, birds and other animals have settled in the new, attractive coastal landscape. The area also plays a major role as a leisure location for nature lovers and active athletes. The Sand Motor has become an internationally renowned icon of innovation.
4 An overview of the changing Sand Motor The Sand Motor: driver of innovative coast maintenance
5 Main findings after five years Lifetime of Sand Motor longer than expected Before the trial began, the Sand Motor was expected to last for twenty years. It was thought that the sand would be spread along the Delfland coast during that time. That will probably take longer. At present, the Sand Motor is already supplying sand to a five-kilometre stretch of coast. In the first four years, almost a million cubic metres of sand was moved to the south and about 1.5 million cubic metres has been moved to the north. Dune formation slower than anticipated Dunes in the coastal area near the Sand Motor have grown less quickly than expected. However, this has not affected the level of protection afforded by the coast since the coast was already strong enough before the Sand Motor. The main reason the dunes are growing more slowly is that the sand has to cover a relatively large distance before reaching the dunes. A lot of sand has also ended up in the lagoon and the dune lake. The dunes are expected to form faster as soon as these water features have filled up with sand. In addition, the relatively intensive vehicle traffic on the beach blocks the development of embryonic dunes. The Sand Motor: driver of innovative coast maintenance 5
6 The Sand Motor is important as a trial for innovative coast maintenance
7 Flora: more species of plants in more places The number of plant species and the number of places where they grow in the Sand Motor are increasing. Most vegetation consists of sand couch and marram. Sea holly, a red-list variety, is growing in some locations. There is also marram around the dune lake. A strip of low vegetation has formed near the waterline. There is an abundance of aquatic flora in the dune lake itself. Fauna: large variety of birds and benthos Fifty varieties of bird were seen around the Sand Motor during the first five years. The black-headed gull was the most abundant species by far, accompanied by common gulls, herring gulls, grebes and cormorants. Several types of wader, such as the oystercatcher, are also visitors to the Sand Motor. Hardly any seals have been seen, probably because there are too many leisure visitors for them. There is also a large benthic population around the Sand Motor. The areas with relatively fine sand just to the north and south of the Sand Motor contain most varieties. The edges of the lagoon resemble a mud flat (with large amounts of nutrient-rich sludge in the sand) and they are home not only to large numbers of foraging birds such as sanderlings and bar-tailed godwits but also to benthic fauna. Benthic animals are less common in the middle of the Sand Motor, where the sand is coarser. Leisure: fewer bathers, more hikers and kite surfers At the outset, everyone was curious about the impact on leisure. Five years later, a wider range of leisure activities have been seen on the beach between Ter Heijde and Kijkduin. There are fewer bathers: people who come purely for sunbathing and swimming. At the same time, there are more people who come for day trips to the Sand Motor, more visitors with dogs, more kite surfers and more evening visitors. The lagoon has become a hot spot for kite surfers in particular. There are also plenty of outdoor activities such as horse riding, fishing and running. In part thanks to the creation of an app, the emergency services now have a better picture of the changed currents around the Sand Motor. This allows them to keep a close eye on the safety of leisure visitors.
8 The development of the Sand Motor in brief 1. Length along the beach: extended from 2.37 km to approximately 5,5 km in Farthest distance into the sea: In the beginning, the Sand Motor extended one kilometre into the sea. That is now 650 metres. Storms have removed sand on the seaward side, creating cliffs. 3. Highest point: The dry part of the Sand Motor is now 50 centimetres lower. The highest point of the Sand Motor was 7 metres high. It was 5 metres high around the dune lake. 4. Size of lagoon: Approximately 300,000 m 3 of sand has been deposited in the lagoon, more than half as a result of drifting. 5. Depth of lagoon: The deepest part of the lagoon is more than four metres deep. 6. Length and depth of gully: The gully has lengthened from 1.2 km to 2.7 km. 7. Surface area of dune lake: Approximately 100,000 m 3 of sand has drifted into the dune lake, particularly on the western side. The lake is now smaller as a result. The depth remains approximately 2 metres. The trial is continuing, as are the monitoring activities The Sand Motor is an experiment covering a period of twenty years. Obviously, the area will continue to develop. There will be another evaluation in At that time, we will probably be able to provide answers to questions that remain unanswered at present because the evaluation period has been too short. For example: is a one-off sand-nourishment operation such as the Sand Motor better for benthos than a standard programme in which sand is deposited in the same place about once every four years to maintain the coast? And an equally interesting question: is the Sand Motor cheaper than the standard approach? We know by now that the Sand Motor is a realistic alternative for coastal management in terms of both costs and effect. It is not yet possible to say for certain whether the Sand Motor is really more economical. 8 The Sand Motor: driver of innovative coast maintenance
9 This is a publication of Rijkswaterstaat september 2016 wvl0916zb096
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