Beyond the High-Tech Suits: Predicting 2012 Olympic Swim Performances

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Beyond the High-Tech Suits: Predicting 2012 Olympic Swim Performances"

Transcription

1 Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 16: , 2012 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: X print / online DOI: / X Beyond the High-Tech Suits: Predicting 2012 Olympic Swim Performances Chris L. Brammer, Joel M. Stager, and Dave A. Tanner Counsilman Center for the Science of Swimming, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana The purpose of the authors in this study was to predict the mean swim time of the top eight swimmers in swim events at the 2012 Olympic Games based upon prior Olympic performances from 1972 through Using the mean top eight time across all years, a best fit power curve [time = a year b ] was calculated and used to predict the finish time of the finalists for each event. Every event except the women s 100 breaststroke is predicted to be slower in 2012 than it was in However, the results of the 2008 swimming competition were shown to be biased, likely caused by the now banned tech suits. The authors hypothesize that the 2012 Olympic performances will realign with the prediction curves, thus demonstrating the reliability and sensitivity of the model and further confirming the suit bias of Final conclusions will be dependent upon the athletes performances at the 2012 Games. Key words: London Olympics, swimming, textile technology, swim predictions INTRODUCTION The interpretation of performance trends using compiled results of athletic competitions dates back to the end of the 19th century, presumably coincident with the start of the modern Olympic Games. Today, because of the easy and nearly instantaneous access to competition results, there is a renewed interest in understanding the nature and prevalence of outstanding performances, particularly as they relate to Olympic and world records. For example, a real-time comparison of an athlete s performance to the world record performance is commonly used to capture spectators interest. Further, new analytic techniques to evaluate the success of training regimes for individual athletes, team performances, and even national sport agendas are becoming commonplace. The recent movie based upon the book authored by Michael Lewis, Moneyball, does well to illustrate how quantitative analysis is beginning to influence diverse aspects of amateur and professional sports. From the scientific perspective, the analysis of athletic performance provides an illustration of the progress of man s peak performance. Factors affecting performance can then be identified, and our knowledge of how to improve athletic performance expands. For instance, advances in technology and athletic nutrition over the last 25 years may have led to acceleration in Correspondence should be sent to Chris L. Brammer, Counsilman Center for the Science of Swimming, PO Box 1351, Davidson, NC, Brammer.Chris@gmail.com

2 184 BRAMMER, STAGER, AND TANNER performance improvement. Any significant change in the performance trend represents a bias, favourable or not. This, identifying potential bias in athletic performance, is the primary focus of the current study. In the early 20th century, Hill (1925) described and proposed that common factors contribute to performance in many sports and equally in both sexes (Figure 1, top). Hill s early research on the nature of the changes in athletic performance as the duration of the event increased led to the conclusion that performance was influenced (or limited) by common physiological parameters. FIGURE 1 Men s Freestyle Record Progression (1925 vs. current). Top: World records plotted as a function of average speed vs. event duration (Hill, 1925). Bottom: Recreation of Hill s graph of swimming speed vs. performance time. The solid line represents the current limits to freestyle swimming, whereas the dashed line represents records from The slopes of the two lines are not significantly different (color figure available online).

3 PREDICTING 2012 OLYMPIC SWIM PERFORMANCES 185 Nearly a century later, the nature of these relationships appears to be unchanged with no escape from these common limiting factors being evident (Figure 1, bottom). As the required endurance (or rather, the length of the athletic event) increases, the speed at which an athlete can perform the event still necessarily decreases. In addition, at any given event length, the progression or improvement in performance (over the years) has not appeared to disproportionally change. Distance athletes do not appear, for example, to have improved to a greater extent than sprint athletes. Thus, we expect that performances over time have improved similarly, regardless of their duration, although with some amount of variability between events. The variable rate of record progression within an event over time, however, has led recent authors to use S-shaped logistic (Nevill & Whyte, 2005), second order polynomial (Seiler, De Koning, & Foster, 2007), and multiple exponential decay (Berthelot et al., 2008) models to illustrate athletic performance progressions. Although these curves may better fit historical performance data, they may necessarily account for variation due to bias or chance. If these models are to be useful to predict future performance, then they must minimize historical and undefined chance influences since these factors are inherently unreliable (Frucht & Jokl, 1964). Rather, it is likely that a single power curve, one that carries a certain range of error and asymptotically approaches a describable limit, better describes the systematic progression of athletic performance. To do so, however, researchers are forced to focus on group performances rather than individual performance or that of records per se. An example of this is Figure 2, representing the improvement in swim speed in one competitive event, the men s 100-meter freestyle, where speed is the recorded mean time (y-axis) as a function of longitudinal time (years or this case Olympiads ) on the x-axis. This figure supports the fact FIGURE 2 Men s Olympic 100M Freestyle Progression ( ). The average of the top-8 performances for the men s Olympic 100M Freestyle plotted longitudinally over time ( ). The x-axis represents Olympiads beginning with 1972 and continuing until The solid line represents the best fit for the relationship. The dotted lines represent the 95% confidence interval.

4 186 BRAMMER, STAGER, AND TANNER that 1) there has been a non-linear, longitudinal progression in performance, and 2) certain data can be identified as being statistically inconsistent with the preceding data (swim performances) and/or all subsequent data. In Figure 2, for example, only two Olympic Games during which swimmers did not perform as expected (outside of the 95% confidence interval): once in 1980 and again in One caveat to any mathematical analysis of performance based upon available records of historical performances is to accept that undefined and confounding variables may introduce biases into the analysis and potentially perturb the ability of any subsequent modelling to be accurate. As time goes by, additional performances will act to correct the model, allowing for any earlier unconfirmed bias to be obvious (assuming that which caused the bias is no longer present). However, the causes of the temporary perturbations will be speculative at best, until reinforced by historical confirmation. The Olympic boycott by the USA in 1980 may have been cause for the relatively slow Olympic performances at these games and the subsequent return to the normal progression with the USA s participation thereafter. To illustrate this effect further, the focus of this paper will be upon the progression in athletic performances (within competitive swimming), where a known and artificial perturbation was introduced in 2008 and was subsequently removed two years later in Specific to the present discussion is the recent, hugely controversial technical suit issue in competitive swimming. In 2008, with the introduction of high-tech body suits, the swimming community experienced an extraordinary advancement in performance. At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, elite swimmers were shown to perform significantly faster than predicted (Brammer, Tanner, & Stager, 2009). The increased performance was speculated to be due to changes in body buoyancy caused by the new fabrics incorporated into these suits. It was also determined (by the athletes) that the performance effects of these suits could be magnified by wearing multiple suits simultaneously. In 2010, the Federal International Natation Amateur (FINA) proposed and enforced new rules that prevent swimmers from competing while wearing the newly introduced swimwear with which the athletes had achieved obvious success in the previous two years. The obvious question to pose is how will the swimmers accommodate to the new level of performance, now that artificially enhanced speeds have become normal and expected? Interestingly, because none of these new suits existed prior to 2000 and because it is possible to document when newer versions have been introduced, the athletes and their performances can be used to test if these suits have introduced unnatural rates of improvement in swim performance. It is reasoned that the influence of the new high-tech suits can be measured if swim performance models are sensitive enough to do so. The governing bodies and swimmers in 2012 will participate in an experiment that will allow further understanding of the progression in athletic performance and the ability to quantify performance bias. Our primary purpose in this research was to use past Olympic performances to predict 2008 and 2012 Olympic swim performances and to determine if the exceptional performances in 2008 were biased. We hypothesize that, based on the predictive model, 2008 performances will not fit expectations, but the 2012 Olympic performances will. The swimmers choice of swimwear in 2008 will explain our failures, and the suit restrictions imposed in 2010 will explain the accurate prediction of the 2012 Olympic Games.

5 PREDICTING 2012 OLYMPIC SWIM PERFORMANCES 187 METHODS The top eight times from the finals of Olympic swimming events from the years 1972 through 2008 were obtained on-line from and Data were analyzed for mean and standard deviation. A best-fit power curve of the form Time = a year b was computed across all years for each event, where a and b were coefficients, and year was the code for the year of the Olympics (1 = 1972, 2 = 1976, and so on up to 10 = 2008). Using year = 11 to indicate 2012, the power equations were used to predict the mean performance time of the eight finalists for each individual event for the upcoming 2012 London Olympic Games. The percent difference between the predicted time and the actual time (absolute value) was calculated for each past year and averaged within each event. This number was used to estimate the standard deviation of the predicted time for each event using the formula 1.25 (mean percent difference) (predicted value)/100. This standard deviation was used to establish the 95% confidence interval for that event (predicted time ± 2 standard deviations). The actual mean time of the finalists of the 2012 Olympics will be compared to this 95% confidence interval. Actual times that fall outside the interval will be considered significantly faster or slower than predicted performances. In addition, each of the previous six Olympic competitions was examined by using the same analysis. Furthermore, the number of instances where the actual performance time was above or below the corresponding prediction curve was counted. A binomial test of statistical significance was then used to determine if the number of events that were faster or slower than predicted was not expected due to chance alone. The results of this analysis determined whether or not a particular year was faster or slower, in general, than predicted Olympic Analysis RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The historical progression in elite swim performance is such that improvements tend to get smaller from year to year, and thus, the line describing them is not linear but rather one with a decreasing slope as time progresses. Because of the small variance within elite swim times, a performance progression line based on Olympic finalists can be used to extrapolate future performances. Stager, Brammer, and Tanner (2010) tested the accuracy of their predictions by comparing them to actual performances at each of the previous six Olympic Games ( ). Adding data obtained from competitions before that time did not strengthen the nature of the relationships generated as might have been hypothesized. In other words, events two decades prior to the current competition were shown to have little predictive value on future competitions occurring more than twenty years later. In contrast to the analyzed results for 2000 and 2004, the actual competition results for the 2008 swimming events were, in general, exceptionally fast and did not fit the expectations of the mathematical model. The model successfully predicted the outcomes of the 2000 and 2004 competitions with only a few exceptions. In 2000, the outcome of only one of 26 events exceeded

6 188 BRAMMER, STAGER, AND TANNER predictions (men s 100M butterfly), and in 2004, only two events (men s 100M butterfly and 200M individual medley) failed the model. In contrast, for the 2008 Olympic Games, 10 out of 13 (77%) men s and 7 out of 13 (54%) women s events recorded mean times for the eight finalists that were significantly faster than the predicted outcomes. In several cases, the actual performances were in excess of five standard deviations from the predicted mean. Only 34% of the events in the 2008 Games were successfully predicted by the models. To put this in context, between 1988 and 2004, 87% of all events were successfully predicted. These data are presented in Table 1 and Figure 3. Similar calculations comparing actual versus predicted performances for each of the previous six Olympics were performed. The number of standard deviations the predicted performance differed from the actual in each event was averaged by Olympic year. When all events are pooled, the 2008 Games deviated from the model based predictions more than any previous Games, with the average event offset being faster than statistical models by nearly three standard deviations (Figure 4). From 1988 until 2004, only one other Games stood out significantly. In that case (1996), however, the swimmers were slower than predicted, not faster. Additionally, unlike in 2008, the events of the 1996 Games were, on average, within the predicted range of outcomes (i.e., within the 95% confidence interval). For prior Olympics ( ), the performances of the women were significantly slower than expected (p <.05) in 1992 and In contrast, for the Olympic Games in 1988, 2000 and 2004, women swimmers performed as expected. Performances of the men were significantly faster than expected in 2000 (p <.05). However, the Games in 1988, 1992, 1996, and 2004 were as predicted. The men and women combined swam significantly slower than expected (p <.05) in 1996, significantly faster than expected in 2000 (p <.05), and as expected in 1988, 1992, and The binomial test of statistical significance revealed that the 2008 Olympic swimming TABLE 1 Summary of Men s Olympic Prediction Results in 2000, 2004, and prediction analysis 2004 prediction analysis 2008 prediction analysis Men s event Pred M Actual M (SD) Pred M Actual M (SD) Pred M Actual M (SD) 50 Free Free Free 1: : : : : : Free 3: : : : : : Free 14: : : : : : Back Back 1: : : : : : Breast 1: : : : : Breast 1: : : : : : Fly Fly 1: : : : : : IM 2: : : : : : IM 4: : : : : : Note: Predictions were based on extrapolation of the mean of top 8 performances for each Olympics since (SD) = the number of standard deviations between actual and predicted means. = significantly faster than predicted, p <.05.

7 PREDICTING 2012 OLYMPIC SWIM PERFORMANCES 189 FIGURE 3 Predictive Success Rate of All Olympic Events ( ). Percentage of total events successfully predicted (within 95% C.I.) for each Olympic Games for men, women, and combined men and women categories. FIGURE 4 Olympic Prediction Model Accuracy ( ). Average difference, in standard deviations, between actual and predicted performances of Olympic swimming events. A positive value denotes the average of actual event means were faster than the predicted event means. denotes significant difference compared to all other groups.

8 190 BRAMMER, STAGER, AND TANNER TABLE 2 Binomial Distribution Analysis of the Difference Between Actual and Predicted Performances Men Women Total Slower Faster Slower Faster Slower Faster Note: Values represent the count of events that were faster or slower than predicted (below or above the regression line). = probability that x number of events is slower, p <.05. = probability that x number of events is faster, p <.05. events were, as a whole, significantly faster than expected (p <.05). Surprisingly, all 26 events (men and women) were faster than the equations predicted, though they were not necessarily significantly faster than predicted. The results of binomial tests of statistical significance are presented in Table 2. Until 2008, predictive modelling was largely successful in describing swim performance at the elite level. Performances in 2008 were significantly faster than predicted, in a manner inconsistent with the natural progression of swim performance observed over the last half century. Although depressed performances in 1980 were largely a function of an Olympic boycott that affected the participating athletes, there is little to no evidence to suggest any pervasive performance enhancing bias existed before 2008 for men or women. Despite the introduction of new fabrics and greater skin coverage beginning prior to the 2000 games, there was limited evidence of a noticeable effect upon performance until the hightech suits were introduced immediately prior to the 2008 Beijing Games. Contributing to this effect was the swimmers practice of wearing two or three suits during competition to increase buoyancy. While there is no documentation of what swimmer wore what suit during the competitions in 2008, it became even more difficult to determine performance benefits as swimmers wore multiple suits and different manufacturers products in various combinations. FINA rule changes since 2008 have eliminated this practice. Coaches and athletes at the elite level have not suggested any definitive alternate explanations for the dramatic improvements in swimming performance other than the introduction of the so called high-tech suits. Due to the nature of commerce and claims of proprietary knowledge, very little specific data exist identifying the magnitude and/or specific causes of the effects of these suits upon swim performance. While the current study does not directly measure the effect of the new technology swim suits in the water, the athletes and their performances suggest that these suits introduced unnatural rates of improvement into the sport Predictions The causes of this temporary perturbation may be reinforced by historical confirmation in The 2008 performances were determined to be significantly biased; therefore, they were excluded

9 PREDICTING 2012 OLYMPIC SWIM PERFORMANCES 191 TABLE Men s Olympic Swimming Predictions Predicted 2012 Men s Events 2008 Actual Pred M ± S.D. 95% Confidence interval 50 Free Free Free 1: : : : Free 3: : : : Free 14: : : : Back Back 1: : : : Breast : : Breast 2: : : : Fly Fly 1: : : : IM 1: : : : IM 4: : : :14.41 Note: Shows a comparison of 2012 Olympic predictions to the 2008 actual Olympic performances in each event. The 2012 predictions were based on Olympic data from (without the inclusion of 2008 results). All of the event outcomes are predicted to be slower than in from the 2012 prediction analysis. If the advancement in performance was not due to the introduction of the suits but rather due to better coaching or enhanced training techniques, then the bias should persist in 2012, and the prediction model will again fail. Alternately, if the suits did artificially improve performance, then the 2010 ban on high-tech swimwear will cause 2012 to return to the pre-2008 performance progression curve, and the prediction model will be deemed accurate. Given the results of the 2012 Olympic prediction analysis, we predict that the aggregate 2012 swimming performances will be, on average, slower than in 2008 (Tables 3 & 4). The predicted 2012 Olympic performances in Tables 3 and 4 represent the predicted mean of the top-eight performances for each event of the 2012 Olympic Games, based on Olympic data from each of the last ten Games, except Each prediction includes a standard deviation and a 95% confidence interval. Results that fall outside of this boundary will be deemed significantly faster or slower than predicted. The prediction model predicts that every event except the women s 100M breaststroke will be slower in 2012 than in If we attempt to predict which events are most likely to be faster than in Beijing, then it is best to do so under the context of its historical progression. Comparing actual 2008 performances to the prediction model, the corresponding year reveals either the length of time we are behind expectations, or the length of time that we need to catch up with the artificially enhanced 2008 performances. Assuming each event improves at a unique pace, then some events necessarily lag behind others in terms of the global performance progression. Indeed, the model predicts that certain performances in 2008 are not expected to be achieved (unaided) until many years down the road. Other performances from Beijing, because these events have not progressed to the same degree, have a greater potential of being improved upon in London. Based on the pre prediction curve, performances in 4 out of 13 men s and 9 out of 13 women s events are expected to be faster in 2012 than they were in 2008 (Table 5).

10 192 BRAMMER, STAGER, AND TANNER TABLE Women s Olympic Swimming Predictions Predicted 2012 Women s Events 2008 Actual Pred M ± S.D. 95% Confidence interval 50 Free Free Free 1: : : : Free 4: : : : Free 8: : : : Back : : Back 2: : : : Breast 1: : : : Breast 2: : : : Fly Fly 2: : : : IM 2: : : : IM 4: : : :41.79 Note: Shows a comparison of 2012 Olympic predictions to the 2008 actual Olympic performances in each event. The 2012 predictions were based on Olympic data from (without the inclusion of 2008 results). With only one exception, the women s 100M Breaststroke, the event outcomes are predicted to be slower than in TABLE 5 Predicted Year the 2008 Olympic Performances were Expected Men Women Men Women Event 2008 top-8 Year 2008 top-8 Year Event 2008 top-8 Year 2008 top-8 Year 50 FS BR : FS BR 2: : FS 1: : FL FS 3: : FL 1: : FS 14: : IM 1: : BK IM 4: : BK 1: : Note: Using the pre-2008 progression curve for each event, the year in which the 2008 performance is predicted to occur is provided. For example, the 2008 men s 50 Freestyle top-8 average performance of seconds was expected to occur in the year However, in many cases, the 2008 performances are between one and two standard deviations faster than the predicted 2012 values (Tables 3 & 4). Thus, these predictions would have to be globally underestimating 2012 performances in order for the London Games, as a whole, to be faster than the Beijing Games. Given the results of the previous analysis (Table 2, Figure 3, & Figure 4), it is just as likely that, rather than underestimating 2012 performance, the model either accurately predicts, or overestimates actual performance. Unfortunately, predicting swim performance is a complex endeavour, and too often significant variables are not taken into account. If perceptions of what is possible and what comes

11 PREDICTING 2012 OLYMPIC SWIM PERFORMANCES 193 to be expected mirror the rate of performance improvement, and if these perceptions drive performance outcomes, then it may follow that the suit-aided performances of 2008 changed the perception of what is possible to a point well beyond what would be possible otherwise. If those perceptions have persisted beyond FINA s ruling in 2010, then performance could continue to be elevated. If a number of performances are faster in 2012 than in 2008, the public (especially suit manufacturers) may downplay the effect of the banned suits, which may lead to renewed discussion to allow the use of high-tech suits in competition. In fact, claims are already being made by suit manufacturers that their suits (introduced in 2011 and 2012) provide performance advantages over previous fabrics and technology. Although the existing rules in swimming limit the use of aides to improve performance, commercial manufacturing of these suits has continued to provide a product that purportedly stretches those limits. However, even if the results of many of the 2012 Olympic events are faster than in 2008, they may be within the predicted range. Therefore, faster performances in 2012 than in 2008 do not necessarily mean the high-tech suits of 2008 and 2009 did little to assist performances. Conclusions These results illustrate that prior historical outcomes of athletic competition allow for the prediction of future competition to a high degree of accuracy unless a bias is introduced into the competitive environment. We hypothesize that the 2012 Olympic swim performances will realign with our prediction model, thus demonstrating the reliability of the authors prediction analysis and confirming the suit bias of We readily admit that these results are only partially complete, as the test of this analysis (i.e., the success of our predictions) awaits the conclusion of the 2012 Olympic Games. REFERENCES Berthelot, G., Thibault, V., Tafflet, M., Escolano, S., El Helou, N., Jouven, X., Hermine, O., & Toussaint, J. F. (2008). The citius end: World records progression announces the completion of a brief ultra-physiological quest. PLoS ONE, 3, e1552. Brammer, C. L., Tanner, D. A., & Stager, J. M. (2009). Identification of bias in the natural progression of swim performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, S306. Frucht, A. H., & Jokl, E. (1964). Parabolic extrapolation of Olympic performance growth since Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 4, Hill, A.V. (1925). The physiological basis of athletic records. Nature, 116, Nevill, A. M., & Whyte, G. (2005). Are there limits to running world records? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, Seiler, S., De Koning, J., & Foster, C. (2007). The fall and rise of the gender difference in elite anaerobic performance Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39, Stager, J. M., Brammer, C. L., & Tanner, D. A. (2010). Identification of a bias in the natural progression of swim performance. In P. Kjendlie, R. Stallman, & J. Cabri (Eds.), Biomechanics and medicine in swimming XI (pp ). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Lane Bias in Elite-level Swimming Competition. Indiana University 1025 E 7 th St. USA

Lane Bias in Elite-level Swimming Competition. Indiana University 1025 E 7 th St. USA This is a preprint version of an Accepted Manuscript published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Sports Sciences on March 28, 2016, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640414.2016.1163402?journalcode=rjsp20

More information

Analysis of recent swim performances at the 2013 FINA World Championship: Counsilman Center, Dept. Kinesiology, Indiana University

Analysis of recent swim performances at the 2013 FINA World Championship: Counsilman Center, Dept. Kinesiology, Indiana University Analysis of recent swim performances at the 2013 FINA World Championship: initial confirmation of the rumored current. Joel M. Stager 1, Andrew Cornett 2, Chris Brammer 1 1 Counsilman Center, Dept. Kinesiology,

More information

PREDICTION VERSUS REALITY: THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO PREDICT ELITE PERFORMANCE IN SWIMMING AND ATHLETICS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES

PREDICTION VERSUS REALITY: THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO PREDICT ELITE PERFORMANCE IN SWIMMING AND ATHLETICS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES PREDICTION VERSUS REALITY: THE USE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO PREDICT ELITE PERFORMANCE IN SWIMMING AND ATHLETICS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES Dr Tim Heazlewood ACU National Dedicated to Gavin Lackey Gavin is doing

More information

Current controversy: Analysis of the 2013 FINA World Swimming Championships. This is a non-final version of an article published in final form in:

Current controversy: Analysis of the 2013 FINA World Swimming Championships. This is a non-final version of an article published in final form in: Current controversy: Analysis of the 2013 FINA World Swimming Championships This is a non-final version of an article published in final form in: Cornett, A., Brammer, C., & Stager, J. (2015). Current

More information

A REVIEW OF AGE ADJUSTMENT FOR MASTERS SWIMMERS

A REVIEW OF AGE ADJUSTMENT FOR MASTERS SWIMMERS A REVIEW OF ADJUSTMENT FOR MASTERS SWIMMERS Written by Alan Rowson Copyright 2013 Alan Rowson Last Saved on 28-Apr-13 page 1 of 10 INTRODUCTION In late 2011 and early 2012, in conjunction with Anthony

More information

An Update on the Age of National-level American Swimmers

An Update on the Age of National-level American Swimmers Coaching Applications An Update on the Age of National-level American Swimmers Joel Stager 1, Andrew Cornett 2, Dave Tanner 1, and Erica Slaughter 2 1 Counsilman Center for the Science of Swimming, Kinesiology

More information

The Aging Curve(s) Jerry Meyer, Central Maryland YMCA Masters (CMYM)

The Aging Curve(s) Jerry Meyer, Central Maryland YMCA Masters (CMYM) The Aging Curve(s) Jerry Meyer, Central Maryland YMCA Masters (CMYM) Even the well-publicized benefits of Masters Swimming cannot prevent us from eventually slowing down as we get older. While some find

More information

Competitive Performance of Elite Olympic-Distance Triathletes: Reliability and Smallest Worthwhile Enhancement

Competitive Performance of Elite Olympic-Distance Triathletes: Reliability and Smallest Worthwhile Enhancement SPORTSCIENCE sportsci.org Original Research / Performance Competitive Performance of Elite Olympic-Distance Triathletes: Reliability and Smallest Worthwhile Enhancement Carl D Paton, Will G Hopkins Sportscience

More information

MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO PREDICT ELITE PERFORMANCE IN SWIMMING AND ATHLETICS AT THE

MATHEMATICAL MODELS TO PREDICT ELITE PERFORMANCE IN SWIMMING AND ATHLETICS AT THE Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2006) 5, 541-547 http://www.jssm.org Research article The 8th Australasian Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sport, 3-5 July 2006, Queensland, Australia

More information

WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM COMPETITION ANALYSIS AT THE 1999 PAN PACIFIC SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS?

WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM COMPETITION ANALYSIS AT THE 1999 PAN PACIFIC SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS? WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM COMPETITION ANALYSIS AT THE 1999 PAN PACIFIC SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS? Bruce Mason and Jodi Cossor Biomechanics Department, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia An analysis

More information

Generating Power in the Pool: An Analysis of Strength Conditioning and its Effect on Athlete Performance

Generating Power in the Pool: An Analysis of Strength Conditioning and its Effect on Athlete Performance Generating Power in the Pool: An Analysis of Strength Conditioning and its Effect on Athlete Performance 1 Introduction S.D. Hoffmann Carthage College shoffmann@carthage.edu November 12 th, 2014 Abstract

More information

Performance Profiling: A Role for Sport Science in the Fight Against Doping?

Performance Profiling: A Role for Sport Science in the Fight Against Doping? TECHNICAL REPORT International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2009, 4, 129-133 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc. Performance Profiling: A Role for Sport Science in the Fight Against Doping? Yorck

More information

Resistance to Fatigue and Success in Competitive Swimming. Steven C. Myers, Los Alamos High School Jake A. Bailey, University of Northern Colorado

Resistance to Fatigue and Success in Competitive Swimming. Steven C. Myers, Los Alamos High School Jake A. Bailey, University of Northern Colorado Resistance to Fatigue and Success in Competitive Swimming Steven C. Myers, Los Alamos High School Jake A. Bailey, University of Northern Colorado Introduction Developing and training successful competitive

More information

Chapter 12 Practice Test

Chapter 12 Practice Test Chapter 12 Practice Test 1. Which of the following is not one of the conditions that must be satisfied in order to perform inference about the slope of a least-squares regression line? (a) For each value

More information

Review of A Detailed Investigation of Crash Risk Reduction Resulting from Red Light Cameras in Small Urban Areas by M. Burkey and K.

Review of A Detailed Investigation of Crash Risk Reduction Resulting from Red Light Cameras in Small Urban Areas by M. Burkey and K. Review of A Detailed Investigation of Crash Risk Reduction Resulting from Red Light Cameras in Small Urban Areas by M. Burkey and K. Obeng Sergey Y. Kyrychenko Richard A. Retting November 2004 Mark Burkey

More information

Gizachew Tiruneh, Ph. D., Department of Political Science, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas

Gizachew Tiruneh, Ph. D., Department of Political Science, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas Gizachew Tiruneh, Ph. D., Department of Political Science, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas [A revised version of the paper is published by the Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports,

More information

BODY FORM INFLUENCES ON THE DRAG EXPERIENCED BY JUNIOR SWIMMERS. Australia, Perth, Australia

BODY FORM INFLUENCES ON THE DRAG EXPERIENCED BY JUNIOR SWIMMERS. Australia, Perth, Australia 1 BODY FORM INFLUENCES ON THE DRAG EXPERIENCED BY JUNIOR SWIMMERS Andrew Lyttle 1, Nat Benjanuvatra 2, Brian A Blanksby 2, Bruce C Elliott 2 1 Western Australian Institute of Sport, Perth, Australia 2

More information

Assessment of an International Breaststroke Swimmer Using a Race Readiness Test

Assessment of an International Breaststroke Swimmer Using a Race Readiness Test International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2009, 4, 139-143 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc. Assessment of an International Breaststroke Swimmer Using a Race Readiness Test Kevin G. Thompson

More information

APPROACH RUN VELOCITIES OF FEMALE POLE VAULTERS

APPROACH RUN VELOCITIES OF FEMALE POLE VAULTERS APPROACH RUN VELOCITIES OF FEMALE POLE VAULTERS Peter M. McGinnis, Physical Education Department, SUNY College at Cortland, Cortland, New York INTRODUCTION Running speed is an important determinant of

More information

A Nomogram Of Performances In Endurance Running Based On Logarithmic Model Of Péronnet-Thibault

A Nomogram Of Performances In Endurance Running Based On Logarithmic Model Of Péronnet-Thibault American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-issn: 2320-0847 p-issn : 2320-0936 Volume-6, Issue-9, pp-78-85 www.ajer.org Research Paper Open Access A Nomogram Of Performances In Endurance Running

More information

Section I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer for each problem.

Section I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer for each problem. Inference for Linear Regression Review Section I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer for each problem. 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions that must be satisfied in order to perform

More information

Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports

Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports Volume 6, Issue 1 21 Article 5 Age and Winning Professional Golf Tournaments Gizachew Tiruneh University of Central Arkansas, gtiruneh@uca.edu Copyright c 21

More information

A Description of Variability of Pacing in Marathon Distance Running

A Description of Variability of Pacing in Marathon Distance Running Original Research A Description of Variability of Pacing in Marathon Distance Running THOMAS A. HANEY JR. and JOHN A. MERCER Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las

More information

GENETICS OF RACING PERFORMANCE IN THE AMERICAN QUARTER HORSE: II. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS AND CONTEMPORARY GROUPS 1'2

GENETICS OF RACING PERFORMANCE IN THE AMERICAN QUARTER HORSE: II. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS AND CONTEMPORARY GROUPS 1'2 GENETICS OF RACING PERFORMANCE IN THE AMERICAN QUARTER HORSE: II. ADJUSTMENT FACTORS AND CONTEMPORARY GROUPS 1'2 S. T. Buttram 3, R. L. Willham 4 and D. E. Wilson 4 Iowa State University, Ames 50011 ABSTRACT

More information

Coaching Applications. Maturational Timing and Swim Performance in Collegiate Female Swimmers

Coaching Applications. Maturational Timing and Swim Performance in Collegiate Female Swimmers Coaching Applications Maturational Timing and Swim Performance in Collegiate Female Swimmers Andrew C. Cornett 1, Sierra Wagner 1, Alan Duski 1, Brian V. Wright 2, and Joel M. Stager 3 1 School of Health

More information

Jodi M. Cossor and Bruce R. Mason Australian lnstitute of Sport Biomechanics Department, Canberra, Australia

Jodi M. Cossor and Bruce R. Mason Australian lnstitute of Sport Biomechanics Department, Canberra, Australia B~omechanics Symposia 2001 / Unlversily of San Francisco SWIM START PERFORMANCES AT THE SYDNEY 2000 OLYMPIC GAMES Jodi M. Cossor and Bruce R. Mason Australian lnstitute of Sport Biomechanics Department,

More information

Influence of the size of a nation s population on performances in athletics

Influence of the size of a nation s population on performances in athletics Influence of the size of a nation s population on performances in athletics N.P. Linthorne* *Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, School of Sport and Education, Brunel University, Uxbridge,

More information

POWER Quantifying Correction Curve Uncertainty Through Empirical Methods

POWER Quantifying Correction Curve Uncertainty Through Empirical Methods Proceedings of the ASME 2014 Power Conference POWER2014 July 28-31, 2014, Baltimore, Maryland, USA POWER2014-32187 Quantifying Correction Curve Uncertainty Through Empirical Methods ABSTRACT Christopher

More information

Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports

Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports Volume 1, Issue 1 2005 Article 5 Determinants of Success in the Olympic Decathlon: Some Statistical Evidence Ian Christopher Kenny Dan Sprevak Craig Sharp Colin

More information

Lab Report Outline the Bones of the Story

Lab Report Outline the Bones of the Story Lab Report Outline the Bones of the Story In this course, you are asked to write only the outline of a lab report. A good lab report provides a complete record of your experiment, and even in outline form

More information

CONTROL VALVE WHAT YOU NEED TO LEARN?

CONTROL VALVE WHAT YOU NEED TO LEARN? CONTROL VALVE WHAT YOU NEED TO LEARN? i) The control valve characteristics refers to the relationship between the volumetric flowrate F (Y-axis) through the valve AND the valve travel or opening position

More information

Inter-analyst variability in swimming competition analysis

Inter-analyst variability in swimming competition analysis Inter-analyst variability in swimming competition analysis HUDSON, Christopher Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/8198/

More information

OXYGEN POWER By Jack Daniels, Jimmy Gilbert, 1979

OXYGEN POWER By Jack Daniels, Jimmy Gilbert, 1979 1 de 6 OXYGEN POWER By Jack Daniels, Jimmy Gilbert, 1979 Appendix A Running is primarily a conditioning sport. It is not a skill sport as is basketball or handball or, to a certain extent, swimming where

More information

TPM TIP. Oil Viscosity

TPM TIP. Oil Viscosity TPM TIP Oil Viscosity TIP #1 Classification according to viscosity is the most prevalent method of describing oils, and the most common classification systems are those of the SAE, AGMA, and ISO. Each

More information

Stats 2002: Probabilities for Wins and Losses of Online Gambling

Stats 2002: Probabilities for Wins and Losses of Online Gambling Abstract: Jennifer Mateja Andrea Scisinger Lindsay Lacher Stats 2002: Probabilities for Wins and Losses of Online Gambling The objective of this experiment is to determine whether online gambling is a

More information

Analysis of performance and age of the fastest 100- mile ultra-marathoners worldwide

Analysis of performance and age of the fastest 100- mile ultra-marathoners worldwide CLINICAL SCIENCE Analysis of performance and age of the fastest 100- mile ultra-marathoners worldwide Christoph Alexander Rüst, I Beat Knechtle, I,II Thomas Rosemann, I Romuald Lepers III I University

More information

STATIC AND DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF THE DRIVER SPEED PERCEPTION AND SELECTION PROCESS

STATIC AND DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF THE DRIVER SPEED PERCEPTION AND SELECTION PROCESS STATIC AND DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF THE DRIVER SPEED PERCEPTION AND SELECTION PROCESS David S. Hurwitz, Michael A. Knodler, Jr. University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering

More information

Shedding Light on Motion Episode 4: Graphing Motion

Shedding Light on Motion Episode 4: Graphing Motion Shedding Light on Motion Episode 4: Graphing Motion In a 100-metre sprint, when do athletes reach their highest speed? When do they accelerate at the highest rate and at what point, if any, do they stop

More information

Tech Suit Survey (Virginia LMSC)

Tech Suit Survey (Virginia LMSC) Tech Suit Survey (Virginia LMSC) Summary On Aug 20, 2010, an electronic survey was administered to 1312 USMS swimmers who were registered in the Virginia LMSC in the years 2009 and 2010. The purpose was

More information

Equation 1: F spring = kx. Where F is the force of the spring, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the spring. Equation 2: F = mg

Equation 1: F spring = kx. Where F is the force of the spring, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the spring. Equation 2: F = mg 1 Introduction Relationship between Spring Constant and Length of Bungee Cord In this experiment, we aimed to model the behavior of the bungee cord that will be used in the Bungee Challenge. Specifically,

More information

100-Meter Dash Olympic Winning Times: Will Women Be As Fast As Men?

100-Meter Dash Olympic Winning Times: Will Women Be As Fast As Men? 100-Meter Dash Olympic Winning Times: Will Women Be As Fast As Men? The 100 Meter Dash has been an Olympic event since its very establishment in 1896(1928 for women). The reigning 100-meter Olympic champion

More information

Lab 11: Introduction to Linear Regression

Lab 11: Introduction to Linear Regression Lab 11: Introduction to Linear Regression Batter up The movie Moneyball focuses on the quest for the secret of success in baseball. It follows a low-budget team, the Oakland Athletics, who believed that

More information

Golfers in Colorado: The Role of Golf in Recreational and Tourism Lifestyles and Expenditures

Golfers in Colorado: The Role of Golf in Recreational and Tourism Lifestyles and Expenditures Golfers in Colorado: The Role of Golf in Recreational and Tourism Lifestyles and Expenditures by Josh Wilson, Phil Watson, Dawn Thilmany and Steve Davies Graduate Research Assistants, Associate Professor

More information

Our Shining Moment: Hierarchical Clustering to Determine NCAA Tournament Seeding

Our Shining Moment: Hierarchical Clustering to Determine NCAA Tournament Seeding Trunzo Scholz 1 Dan Trunzo and Libby Scholz MCS 100 June 4, 2016 Our Shining Moment: Hierarchical Clustering to Determine NCAA Tournament Seeding This project tries to correctly predict the NCAA Tournament

More information

Average Runs per inning,

Average Runs per inning, Home Team Scoring Advantage in the First Inning Largely Due to Time By David W. Smith Presented June 26, 2015 SABR45, Chicago, Illinois Throughout baseball history, the home team has scored significantly

More information

100-Meter Dash Olympic Winning Times: Will Women Be As Fast As Men?

100-Meter Dash Olympic Winning Times: Will Women Be As Fast As Men? 100-Meter Dash Olympic Winning Times: Will Women Be As Fast As Men? The 100 Meter Dash has been an Olympic event since its very establishment in 1896(1928 for women). The reigning 100-meter Olympic champion

More information

0 By Scott Christensen I n track and field and cross country, the race is the assessment tool that endurance coaches use to determine the present day fitness of their athletes. Race performance is a complex

More information

NBA TEAM SYNERGY RESEARCH REPORT 1

NBA TEAM SYNERGY RESEARCH REPORT 1 NBA TEAM SYNERGY RESEARCH REPORT 1 NBA Team Synergy and Style of Play Analysis Karrie Lopshire, Michael Avendano, Amy Lee Wang University of California Los Angeles June 3, 2016 NBA TEAM SYNERGY RESEARCH

More information

Licensee OA Publishing London Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC-BY)

Licensee OA Publishing London Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC-BY) Page 1 of 9 Training, Performance & Rehabilitation Differences in swimming speed on short course and long course for female and male breaststroke swimmers: a comparison of swimmers at national and international

More information

Applying Hooke s Law to Multiple Bungee Cords. Introduction

Applying Hooke s Law to Multiple Bungee Cords. Introduction Applying Hooke s Law to Multiple Bungee Cords Introduction Hooke s Law declares that the force exerted on a spring is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression on the spring, is always directed

More information

An Application of Signal Detection Theory for Understanding Driver Behavior at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings

An Application of Signal Detection Theory for Understanding Driver Behavior at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings An Application of Signal Detection Theory for Understanding Driver Behavior at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings Michelle Yeh and Jordan Multer United States Department of Transportation Volpe National Transportation

More information

ABSTRACT AUTHOR. Kinematic Analysis of the Women's 400m Hurdles. by Kenny Guex. he women's 400m hurdles is a relatively

ABSTRACT AUTHOR. Kinematic Analysis of the Women's 400m Hurdles. by Kenny Guex. he women's 400m hurdles is a relatively Study Kinematic Analysis of the Women's 400m Hurdles by IAAF 27:1/2; 41-51, 2012 by Kenny Guex ABSTRACT The women's 400m hurdles is a relatively new discipline and a complex event that cannot be approached

More information

Merging Traffic at Signalled Junctions

Merging Traffic at Signalled Junctions Chris Kennett August 2015 Merging Traffic at Signalled Junctions Introduction Back in 2012, at the JCT Symposium, I presented a paper Modelling Merges at Signalled Junctions. In that paper I showed that

More information

save percentages? (Name) (University)

save percentages? (Name) (University) 1 IB Maths Essay: What is the correlation between the height of football players and their save percentages? (Name) (University) Table of Contents Raw Data for Analysis...3 Table 1: Raw Data...3 Rationale

More information

SIMULTANEOUS RECORDINGS OF VELOCITY AND VIDEO DURING SWIMMING

SIMULTANEOUS RECORDINGS OF VELOCITY AND VIDEO DURING SWIMMING Portuguese Journal of Sport Sciences. 6:supl. 2, 32-35, 2006 SIMULTANEOUS RECORDINGS OF VELOCITY AND VIDEO DURING SWIMMING Albert B. Craig 1, Budd Termin2, and David R. Pendergast 2 1University of Rochester,

More information

COMPARISON STUDY BETWEEN THE EFFICIENY OF THE START TECHNIQUES IN THE ROMANIAN COMPETITIVE SWIMMING

COMPARISON STUDY BETWEEN THE EFFICIENY OF THE START TECHNIQUES IN THE ROMANIAN COMPETITIVE SWIMMING Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series IX: Sciences of Human Kinetics Vol. 6 (55) No. 1 2013 COMPARISON STUDY BETWEEN THE EFFICIENY OF THE START TECHNIQUES IN THE ROMANIAN COMPETITIVE

More information

Analysis of Curling Team Strategy and Tactics using Curling Informatics

Analysis of Curling Team Strategy and Tactics using Curling Informatics Hiromu Otani 1, Fumito Masui 1, Kohsuke Hirata 1, Hitoshi Yanagi 2,3 and Michal Ptaszynski 1 1 Department of Computer Science, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165, Kouen-cho, Kitami, Japan 2 Common Course,

More information

The MACC Handicap System

The MACC Handicap System MACC Racing Technical Memo The MACC Handicap System Mike Sayers Overview of the MACC Handicap... 1 Racer Handicap Variability... 2 Racer Handicap Averages... 2 Expected Variations in Handicap... 2 MACC

More information

Atmospheric Waves James Cayer, Wesley Rondinelli, Kayla Schuster. Abstract

Atmospheric Waves James Cayer, Wesley Rondinelli, Kayla Schuster. Abstract Atmospheric Waves James Cayer, Wesley Rondinelli, Kayla Schuster Abstract It is important for meteorologists to have an understanding of the synoptic scale waves that propagate thorough the atmosphere

More information

GENETICS OF RACING PERFORMANCE IN THE AMERICAN QUARTER HORSE: I. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 1'2

GENETICS OF RACING PERFORMANCE IN THE AMERICAN QUARTER HORSE: I. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 1'2 GENETICS OF RACING PERFORMANCE IN THE AMERICAN QUARTER HORSE: I. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 1'2 S. T. Buttram 3, R. L. Willham 4, D. E. Wilson 4 and J. C. Heird s Iowa State University, Ames 511 and Colorado

More information

Bioequivalence: Saving money with generic drugs

Bioequivalence: Saving money with generic drugs The Right Stuff: Appropriate Mathematics for All Students Promoting the use of materials that engage students in meaningful activities that promote the effective use of technology to support mathematics,

More information

The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming

The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming Journal of Human Kinetics volume 32/2012, 97-107 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-012-0027-3 97 Section - Swimming The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming by Arkadiusz Stanula 1,

More information

Effects of directionality on wind load and response predictions

Effects of directionality on wind load and response predictions Effects of directionality on wind load and response predictions Seifu A. Bekele 1), John D. Holmes 2) 1) Global Wind Technology Services, 205B, 434 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, seifu@gwts.com.au

More information

The Physical and Physiological Characteristics of 3x3. Results of Medical Study & Scientific Test

The Physical and Physiological Characteristics of 3x3. Results of Medical Study & Scientific Test The Physical and Physiological Characteristics of 3x3 Results of Medical Study & Scientific Test Prepared by Dr. Paul Montgomery & Brendan Maloney (Aspetar Orthopaedic Hospital) In cooperation with FIBA

More information

Compression Study: City, State. City Convention & Visitors Bureau. Prepared for

Compression Study: City, State. City Convention & Visitors Bureau. Prepared for : City, State Prepared for City Convention & Visitors Bureau Table of Contents City Convention & Visitors Bureau... 1 Executive Summary... 3 Introduction... 4 Approach and Methodology... 4 General Characteristics

More information

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AIR EXCHANGE RATE METHODS TO IMPROVE COST EFFECTIVENESS WHILE MAINTAINING ACCURACY

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AIR EXCHANGE RATE METHODS TO IMPROVE COST EFFECTIVENESS WHILE MAINTAINING ACCURACY DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AIR EXCHANGE RATE METHODS TO IMPROVE COST EFFECTIVENESS WHILE MAINTAINING ACCURACY Prepared by: Joachim Eberharter (Joachim.Eberharter@tetratech.com) and James Elliot (Tetra

More information

NMSU Red Light Camera Study Update

NMSU Red Light Camera Study Update NMSU Red Light Camera Study Update Assessment of Impact of City of Las Cruces Safe Traffic Operations Program on Intersection Traffic Safety Before-and-After Analysis of Crash Data Preliminary Report

More information

The benefits of improved car secondary safety

The benefits of improved car secondary safety Accident Analysis and Prevention 35 (2003) 527 535 The benefits of improved car secondary safety Jeremy Broughton Transport Research Laboratory Limited, Old Working Road, Crowthorne, Berkshire RG45 6AU,

More information

The Reliability of Intrinsic Batted Ball Statistics Appendix

The Reliability of Intrinsic Batted Ball Statistics Appendix The Reliability of ntrinsic Batted Ball Statistics Appendix Glenn Healey, EECS Department University of California, rvine, CA 92617 Given information about batted balls for a set of players, we review

More information

Changes in speed and efficiency in the front crawl swimming technique at 100m track

Changes in speed and efficiency in the front crawl swimming technique at 100m track Proceeding 10th INSHS International Christmas Sport Scientific Conference, 4-5 December 2015. International Network of Sport and Health Science. Szombathely, Hungary Changes in speed and efficiency in

More information

Traffic safety developments in Poland

Traffic safety developments in Poland Traffic safety developments in Poland Siem Oppe D-2001-8 Traffic safety developments in Poland A research note D-2001-8 Siem Oppe Leidschendam, 2001 SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, The Netherlands

More information

Fishery Resource Grant Program Final Report 2010

Fishery Resource Grant Program Final Report 2010 Fishery Resource Grant Program Final Report 2010 Project title: Improving Gill net Selectivity by Altering Mesh Characteristics 2010 Name of PI: Robert Weagley Telephone: (804) 855-4112 Address: 10201

More information

46 Chapter 8 Statistics: An Introduction

46 Chapter 8 Statistics: An Introduction 46 Chapter 8 Statistics: An Introduction Activity 5 Continued Box 4 1. The median is 6. The mode is 5. The mean is about 7 (6.8). 2. The median and the mode were unchanged, but the mean increased significantly.

More information

A Hare-Lynx Simulation Model

A Hare-Lynx Simulation Model 1 A Hare- Simulation Model What happens to the numbers of hares and lynx when the core of the system is like this? Hares O Balance? S H_Births Hares H_Fertility Area KillsPerHead Fertility Births Figure

More information

A Chiller Control Algorithm for Multiple Variablespeed Centrifugal Compressors

A Chiller Control Algorithm for Multiple Variablespeed Centrifugal Compressors Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2014 A Chiller Control Algorithm for Multiple Variablespeed Centrifugal Compressors Piero

More information

Modern volleyball aspects

Modern volleyball aspects Modern volleyball aspects Table of contents Aims 3 Introduction 4 Part 1 Men s volleyball of top level. Main indicators 5 Part 2 Women s volleyball of top level. Main indicators 29 Part 3 Men s and Women

More information

Revisiting the Hot Hand Theory with Free Throw Data in a Multivariate Framework

Revisiting the Hot Hand Theory with Free Throw Data in a Multivariate Framework Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Faculty and Researchers Faculty and Researchers Collection 2010 Revisiting the Hot Hand Theory with Free Throw Data in a Multivariate Framework

More information

Gender Differences in Competition: Evidence from Swimming Data Shoko Yamane 1 Ryohei Hayashi 2

Gender Differences in Competition: Evidence from Swimming Data Shoko Yamane 1 Ryohei Hayashi 2 Gender Differences in Competition: Evidence from Swimming Data Shoko Yamane 1 Ryohei Hayashi 2 Abstract We examine that the gender differences in the sensitivity of the influence from others using swimming

More information

ESTIMATION OF THE DESIGN WIND SPEED BASED ON

ESTIMATION OF THE DESIGN WIND SPEED BASED ON The Seventh Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, November 8-12, 2009, Taipei, Taiwan ESTIMATION OF THE DESIGN WIND SPEED BASED ON UNCERTAIN PARAMETERS OF THE WIND CLIMATE Michael Kasperski 1 1

More information

Improving the Australian Open Extreme Heat Policy. Tristan Barnett

Improving the Australian Open Extreme Heat Policy. Tristan Barnett Improving the Australian Open Extreme Heat Policy Tristan Barnett Introduction One of the characteristics of tennis is that you do not know when the match is going to finish, and a long match is a real

More information

Sunday 5 February Warm Up 8.30am, Start 9.30am Dist. Stroke Division Age Friday 3 February Warm Up 6.00pm, Start 6.45pm Dist. Stroke Division Age

Sunday 5 February Warm Up 8.30am, Start 9.30am Dist. Stroke Division Age Friday 3 February Warm Up 6.00pm, Start 6.45pm Dist. Stroke Division Age 2017 ACT CHAMPIONSHIPS AND SPEEDO SPRI SERIES HEATS 3 5 February 2017 AIS Swimming Complex, Bruce ACT ACT Area Speedo Sprint Heats will be swum as part of the 2017 ACT Championships. Speedo Sprint Series

More information

ANALYZE OF RESULTS OF THE KOSOVO SWIMMERS ALONG EIGHT YEAR PERIOD, BREASTSTROKE TECHNIQUE AT DISCIPLINES 50 AND 200 METERS

ANALYZE OF RESULTS OF THE KOSOVO SWIMMERS ALONG EIGHT YEAR PERIOD, BREASTSTROKE TECHNIQUE AT DISCIPLINES 50 AND 200 METERS Gllareva Ilir, Halilaj Besim, University of Montenegro, Koca Afrim, University of Prishtina UDK: 797.212.2(497.115) ANALYZE OF RESULTS OF THE KOSOVO SWIMMERS ALONG EIGHT YEAR PERIOD, BREASTSTROKE TECHNIQUE

More information

Analysis of performance at the 2007 Cricket World Cup

Analysis of performance at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Analysis of performance at the 2007 Cricket World Cup Petersen, C., Pyne, D.B., Portus, M.R., Cordy, J. and Dawson, B Cricket Australia, Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Human Movement,

More information

Legendre et al Appendices and Supplements, p. 1

Legendre et al Appendices and Supplements, p. 1 Legendre et al. 2010 Appendices and Supplements, p. 1 Appendices and Supplement to: Legendre, P., M. De Cáceres, and D. Borcard. 2010. Community surveys through space and time: testing the space-time interaction

More information

Predicting Tennis Match Outcomes Through Classification Shuyang Fang CS074 - Dartmouth College

Predicting Tennis Match Outcomes Through Classification Shuyang Fang CS074 - Dartmouth College Predicting Tennis Match Outcomes Through Classification Shuyang Fang CS074 - Dartmouth College Introduction The governing body of men s professional tennis is the Association of Tennis Professionals or

More information

TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS. Unit I

TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS. Unit I TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS Unit I Traffic stream Characteristics Overview Overview of Traffic Stream Components To begin to understand the functional and operational aspects of traffic on streets and highways

More information

ROUNDABOUT CAPACITY: THE UK EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY

ROUNDABOUT CAPACITY: THE UK EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY ROUNDABOUT CAPACITY: THE UK EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY 1 Introduction Roundabouts have been used as an effective means of traffic control for many years. This article is intended to outline the substantial

More information

The relationship between payroll and performance disparity in major league baseball: an alternative measure. Abstract

The relationship between payroll and performance disparity in major league baseball: an alternative measure. Abstract The relationship between payroll and performance disparity in major league baseball: an alternative measure Daniel Mizak Frostburg State University Anthony Stair Frostburg State University Abstract This

More information

Evaluating the Influence of R3 Treatments on Fishing License Sales in Pennsylvania

Evaluating the Influence of R3 Treatments on Fishing License Sales in Pennsylvania Evaluating the Influence of R3 Treatments on Fishing License Sales in Pennsylvania Prepared for the: Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission Produced by: PO Box 6435 Fernandina Beach, FL 32035 Tel (904)

More information

y ) s x x )(y i (x i r = 1 n 1 s y Statistics Lecture 7 Exploring Data , y 2 ,y n (x 1 ),,(x n ),(x 2 ,y 1 How two variables vary together

y ) s x x )(y i (x i r = 1 n 1 s y Statistics Lecture 7 Exploring Data , y 2 ,y n (x 1 ),,(x n ),(x 2 ,y 1 How two variables vary together Statistics 111 - Lecture 7 Exploring Data Numerical Summaries for Relationships between Variables Administrative Notes Homework 1 due in recitation: Friday, Feb. 5 Homework 2 now posted on course website:

More information

Gender Differences and Biomechanics in the 3000m Steeplechase Water Jump

Gender Differences and Biomechanics in the 3000m Steeplechase Water Jump Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Faculty Publications 2008-06-01 Gender Differences and Biomechanics in the 3000m Steeplechase Water Jump Kassi R. Andersen Bryan K. Lindsay See next page

More information

USATF 2008 SUPER CLINIC CRITICAL GENERAL PERFORMANCE DESCRIPTORS FOR THE SHORT HURDLES. Ralph Mann, Ph.D.

USATF 2008 SUPER CLINIC CRITICAL GENERAL PERFORMANCE DESCRIPTORS FOR THE SHORT HURDLES. Ralph Mann, Ph.D. 2008 USATF Super Clinic page 1 USATF 2008 SUPER CLINIC CRITICAL GENERAL PERFORMANCE DESCRIPTORS FOR THE SHORT HURDLES Ralph Mann, Ph.D. In the hurdle performance, General Performance Descriptors identify

More information

CHAPTER 10 TOTAL RECREATIONAL FISHING DAMAGES AND CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 10 TOTAL RECREATIONAL FISHING DAMAGES AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 10 TOTAL RECREATIONAL FISHING DAMAGES AND CONCLUSIONS 10.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides the computation of the total value of recreational fishing service flow losses (damages) through time

More information

Leg Power in Elite Male Fencers: A Comparative Study among the Three Competitive Disciplines

Leg Power in Elite Male Fencers: A Comparative Study among the Three Competitive Disciplines Leg Power in Elite Male Fencers: A Comparative Study among the Three Competitive Disciplines Gustavo D. Aquilino, Aldo F. Longo, Néstor A. Lentini. Exercise Physiology Laboratory, National Sport High Performance

More information

a) List and define all assumptions for multiple OLS regression. These are all listed in section 6.5

a) List and define all assumptions for multiple OLS regression. These are all listed in section 6.5 Prof. C. M. Dalton ECN 209A Spring 2015 Practice Problems (After HW1, HW2, before HW3) CORRECTED VERSION Question 1. Draw and describe a relationship with heteroskedastic errors. Support your claim with

More information

Safety Assessment of Installing Traffic Signals at High-Speed Expressway Intersections

Safety Assessment of Installing Traffic Signals at High-Speed Expressway Intersections Safety Assessment of Installing Traffic Signals at High-Speed Expressway Intersections Todd Knox Center for Transportation Research and Education Iowa State University 2901 South Loop Drive, Suite 3100

More information

Kinetic Energy Analysis for Soccer Players and Soccer Matches

Kinetic Energy Analysis for Soccer Players and Soccer Matches Progress in Applied Mathematics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2011, pp. 98-105 www.cscanada.org ISSN 1925-251X [Print] ISSN 1925-2528 [Online] www.cscanada.net Kinetic Energy Analysis for Soccer Players and Soccer Matches

More information

12. School travel Introduction. Part III Chapter 12. School travel

12. School travel Introduction. Part III Chapter 12. School travel 12. School travel 12.1 Introduction This chapter presents the evidence on changes in travel patterns for the journey to school in the three towns over the period of the Sustainable Travel Town project.

More information

STANDARDIZED CATCH RATE OF SAILFISH (Istiophorus platypterus) CAUGHT BY BRAZILIAN LONGLINERS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN ( )

STANDARDIZED CATCH RATE OF SAILFISH (Istiophorus platypterus) CAUGHT BY BRAZILIAN LONGLINERS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN ( ) SCRS/2008/079 STANDARDIZED CATCH RATE OF SAILFISH (Istiophorus platypterus) CAUGHT BY BRAZILIAN LONGLINERS IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN (1986-2006) Catarina Wor 12 ; Bruno L. Mourato 1,3 ; Humberto G. Hazin 1

More information

USING A PROBABILITY APPROACH TO RANK IN-LINE INSPECTION ANOMALIES FOR EXCAVATION AND FOR SETTING REINSPECTION INTERVALS

USING A PROBABILITY APPROACH TO RANK IN-LINE INSPECTION ANOMALIES FOR EXCAVATION AND FOR SETTING REINSPECTION INTERVALS USING A PROBABILITY APPROACH TO RANK IN-LINE INSPECTION ANOMALIES FOR EXCAVATION AND FOR SETTING REINSPECTION INTERVALS by Dennis C. Johnston and Carolyn E. Kolovich Kiefner & Associates, Inc. P.O. Box

More information