Solutions for all Social Sciences Grade 4 Learner s Book P Ranby

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2 Solutions for all Social Sciences Grade 4 Learner s Book P Ranby

3 Solutions for all Social Sciences Grade 4 Learner s Book P Ranby Illustrations and design Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd, 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, 1978 (as amended). Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable for criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published Published by Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd Private Bag X19 Northlands 2116 Gauteng South Africa Typesetting by Of African Origin Cover design by Deevine Design Cover image from Greatstock Illustrations by Deevine Design, Saaid Rhabeeni Acknowledgements The publisher would like to thank the following for the use of their photographs: AAI: pages 23, 37, 60 (top and bottom), 64 (bottom), 66 (left), 98 (top and bottom), 100 (bottom left and right), 100 (bottom), 102 (left), 105, 108 (bottom), 109 (top and bottom left), 110 (bottom), 113 (middle), 119 (top), 125 (top), 133 (bottom), 130 (bottom), 148 (top right), 152; African Media Online: pages 9 (bottom), 60 (middle), 64 (top), 88 (top), 101 (top right), 117, 119 (bottom left and right), 121, 126 (top left and middle), 128, 131, 139, 140 (top); Afripics: page 129 (right); Digital Source: pages 8 (top), 99, 101 (top left), 120, 125 (bottom left and right), 143, 145 (top), 148 (top middle), 149 (bottom); Gallo Images: pages 39, 88 (bottom), 100 (top right), 102 (right), 104, 126 (top right), 129 (left), 144, 148 (top left); Greatstock: pages 113 (top), 133 (top); iafrika: page 100 (top left); Jurgen Schadeberg: page 59; Peter Ranby: pages 23, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35; PhotoAccess: pages 4 (top and bottom), 5 (top and bottom), 8 (bottom), 13, 55, 62, 69, 89, 90, 91, 95, 96 (top and bottom), 107 (top and bottom), 109 (middle), 110 (top), 111 (top and bottom), 137, 145 (bottom), 149 (top); The Bigger Picture: pages 3 (bottom), 61, 66 (right), 108 (top), 119 (middle right), 148 (bottom); VMS: pages 1, 109 (bottom right), 113 (bottom), 114; Wikimedia Commons: page 147 The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders. If they have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunit. e-isbn: WIP: 4105M000 It is illegal to photocopy any page of this book without written permission from the publishers.

4 Contents Topic 1: Places where people live 1 Unit 1: People and places 2 Unit 2: Landmarks and explaining the way 12 Unit 3: People and their needs 16 Topic summary 20 Formal assessment tasks 21 Topic 2: Local history 23 Unit 1: How we find out about the present in a local area 24 Unit 2: How we find out about the history of a local area 26 Unit 3: Finding out about the local area for a history project 28 Project: Making a museum display for a classroom museum (formal assessment) 34 Topic summary 37 Formal assessment tasks 38 Topic 3: Map skills 39 Unit 1: Side views and plan views 40 Unit 2: Symbols, keys and maps 42 Unit 3: Grid references 44 Unit 4: Compass directions 46 Unit 5: A map of South Africa 48 Unit 6: A globe and map of the world 50 Topic summary 52 Formal assessment tasks 53 Topic 4: Learning from leaders 55 Unit 1: A good leader 56 Unit 2: Life stories of leaders focusing on Nelson Mandela 58 Unit 3: The life story of Mahatma Gandhi 62 Unit 4: What can we learn from Mandela and Gandhi? 66 Topic summary 67 Formal assessment tasks 68

5 Topic 5: Food and farming in South Africa 69 Unit 1: People and food 70 Unit 2: Ways of farming 72 Unit 3: Crop farming in South Africa 76 Unit 4: Animal or stock farms 80 Unit 5: Unprocessed and processed foods 82 Unit 6: From the farm to your home 84 Topic summary 86 Formal assessment tasks 87 Topic 6: Transport through time 89 Unit 1: Transport on land 90 Unit 2: Transport on water 104 Unit 3: Transport in the air 110 Topic summary 115 Formal assessment tasks 116 Topic 7: Water in South Africa 117 Unit 1: Uses of water 118 Unit 2: Water as a resource 120 Unit 3: How people get their water 126 Unit 4: Pollution and waste water 132 Topic summary 135 Formal assessment tasks 136 Topic 8: Communication through time 137 Unit 1: The oldest forms of communication 138 Unit 2: Modern forms of communication 142 Topic summary 153 Formal assessment tasks 154 Tests 155

6 Topic 1 Places where people live What is this topic about? Where people live The buildings people live in What jobs people do in different places People s needs in different places Look at the picture What buildings can you see? How do people use the buildings? What jobs do you think people do here? Places where people live 1

7 Unit 1: People and places Word bank city farm rural areas settlements town urban areas village A B C a large area where people live and work with many buildings, shops, factories and roads an open area with some buildings where people grow food and keep animals places where there are farms and villages the places where people live an area with many buildings, roads and houses places where there are many houses, roads, shops, and other buildings a group of huts or houses usually in a farming area 1. Places to live in Where do you live? Do you live in a village, a town, a farm or a city? We call the places where people live settlements. 1 There are only a few buildings on a farm. Some of the buildings are for people and some buildings are for animals. A farm 2 A village is made up of groups of houses or huts. There may be some small shops, a police station or church. There may be a primary school and sometimes a high school. Most people walk between places in a village. Places where people live A village 2

8 3 A town A town is an area that has some shops and many houses. There are schools and roads but not many factories. A city is a large area with many people, houses and shops. There are often factories, an airport, big roads and railways. 4 Most people in South Africa live in towns and cities. We call towns and cities urban areas. Farms and villages are in rural areas. Most people in rural areas work on the land. Classroom activity 1.1 A city Compare pictures Look at all the pictures on pages 2 and Which place do you think has the most people? 2. Name two ways picture 1 is different to picture Name two differences between picture 2 and picture Which pictures show rural areas and which pictures show urban areas? Places where people live 3

9 2. Jobs people do in different places What kind of jobs do people in your family do? Can they do this job anywhere in South Africa? 1 These people work on a farm. 2 This man works in a factory. Classroom activity 1.2 Complete a table 1. Look at all the photos on these pages. 2. Make a copy of the table on the next page. 3. Write your answers to the questions in your table. 4 Places where people live

10 3 Some people work on the street. 4 Some people work in special buildings. Questions Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 3 Photo 4 Does the photo show a rural or an urban area? Does the photo show people making something? If yes, what are they making? Does the photo show people doing something? If yes, what are they doing? Places where people live 5

11 Word bank A B C building materials things people use to make buildings materials things, such as wood, cloth and iron, that we use to make objects 3. Buildings in different places The pictures below show some buildings in rural areas. People make buildings from materials such as wood, mud, bricks and cement. We call these building materials. Look at the buildings and the building materials in these pictures Buildings in rural areas Classroom activity 1.3 Compare buildings 1. Look at the five pictures of rural buildings. Match these words with one of the pictures: shop, hut, school, old farmhouse, place for animals. 6 Places where people live

12 2. Copy the table. Answer the questions in the table. What are the buildings used for? Name some of the building materials in each picture. Picture 1 Picture 2 Picture 3 Picture 4 Picture 5 Classroom activity 1.4 Draw and label a picture 1. Make a copy of the picture of the school building below. 2. Label the building materials at points A D. 3. Name two other building materials that people use to make school buildings. A C D B Homework activity 1. Draw a picture of a building you could see in a rural area. 2. Label the different building materials. 3. How will people use the building? 4. Give your drawing a title. Places where people live 7

13 4. Buildings and their uses People build different kinds of buildings. Some buildings are for living in. Other buildings are for working in. There are houses, schools, factories, huts, shops and churches. Each building has a special job. People build houses to live in. People work in shops and factories. People pray in churches. The pictures below show some buildings in an urban area. 1 2 Classroom activity 1.5 Compare buildings 1. Talk about the buildings in each photograph. 2. Copy the table on the next page into your exercise book. 3. Answer the questions in your table. 8 Places where people live

14 Describe the size of the buildings. Photo 1 Photo 2 Photo 3 Photo 4 How do people use these buildings? 3 Some buildings in the city of Cape Town 4 Homework activity 1. Draw a picture of a building you would like to see in a rural or an urban area. 2. Add labels to your building to explain how people will use the building. 3. Give your picture a title. Places where people live 9

15 Word bank connect motorway pavement A B C to join or link places a very big road that has lots of cars, buses, and trucks a cement footpath on the side of a road, usually in an urban area pedestrians people who walk on footpaths and pavements tar hard black material used to make roads 5. Roads and footpaths People make roads and footpaths to get from one place to another. Roads and footpaths connect places. Roads are bigger than footpaths. Footpaths are paths that people walk along. Cars are not allowed on footpaths. 1 2 Roads may be made of sand or tar. People drive cars, buses and taxis on roads. Some roads have a footpath next to them called a pavement. People walk along pavements. Cars are not allowed on pavements. We call people who walk on footpaths and pavements pedestrians Places where people live Kinds of roads and footpaths

16 Classroom activity 1.6 Read a picture 1. Find the picture on page 10 that shows a sand road. 2. Find the picture on page 10 that shows a footpath. 3. a) Find the biggest road and the smallest road. b) Name two ways the biggest road and the smallest road are different. c) Name two ways the biggest road and the smallest road are similar. 4. Identify the picture that has a pavement. 5. How do people cross the busy road? 6. Which is the most dangerous road for pedestrians? Say why. Roads and footpaths in a rural area Classroom activity 1.7 Identify roads and footpaths 1. Find these roads and footpaths on the drawing: motorway, sand road, tar road, footpath, pavement 2. Copy these sentences. Write the words below in the correct places. pavement pedestrians footpath a) We call people who walk on footpaths and pavements. b) A small road that people make by walking is a. c) A is a footpath in an urban area. 3. Make a drawing to show a journey from your house to your school. Show different kinds of roads or footpaths on your drawing. Places where people live 11

17 Unit 2: Landmarks and explaining the way Word bank A C landmarks objects that stand out on the land nature everything in the world not made by people, e.g. animals, rocks, trees 1. Landmarks B Landmarks are objects that stand out on the land. We notice these objects more than other objects. Some landmarks are part of nature, such as trees and rocks. Other landmarks are made by people, such as buildings and roads. Classroom activity 1.8 Classify pictures 1. Identify the landmarks in the pictures below that are part of nature. 2. Which landmarks did people make? Examples of landmarks 12 Places where people live

18 2. Describing and drawing a short journey Homework activity Draw landmarks Think about a footpath or road you often walk along. 1. Make a drawing of your footpath or road. 2. Draw pictures of your five landmarks along the footpath or road. mountain tall buildings motorway Classroom activity 1.9 Describe landmarks 1. Look at the photo of the city. What landmarks stand out in this city? 2. Name three landmarks in the photo made by people. 3. Name a landmark that is part of nature. harbour Some landmarks in a city 4. Imagine you are in a car on the motorway. a) Point to the motorway. b) Your car is driving towards the mountain. Point to the mountain. c) Name some landmarks you will pass. Places where people live 13

19 Word bank A B C map key box that shows the meaning of things on the map maps simple drawings that show places from above on your right means near the right side of your body street another word for road 3. Explaining the way We name landmarks when we explain the way to a place. We also use words like left, right and straight to help explain the way. Classroom activity 1.10 Identify left and right 1. Put up your right hand. 2. Name some objects near your right hand. We say these objects are on your right. 3. Now turn around. Are the objects still near your right hand? What has changed? Excuse me Ma, where is the library? From here, you go straight down the road. You pass the taxis on your right. You turn left at the market. This street is Market Street. Take the first road on your right. This is Church Street. The library is on your left next to the church. 14 Places where people live Explaining the way to a place

20 Classroom activity 1.11 Draw a journey 1. Take turns to read aloud the words in the pictures on page List all the landmarks that the woman names. 3. Make a drawing of the way to the library. Show all the said landmarks on your drawing. 4. Does your drawing explain the way to the library better than words? We call drawings that help us find the way maps. Maps show landmarks and street names. We draw landmarks on maps. We explain what these drawings mean in the map key. You will find out more about maps in Topic 3. A map of Paarl Classroom activity 1.12 Follow a journey on a map 1. Put your finger on the word START on the map of Paarl. 2. Follow the journey described in steps a) c) below. Choose the correct answer. a) Turn left off the N1 at exit 47. The name of this road is the R44/R47. b) Drive past a forest on your left/right. c) Follow the road until you see a big mountain. This is Paarl Mountain/Table Mountain. Places where people live 15

21 Unit 3: People and their needs Word bank A B C energy something that makes things work, such as electricity health care medicine and care to help people stay healthy municipality part of the local government that runs a city 1. What all people need People need certain things to live. They need food, water, clothes and a home. In the past, people found all these things in nature. Today people buy most of the things they need. People work for money so that they can buy the things they need. The government in South Africa helps to provide some of the things that people need, such as water, roads and the police. It also provides electricity and health care, such as medicines, clinics and doctors. house water food clothes energy Some of the things all people need We need electricity. We need proper toilets. We need clean water. We must feel safe in our homes. The municipality must take away our rubbish. Some things people need in an urban area 16 Places where people live

22 Classroom activity 1.13 Write about needs 1. Look at the picture on page 16. Take turns to read aloud the speech bubbles in the picture. 2. List the things the people in the urban area say they need. 3. Draw a speech bubble in your exercise book. Write something in the speech bubble about another thing the people may need. I need electricity for cooking and lights. The road is bad. It breaks the taxis. We need better roads. We need a clinic closer to where we live. The high school is too far. We need a high school here. We need clean water. The river is dirty. Some things people need in a rural area Classroom activity 1.14 Write about needs 1. Read aloud what the people from the rural area say they need. 2. Make a table like the one below. List the things people need in urban and rural areas. Urban needs Rural needs Places where people live 17

23 Word bank clinics A B C places where people get medicines and help from doctors and nurses 2. Stories about how people meet their needs Four out of every ten South Africans live in rural areas. Some rural people move to towns and cities to find work. I live in a village near Eshowe in KwaZulu-Natal. I get water from the river. The water is not clean. We boil the water so it is safe to drink. There is no electricity here. We collect firewood to make fires for cooking. Next month the doctor is going to do an operation on my eyes to make me see better. There is a big shop called a supermarket near our house. Once a month my parents buy nearly all the food we need for the month. We put some of it in the freezer. Mrs Zungu Classroom activity 1.15 Paul Isaacs Mr Radebe Read a person s story Read what the people say. Answer these questions with a partner. 1. a) Where does Mrs Zungu get her water? b) Why does she boil the water? 2. a) Where does Paul Isaacs family get their food? b) How often does his family buy food? c) Where do you think Mrs Zungu gets her food? d) How do you know she does not have a freezer? 3. Where will Mr Radebe go to have an operation on his eyes? 4. List one other thing you think each person needs. 18 Places where people live

24 All people need certain things: 1. A place to live 2. Food and water 3. Energy 4. Schools and clinics What do these people need? Homework activity 1. Choose one of the pictures above. 2. Is the picture about: a place to live, food and water, energy, schools or clinics? 3. Make up a story about what you can see in the picture. Use the questions below to help you plan your story. a) Where is this place? b) Who are the people? c) What are the people s needs? d) Does the picture show a good thing or a bad thing? e) What do the people want to change? 4. Tell your story to a relative or friend. Places where people live 19

25 Topic summary Urban settlements are places where there are many houses, roads, shops and other buildings. Rural areas are places where there are farms and villages. There are usually more jobs in urban areas than in rural areas. Buildings in rural areas look different to buildings in urban areas. People make roads and footpaths to connect places. Landmarks are objects on the land that we notice more than other objects. People need certain things to live, such as food, water, clothes and a home. The government in South Africa helps to provide some of the things that people need. It is easier for people to get what they need in some places. Some rural people move to towns and cities to find work. 20 Places where people live

26 Formal assessment tasks Activity 1 (10 marks) Match the words and meanings in the table below. List the numbers 1 5 down your page. Write the letter of the correct meaning next to each word. (5 x 2) Words Meaning 1. Maps a) Objects that stand out on the land 2. Rural b) Part of the local government that runs the city 3. Pedestrians c) Places where there are farms and villages 4. Landmarks d) People who walk on paths and streets Note to teacher: There are more examples of formal assessment tasks in the Teacher s Guide. 5. Municipality e) Simple drawings that show the land from above Activity 2 (10 marks) The municipality needs to collect our rubbish. Heavy rains washed away our soil last year. We have to travel a long way to the clinic and to schools. Our settlement is very crowded. Many people move here from the rural areas. There is nowhere for us to play. We need a park and a sports field. a) b) c) d) e) 1. Look at the speech bubbles. Decide which bubbles talk about rural areas. (2) 2. Which bubbles talk about urban areas? (3) 3. Make a copy of the table below. 4. Write the statements in the speech bubbles under the correct heading. (5) Things to do with rural areas Things to do with urban areas Places where people live 21

27 Activity 3 (10 marks) Look at the photo below. 1. Is this a rural or an urban area? How can you tell? (2) 2. Name three kinds of building materials in the photo. (3 x ½) 3. Make a drawing of one building. Label the different building materials used to make the building. (3 x ½) 4. Identify a pavement. What is a pavement? (2) 5. List three kinds of buildings in the photo. How do people use these buildings? (3) Activity 4 (5 marks) 1. Choose one of the pictures on pages Write four complete sentences about what the picture shows about people s needs. 3. Follow the example below. Sentence 1: Say what need the picture shows. (1) Sentence 2: Does the picture show a rural or urban area? (1) Sentence 3: Give one thing you think the person or people like about their work. (1) Sentence 4: Give two things you think the people would like to change. (2) 22 Places where people live

28 Topic 2 Local history What is this topic about? How we find out about the present in a local area How we find out about the history of a local area How to do a project on the local area Look at the picture What is the object in the photo? What do we call places like this? Where do we find places like this? What do you think the children are doing? Have you been to a place like this? What can you learn from these places? Local history 23

29 Unit 1: How we find out about the present in a local area 1. Information from pictures, writing, people and objects The picture shows a South African family home. What is in the picture? There are some photos. There are some pieces of writing. There are also people in the picture. There are objects such as toys in the picture r e p o r t How can we find out about this family? Classroom activity 2.1 Fill in a table 1. Say the names of all the things numbered 1 10 in the picture. 2. Make a copy of the table below. List the things under the correct heading. 8 Pictures Writing People Objects 3. Talk about what you could find out about the family from the objects numbered 3 and Local history

30 Word bank A B C objects something you can see or touch places of worship religious places, such as churches, temples and mosques 2. The local area The local area is the area around where you live. The local area includes your house, your school, places such as bus stops and taxi ranks, places of worship, shops and your friends houses. We can find information about the local area from: pictures writing people objects. We can find out about the local area from different kinds of writing. We find out about the local area from talking and listening to people. We can find out about the local area from different kinds of pictures. We can listen to people on the radio or watch TV to find out about the local area. We can find out about the local area from objects, including buildings. Local history 25

31 Unit 2: How we find out about the history of a local area Word bank A history the time before the present B C 1. How we find out about the past In the last unit, we saw how we can find out about people from writing, pictures, talking to people, and from objects. We can use the same ways to find out about the past. The past is the time before the present. Some things happened a long time ago in the past, such as 100 years ago. In history we study things that happened in the past. The past is the time before the present. We use different kinds of pictures to find out about the past. We can use writing to find out about the history of the local area. We can find out about the past from objects. We can find out about the past from people s stories. 26 Local history

32 2. Local history The children in the photograph below are preparing for a history project. The project is about the history of the local area near their school. Their school is in an area called Kensington in Johannesburg. The children said they will find information from pictures, writing, people and objects. Desmond Astrid Samantha Kajal Mario Vuyelwa The history project team Samantha and Desmond will use pictures and writing to find out about the history of the local area. Astrid and Mario said they will find out about the history of the local area from talking to people who live in the local area. Vuyelwa and Kajal will look at objects in the local area to find out about the history. Local history 27

33 Unit 3: Finding out about the local area for a history project Word bank A B C dates a way of describing a point in time, e.g. April 1994 graveyard place where dead people are buried in the ground 1. Information from pictures Samantha and Desmond looked in an old photo book for old pictures of their school. They found this picture from Classroom activity 2.2 A Standard 5 class at the Bez Valley Junior School in 1972 Examine a photo Look at the photo of the Standard 5 class in How many boys are in the class? 2. How many girls are in the class? 3. What is the total number of children in the Standard 5 class? 4. What do we call Standard 5 today? 5. Describe two ways the children at the same school look different today. Desmond and Samantha found out that the place where their school is used to be a farm. Part of the old farm is now a park. The children went to the park to see what it looks like. graveyard soccer fields old farm house This area used to be part of a farm. Today it is a park called Bezuidenhout Park, or Bez Park for short. 28 Local history

34 Classroom activity 2.3 Interpret a photo Look at the photos of Bez Park on page Why do you think this area is no longer used as a farm? 2. Name two ways people use the park today. 2. Information from writing The Bezuidenhout family used to be farmers on the land near the children s school. The family graveyard is still in the park. Desmond and Samantha visited the family graveyard. They looked at the dates on the gravestones. They noticed that some people were born a long time ago. A gravestone in the Bezuidenhout family graveyard. This gravestone is for a family, not just one person. Samantha copied the names of the people buried in the graves. Classroom activity 2.4 Examine pictures and writing 1. Look at the photo of the gravestone. What names can you read? 2. In what language are these names? Look at the names Samantha wrote in her notebook for extra clues. 3. Choose a word to complete this sentence. These names tell you the people were (Zulus, Pedi, Afrikaners). 4. A girl called Susan Viljoen is buried in the graveyard. Susan was born in She died in How old was Susan when she died? Local history 29

35 Word bank A B C interviewing asking people a list of questions to find out information 3. Information from people Astrid and Mario knew that Mr Johannes Maluleka had worked at their school for a very long time. They wrote down some questions to ask Mr Maluleka. Mr Maluleka has worked at the children s school for many years. The questions Astrid and Mario asked Mr Maluleka Astrid asked Mr Maluleka the questions on their list. Mario wrote down Mr Maluleka s answers. When you ask a person questions to find out information you are interviewing the person. Astrid and Mario interviewing Mr Maluleka 30 Local history