RECHARGE OF THE FRESH WATER AQUIFER IN MANNAR ISLAND. SRILAL JOSEPH PERERA WlJEGOONEWARDENE. B.Sc. (EngO Hons., Sri Lanka
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1 CP RECHARGE OF THE FRESH WATER AQUIFER IN MANNAR ISLAND BY SRILAL JOSEPH PERERA WlJEGOONEWARDENE B.Sc. (EngO Hons., Sri Lanka A thesis submitted to the University of Moratuwof for the degree of Masters In Engineering August
2 This thesis has not been previously presented in whole or part, to any University or Institution for a higher degree. S.J. P.WIJEGOONEWARDENE August 1984.
3 i ABSTRACT. The Mannar island has been traditionally dependent on groundwater as its source of potable water. The fresh water aquifer is in the form of a thin lens floating over a saline layer. It is known that when this type of Hydrogeological set up exists excessive abstractions from the fresh water lens will result in a rapid upconing of the saline layer situated below. The aquifer derives its fresh water from the natural recharge of precipitation. Therefore it is imperative to know what percentage of precipitation enters the aquifer through infiltration in order to estimate how much could be abstracted fron: this lens. The National Water Supply & Drainage Board of Sri Lanka * uses this lens of fresh water to supply the Mannar town with its pipe borne requirements of potable water and has plans to augment this scheme with additional abstractions from this same source. Hence the object of this study has been to estimate the recharge to the freshwater aquifer in the Mannar island and on this basis estimate the additional abstractions permissible from the aquifer. This recharge has been estimated for various conditions that could prevail in the island and based on this it has been observed that an additional abstraction of around 275 m^/day (60,000 gallons/day) per square kilometre of aquifer area, should pose no danger to the freshwater aquifer in the island.
4 ii TABLE CO? CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT TABLE Oi' CONTENTS LIST CP TABLES LIST OP PLATES i ii vi vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BBSCRIPTION Oi' THE AQUIFER Preamble Object of study Description of study Area Geomorphology and Topography Geology of the island Climate Rainfall Temperature Hydrogeology Groundwater Investigations Groundwater Inventory Results of Geophysical Surveys Water quality and its variations Hydrology of the aquifer system Oo1 Location and nature of aquifer Hydrographs of wells Aquifer Characteristics ESTILIATION OF RECHARGE General Methods of computing recharge Hydrologic water balance of Mannar Island 17
5 3-13- PAGE 2.4 Estimation of components in Hydrologic water balance equation Estimation of precipitation 18., Estimation of surface water inflow Estimation of groundwater inflow Estimation of waste water returns Estimation of surface water outflow *6 Estimation of groundwater outflow and leakage losses Estimation of permeability Estimation of cross section of flow Estimation of Hydraulic gradient Estimation of Q 22 go Estimation of abstraction for Irrigation and Water Supply Estimation of evaporation from open water surfaces Estimation of evapotranspiration Method I - Field measurements Method II - Co;^,utation based on Tliornthwaite & leather's formula ketiiod III - Computation usiiis Penman's equation Comparison of evapotranspiration values 28
6 iv PAGE Estimation of change in soil moisture storage Estimation of change in groundwater storage Estimation of surface water storage Simplification of hydrologic water balance equation Principle of soil moisture balance method Development of the computer programme Computer model for recharge based on the soil moisture balance method Variables listed in the computer programme Computer programme for computing gross recharge -'RECH/FCR' Data programme for entering data - 'RDA2/F0R Estimation of data required for computer programme Starting year and period of study ,2 Daily rainfall data Monthly potential evapotranspiration Surface run - off Drying factor Root constant Initial soil moisture deficit Maximum soil moisture deficit Various trials performed on the computer model Computation of net recharge Computation of net recharge based on soil moisture balance method Computation of recharge based on specific yield Computation of recharge based on percentage of rainfall 52
7 3.0 CONCLUSIOKS AKD EECGMMENDATIONS 4.0 RECOMi^NDED PUTUKE STUDIES 5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S 6.0 REFERENCES APPENDICES 1 TABLES 2 PLATES
8 vi L I S T OP T A B L E S. Table 1 - Monthly rainfall details of Mannar island c Table 2 - Miniinum, Maximum and Average Teiaperatua?es of Mannar Island. Table 3 - Water quality Mannar Island- Historical data. Table 4 - Summary of Pump test data for Mannar Island. Table 5 - Average permeability values for Mannar Island. Table 6 - Thickness of sand aquifer at various locations in Mannar Island. Table 7 - Pan Evaporation values for Giants tank 1954 to Table 8 - Average values of Pan evaporation for Giants Tank to Table 9 - Monthly and annual heat indeces of Mannar Island. Table 10 - Monthly Potential evapotranspiration in Mannar island computed by Thornthwaite and Mather formula. Table 11 - Average monthly and annual Pan evaporation for Mannar island based on Penmans equation. Table 12 - Comparison of evapotranspiration values for Mannar island. Table 13 - Summary of trials on computer model using soil moisture balance method. Table 14 - Yearly recharge values obtained for each different trial(millimetres). Table 15 - Net recharge values (Cubic metres). Table 16 - Net recharge values per square kilometre. Table 17 - Net recharge values of the aquifer. ***************************
9 vii L I S T OP P L A T E S. Plate Wo. 1 - Sri Lanka and Study Area. Plate No. 2 - Location map of Mannar Island. Plate No. 3 - Location map of the area under study - Mannar Island. Plate No. 4 - Geologists log of bore hole - Thoddaveli. Plate No. 5 - Geologists log of bore hole - Tharapuram. Plate No. 6 - Geologist's log of bore hole - Thalvupadu. Plate No. 7 - Geologist's log of bore hole - Sinna Karisal. Plate No. 8 - Geologist's log of bore hole - Pesalai. Plate No. 9 - Geologists log of bore hole - Olaittuduvai. Plate No Monthly average rainfall Histogram Plate No Minimum,Maximum and Average Temperatures of Mannar Island, Plate No Map showing Electrical resistivity sections in Mannar Island. Plate No Location map of wells inventorised in Mannar island. Plate No, 14 - Ground water contour map for Mannar Island. Plate No, 15 - Specific conductivity contour map of Mannar Island. Plate No Cross Section indicating the transition zone in' the aquifer system in Mannar Island (Section. I ). Plate No Cross section indicating the transition zone in the aquifer system in Mannar Island (Section. II ). Plate No Cross section indicating the transition zone - in the aquifer system in Mamaiar Island. (Section. Ill ). Plate No Cross section indicating the transition zone in the aquifer system in Mannar Island. (Section. V ).
10 I viii Plate No. 20 Plate No. 21 Plate No. 22 Plate No. 23 Plate No. 24 Plate No. 25 Plate No. 26 Plate No. 27 Plate No. 28 Plate No. 29 Plate No. 30 Plate No. 31 Plate 0 No. 32 Plate No. 33 Plate No. 34 Plate No. 35 Transition zone in depth at the v/ell field areas in Mannar island* r do - - do - - do - - do - Well Hydrographs - Talvupadu, Thoddakadu. Well Hydrographs - Olaittuduvai. V/ell Hydrographs - Talvupadu,Tarakundu. Distribution of chloride content and Electrcal conductivity - Sunny Village. Distribution of chloride content and Electrical conductivity - Talvupadu. Distribution of chloride content and Electrical conductivity - Sunny Village, Distribution of chloride content and Electrical conductivity - Talvupadu. Map showing the extent of the fresh wliter lens aquifer system in Maraiar island and area to be fenced and protected. Simplified model of overall water balance. Diagram depicting the relationship of Actual change in storage to potential change in storage. Net recharge values for various Trials (11 year totals). *********************
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