OECS Regional Engineering Workshop September 29 October 3, 2014

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1 B E A C H E S. M A R I N A S. D E S I G N. C O N S T R U C T I O N. OECS Regional Engineering Workshop September 29 October 3, 2014 Coastal Erosion and Sea Defense: Introduction to Coastal/Marine Structures David A Y Smith

2 OUTLINE COASTAL EROSION PREVENTION APPROACHES (HARD/SOFT) Revetments, groynes, breakwaters, jetties Beaches, dunes DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Armour stability, overtopping, scour, residual life Level of risk to be adopted by implementing agencies

3 REFERENCE MATERIAL COASTAL ENGINEERING MANUAL US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS CIRIA ROCK MANUAL (1991, 2007)

4 COASTAL ENGINEERING MANUAL (CEM) Started as the Shore Protection Manual Edited every 7 years (1977, 1984, etc.) Significantly expanded over the years Now available online in two forms Free pdf version Interactive form (available for purchase through Veri-tech Inc.)

5 CIRIA ROCK MANUAL FIRST EDITION 1991 SECOND LARGER EDITION 2007 CREATED IN EUROPE AVAILABLE ONLINE (FREE)

6 MANUALS CEM AND CIRIA LARGE, COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENTS SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Written and edited by large working groups Regularly updated with current research CIRIA 2 nd Ed. is more prescriptive CEM includes chapters on ancillary aspects

7 COASTAL STRUCTURES PURPOSES: Prevent/reduce coastal erosion or flooding Protect harbours or channels Provide a buffer against natural disasters caused by hurricanes and tsunami Regain lost land through reclamation

8 COASTAL EROSION AND FLOODING THEY ACT AS BARRIERS Revetments, breakwaters, seawalls (Hard structures) Beach nourishment ( Soft structure) HARNESS FORCES OF NATURE TO CREATE A BARRIER Groynes, offshore breakwaters Dune creation

9 HARBOUR & CHANNEL PROTECTION WAVE SHELTERING Breakwaters, jetties SEDIMENT TRAINING Groynes, offshore breakwaters

10 PROVIDE A BUFFER THROUGH PROVISION OF A SACRIFICIAL SHORELINE Beaches (and beach nourishment), dunes THROUGH PROVISION OF A HARD EDGE Groynes, revetments, seawalls, offshore breakwaters

11 LAND RECLAMATION WHERE FLAT LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT IS AT A PREMIUM Dredging, coupled with land reclamation TO SATISFY DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS Creation of ports, industrial areas, etc.

12 BARRIERS - REVETMENT

13

14 BARRIERS - SEAWALL EM (Part VI) 1 Jun 06 Figure VI-2-7. Example of a vertical front seawall

15 BREAKWATERS Figure VI Typical beach configurations with detached nearshore breakwaters Figure VI Conventional multilayer rubble-mound breakwater The front slope of the armor layer is in most cases straight. However, an S-shaped front or a front with a horizontal berm might be used to increase the armor stability and reduce overtopping. For these types of structures, optimization of the profiles might be difficult if there are large water level variations. Figure VI-2-12 illustrates these types of front profiles. Overtopping can be reduced by a wave-wall superstructure as shown in Figure VI Types and Functions of Coastal Structures VI-2-13

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17 GROYNES + BEACH NOURISHMENT EM (Part 1 Aug 08 (Change (Part V) g 08 (Change 2) Westhampton Beach, Long Island, New York, 18 Jan 1980 (courtesy USAED, New York) Figure V Westhampton Beach, New York, groin field and renourished beach, 1998 (courtesy USAED, New York) (d) Terminal groins. Groins on the updrift side of inlets can benefit nearby beach nourishment projec

18 USING NATURE ALONGSHORE TRANSPORT + GROYNES Figure VI-2-7. Example of a vertical front seawall Figure VI-2-8. Typical beach configuration with groins d. Detached breakwaters. Detached breakwaters are almost always built as rubble-mound structures. Typical cross sections are as shown for the rubble-mound groin in Figure VI-2-9. Typical beach configurations with detached nearshore breakwaters are shown in Figure VI Whether or not the detached breakwaters become attached to shore is a function of placement distance offshore. Tombolos are more likely to form when breakwaters are constructed within the surf zone. The two examples of detached breakwaters shown in Figure VI-2-10 serve different functions. See Part V-4 for functional design guidance on detached

19 USING NATURE (2) ALONGSHORE TRANSPORT + BREAKWATERS EM (Part VI) 1 Jun 06 Figure VI Typical beach configurations with detached nearshore breakwaters

20 OFFSHORE BREAKWATERS EM (Part V) 1 Aug 08 (Change 2)

21 SAND DUNES

22 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ARMOUR STABILITY RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING SCOUR PROTECTION FAILURE MODES

23 ARMOUR STABILITY WAVE FORCES Wave height, water depth, breaking or non-breaking ARMOUR STABILITY Gravity (size and density e.g. granite vs limestone) Interlocking (packing) Structure permeability (layer thickness, number of layers) Natural rock (limited weight) Concrete units

24

25 GRANITE VS. LIMESTONE PACKING OF BOULDERS

26 WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING Safety of pedestrians, cars, infrastructure Inland flooding Can lead to structural failure

27 Q < 0.1 l/s/m for aware pedestrians

28

29 SCOUR PROTECTION Non-breaking wave forces high velocities Smaller armour stone sizes required Create an apron of immobile material

30 MODES OF FAILURE - BREAKWATER

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32

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34 Figure VI Toe instability on hard bottoms Figure VI Washout of underlayer material

35 Figure VI Scour due to overtopping Figure VI Toe erosion failure of rubble slope

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37 Figure VI Seaward overturning of gravity wall EM (Part VI) 1 Jun 06

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39 SUMMARY RESOURCES CIRIA Rock Manual Coastal Engineering Manual PURPOSE OF COASTAL STRUCTURES DESIGN ASPECTS MODES OF FAILURE

Structure Failure Modes

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