17.5 Behavior of Waves
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1 17.5 Behavior of Waves
2 17.5 Assessment Quiz Take a minute to look through your notes. Ø Ø Ø Ø There are 15 questions All answers Multiple Choice You do NOT need a calculator or formula sheet Notes CAN NOT be used on the assessment
3 Reflection Reflection Reflection occurs when a wave bounces off a surface that it cannot pass though Reflection does not change the speed or frequency of a wave, but the wave can be flipped upside down.
4 Reflection Reflection Examples: 1. Ball thrown against a wall 2. Mirror 3. Reflection in a pool of water
5 Refraction Refraction The bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle Refraction occurs because one side of the waves moves more slowly than the other side
6 Refraction Refraction Examples: 1. Fish in the water 2. Straw in a glass of water 3. Light passing thru a prism
7 Refraction
8 Refraction Swimming pool example
9 Diffraction Diffraction The bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or thru a narrow opening. A wave diffracts more if its wavelength is large compared to the size of the opening or obstacle
10 Diffraction
11 Diffraction
12 Diffraction
13 Interference Occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine together. 2 types of interference are constructive interference and destructive interference.
14 Constructive Interference Two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a larger displacement.
15 Constructive Interference
16 Destructive Interference Two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a smaller displacement.
17 Destructive Interference
18 Interference the result of two or more sound waves overlapping
19 Standing Waves A wave that appears to stay in one place it does not seem to move through the medium Example Two people shaking either end of a jump rope. If they shake in sync the rope can form a regular pattern of waves oscillating up and down.
20 Standing Waves
21 Sound waves are longitudinal waves. Behaviors of sound can be explained with a few properties: Speed Intensity Loudness Frequency Pitch Sound and Hearing
22 In dry air at 20ºC, the speed of sound is 340 m/s. (660 mph) Sounds waves travel: faster in solids slower in liquids slowest in gases Sound - Speed This is due to the particles in a solid are close together and the speed of sound depends directly on the density of the medium.
23 Sound - Speed
24 Sound Intensity and Loudness Sound intensity depends of the waves amplitude and distance from the sound source. Example: When someone whispers in your ear, the sound intensity may be greater than when someone shouts at you from the other end of a field.
25 Sound Intensity and Loudness Sounds Intensity is measured in decibel (db) Normal room conversation is: db Pain will occur at: 120 db Loudness is a physical response to the intensity of sound. As intensity increases, loudness increases Varies per person s health of ears and how your brain interprets information.
26
27 Sound Frequency and Pitch The frequency of a sound wave depends on the how fast the source of the sound is vibrating. Musical instruments are examples of objects producing different frequencies The trumpet can produce higher frequency by changing the length of the tubing which air moves The air forms a standing wave The longer the tube, the longer the wave length and the standing wave, the lower the frequency of the note produced
28 Sound Frequency and Pitch The pitch is frequency of sounds as you perceive it. High frequency sounds have a high pitch Low frequency sounds have a low pitch Pitch depends on other factors such as age and the health of your ears
29 Sound Frequency and Pitch Which tube has the highest pitch sound? The shortest tube Which tube has the lowest pitch sound? The longest tube
30
31 UltraSound Most people can hear between 20 hertz and 20,000 hertz Infrasound (0-20 Hz) is sound at frequencies lower than most people can hear Ultrasound (20,000 Hz and above) is sound at frequencies higher than most people can hear
32 Doppler Effect A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both. As a source of sound approaches, an observer hears a higher frequency When the sound source moves away, the observer hears a lower frequency
33 Doppler Effect Doppler Effect Single Person
34 Doppler Effect Doppler Effect Two People
35 Doppler Effect
36 Doppler Effect
37 Doppler Effect
38 Doppler Effect Car Horn: Big Bang Theory
39 17.5 Assessment Question #1 How is a wave changed by reflection? Does not change speed or frequency, but can be flipped upside down Question #2 What caused refraction when a wave enters a new medium? One side of the wave is moving slower
40 17.5 Assessment Question #3 What determines how much a wave diffracts when it encounters an opening or obstacle? If its wavelength is large compared to the size of an opening Question #4 List the types of interference Constructive Destructive
41 17.5 Assessment Question #5 What is the speed of sound in dry air? 340 m/s Question #6 What state of matter does sound move the fastest and slowest? Fastest Solids Slowest - Gases
42 17.5 Assessment Question #7 What two properties does sound intensity depend on? Waves amplitude Distance from the source Question #8 What are the units for sound intensity? Decibels (db)
43 17.5 Assessment Question #9 What is the normal sound intensity range? db Question #10 What is the normal range (in hertz) that people can hear? 20-20,000 Hz
44 17.5 Assessment Question #11 How does a musical instrument produce notes at different pitches? Length of the tube Question #12 What is the Doppler Effect? A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both.
45 17.5 Assessment Question #13 What is type of wave is a sound wave? Longitudinal
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