Waves. Unit 14. Why are waves so important? In this Unit, you will learn: Key words. Previously PHYSICS 305
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1 Previously From Page 288 Sound waves travel through the air from a vibrating source. From Page 294 Light can travel through empty space. Unit 14 Waves Why are waves so important? We can use the idea of waves to explain how light, sound and many other phenomena work. For example, the science of waves can help us to understand how we can use ultrasound in physiotherapy. A patient with arthritis can be helped by directing ultrasound waves into their joints. The waves are absorbed, transferring energy to the tissues and speeding up healing. To understand what waves are and how they behave, we can study waves on water. In this Unit, you will learn: how water waves behave; how sound and light waves differ; how waves transfer energy. Key words crest disturbance echo energy frequency information longitudinal wave receiver ripple ripple tank source speed transverse wave trough wave wavelength PHYSICS 305
2 Unit 14 Where do waves come from? When we think of waves, we often think of waves on the sea. The wind blows over the sea, and this causes waves. Waves are bigger after a big storm. The waves travel across the surface of the sea. Their speed is a few metres per second. Some sea waves may travel thousands of kilometres, but eventually they hit the land where they break. This surfer is pushed along by a breaking wave. A tsunami is a giant wave that can produce great damage. Tsunamis are not caused by the wind. Find out the three different causes of tsunamis. How does water move to make a wave? If you sit in a small boat adrift in the middle of the sea, you may notice something interesting. The waves make the boat go up and down, but the boat doesn t move along with the waves. It stays in one place. What s going on? When a wave travels across the surface of the sea, the surface of the water simply moves up and down. The molecules of water are not travelling from one place to another. It is only the up-and-down movement of the water that is travelling. We call this up-and-down movement a disturbance. The travelling disturbance forms the wave that we can see. Explain why a boat is not pushed along by a wave in the middle of the sea. 306 SMART SCIENCE
3 Waves How can we investigate waves? In the laboratory we can use a ripple tank to investigate waves. 1. The tank has a glass bottom and contains water. 2. A wooden bar vibrates up and down. 3. The bar makes the surface of the water move up and down. It causes a disturbance. motor 4. The disturbance travels across the surface of the water. Tiny waves called ripples spread out from the bar. 5. The light shining down from the top of the tank shows up the ripples as shadows underneath. light bulb above tank vibrating wooden bar You can measure the speed of the ripples. Measure the time a single ripple takes to travel from the bar to the end of the tank. Measure the distance from the bar to the end of the tank. distance Work out the speed, using speed = time taken How can we show that water waves reflect? If you place a straight barrier in the path of the ripples, they will bounce off it. They change direction. They have been reflected. The red arrows show how the ripples change direction when they are reflected by the barrier. The diagram may remind you of the diagram on page 297, which shows the law of reflection of light. The barrier is like a mirror. Sound can also be reflected by a flat surface. A reflected sound is called an echo. Light, sound and water ripples all show the same pattern of reflection. This is one reason why we say that light and sound travel as waves. vibrating bar incident waves reflecting barrier reflected waves The parallel lines represent ripples. They reflect off the barrier. Draw a diagram of the tank, bar and barrier showing what you would see if you looked straight down from above. Add the ripples. Mark the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection. (You will have to draw the normal to the reflecting surface.) PHYSICS 307
4 Unit 14 How can we represent waves? Imagine slicing downwards through the surface of the water in a ripple tank. What would you see? In science, we picture ideal waves like the ones shown in the illustration. They go up and down in a perfectly smooth way. True waves on the sea or in a ripple tank won t have such a perfect shape. wavelength trough This picture may remind you of the diagrams of sound waves on page 286. We can think of a wave as a series of crests and troughs. The distance from one crest to the next crest is called the wavelength of the wave. In a ripple tank, you can change the wavelength of the ripples. To do this, increase the frequency of the vibrating bar. Then more waves will be produced each second and the distance from one crest to the next will be less. crest distance 1 Measure the diagram of the wave. What is its wavelength? Give your answer in millimetres. 2 How would the ripples in a ripple tank change if you reduced the frequency of the vibrating bar? What is special about waves? The photograph shows several sets of circular ripples, spreading out across the surface of some water. You can see something surprising: the ripples pass right through each other. Can light waves pass through each other? Yes. You can shine two torch beams so that they cross they pass through each other unaffected. Similarly, sound waves can pass through each other. All of the instruments in an orchestra produce their own sound waves, and they all pass through each other to reach the audience. The audience hears all the instruments together. 308 SMART SCIENCE
5 Waves What happens when waves meet? Look again at the photograph of the circular ripples. If these were waves on the sea and you were in a boat, you would be pushed up and down by the waves. When two crests reached you at the same time, you would be pushed up higher than by one wave on its own. Two troughs together would make you sink lower. What happens if a crest and a trough arrive at the same time? They cancel out. Waves in step Waves out of step When waves arrive in step with each other, the waves add up to make a bigger wave. If they arrive out of step, they can cancel out. So waves can add together to make a bigger wave, and they can cancel out to leave no wave. Noise-cancelling headphones make use of this. A microphone detects noises from the outside. The headphones then produce sound waves that are an upside-down version of the noise. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. A person wearing these headphones can then hear just the music they want to listen to, with no outside noise. Scientists used to think that light travelled as streams of particles, like hard, tiny balls. Explain how you could use two torches to show that light does not behave like this. PHYSICS 309
6 Unit 14 What are the two types of wave? Here is another way to show how waves behave. 1. Stretch out a long spring along the bench. 2. Hold one end fixed and move the other in a regular way. 3. Waves travel along the spring. There are two ways to make waves on the spring. Move the end of the spring from side to side. A wave travels along the spring but the individual bits of the spring simply move from side to side. This is called a transverse wave. Push the end of the spring back and forth, along the length of the spring. Again, a wave travels along the spring, but this time the individual bits of the spring move back and forth along the length of the spring. This is called a longitudinal wave. Transverse wave side-to-side movement Longitudinal wave end-to-end movement A spring can show transverse waves (top) and longitudinal waves (bottom). Sound travels as a longitudinal wave. Look back at the diagram of how sound travels on page 288. The loudspeaker moves back and forth horizontally, pushing on the air. The air molecules push on each other so that the sound travels horizontally too. Water waves are transverse waves. The surface of the water moves up and down vertically, while the waves move horizontally. Light waves are also transverse waves, but it is quite difficult to show this. If you tie a long rope to a hook on the wall, you can stretch it out and move the other end to make waves on the rope. Draw a diagram to show what the waves will look like. Are they transverse or longitudinal? 310 SMART SCIENCE
7 Waves What do waves carry? Waves carry energy. The energy is transferred from the source to a receiver. source waves receiver Waves in the sea do not make water travel across the ocean. However, a water wave can have enough energy to knock you down when it reaches the beach. You can hear someone playing a trumpet. Particles of air do not travel all the way from the trumpet to your ear. Sound waves bring energy so that you can hear the music. Light waves transfer energy from a source such as a sealed light bulb. The particles of air do not move from the bulb to you. Your eyes detect the light because of the energy transferred from the bulb to your eyes. Waves can also carry information. Speech is carried by sound waves. You use your vocal folds to change the amplitude and frequency of the sound waves you make. A listener s ears receive the sound waves. The listener s brain recognises the changes in amplitude and frequency, so that they can understand what is being said. When you see things, light enters your eyes. Your eyes send electrical signals to your brain. Your brain interprets the signals, so that you know what you are looking at. Find out about other ways in which humans use waves to transfer information. Earthquakes are caused by sudden releases of energy inside the rocky surface (crust) of the Earth. For example, two pieces of the crust may slip over each other. Buildings near the site of an earthquake may move up and down or from side to side for up to a minute. If the earthquake is strong enough, the energy released can move the buildings so much that they collapse. Suggest how energy released by earthquakes is transferred to buildings. How can we protect buildings from damage? PHYSICS 311
8 Unit 14 You need to remember that: q q q q A ripple tank can be used to show the behaviour of waves on water. q The wavelength of a wave is the distance from one crest to the next. q Waves are of two types, transverse (such as water waves and light) and longitudinal (such as sound waves). Waves can pass through each other. When waves meet, their effects can add together or cancel out. Waves can transfer energy and information. Next time Unit 16 Energy can be transferred from hot objects as infra-red waves (page 317). Unit 21 Astronomers observe the Universe by using telescopes to detect many types of waves (page 343). 312 SMART SCIENCE
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