Gothic Architecture

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Basil Walters
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1 Gothic Architecture Influenced by Romanesque Architecture While Romanesque remained solid and massive Gothic: 1) opened up to walls with enormous windows and 2) replaced semicircular arch with the pointed arch. Style emerged in France Support: Piers and Flying Buttresses Décor: Sculpture and stained glass Effect: Soaring, vertical and skeleton-like Inspiration: Heavenly light Goal: To lift our everyday life up to the heavens Gothic Architecture Dominant Art during this time was Architecture Growth of towns more prosperous They wanted their own churches Symbol of civic Pride More confident and optimistic Appreciation of Nature Church/Cathedral was the outlet for creativity Few people could read and write Clergy directed the operations of new churches- built by laymen ImagePage 1 of 58

2 Gothic Architecture Began soon after the first Crusaders returned from Constantinople Brought new technology: Winches to hoist heavy stones New Translation of Euclid s Elements Geometry Gothic Architecture was the integration of Structure and Ornament Interior Unity Elaborate Entrances covered with Sculpture and pronounced vertical emphasis, thin walls pierced by stained-glass Gothic Architecture Characteristics: Emphasis on verticality Skeletal Stone Structure Great Showing of Glass: Containers of light Sharply pointed Spires Clustered Columns Flying Buttresses Pointed Arches Ogive Shape Ribbed Vaults Inventive Sculpture Detail Sharply Pointed Spires ImagePage 2 of 58

Gothic Architecture 1140-1500 Abbot Suger had the vision that started Gothic

imagined the interior without partitions, flowing free Reconstructed the Choir

3 Gothic Architecture Abbot Suger had the vision that started Gothic Architecture He wanted to enlarge his crowded church, and have larger windows He imagined the interior without partitions, flowing free Reconstructed the Choir of his Church St. Denis ( ) Used the Pointed Arch and Rib Vault ImagePage 3 of 58

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7 St. Denis Rebuilt the West Façade and installed the first Rose Window between two towers ImagePage 7 of 58

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9 St. Denis Replaced Stone walls in Chapels with Stained Glass Substituted thin columns for heavy piers in the Ambulatory ImagePage 9 of 58

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(rectangular) Shape could be varied, made flatter or more

13 The Pointed Arch Typical Roman Arch could only span square bays Pointed arch allowed for various sizes of bays (rectangular) Shape could be varied, made flatter or more pointed Exerted far less lateral force than the typical arch ImagePage 13 of 58

Rib and Panel Concept Concentration of forces at points of support

intervals that supported the vaults above Advantages: Large windows,

tremendous forces both vertically and laterally Downward loads were

Heavy pier buttresses at right angles to the exterior walls counteracted

14 Rib and Panel Concept Concentration of forces at points of support rather than bearing walls System of vertical ribs or piers at regular intervals that supported the vaults above Advantages: Large windows, relatively light skeleton-like The Flying Buttress Gothic Vaults exerted tremendous forces both vertically and laterally Downward loads were concentrated on piers, while the lateral loads needed to be resolved. Heavy pier buttresses at right angles to the exterior walls counteracted the lateral forces Side Aisles were incorporated into the Flying buttresses ImagePage 14 of 58

15 The Flying Buttress The Flying Buttress ImagePage 15 of 58

Plan Notre Dame Begun 1163: Typical three story

16 Notre Dame Begun 1163: Continuous aisles that terminated in a Chevet (round apse) Compact Cruciform Plan Notre Dame Begun 1163: Typical three story arrangement: Nave arcade, Triforium and the Clerestory ImagePage 16 of 58

17 Notre Dame Begun 1163: Flying Buttresses ImagePage 17 of 58

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21 Notre Dame Begun 1163: Western Façade with twin Towers- deeply recessed portals and Rose Window Notre Dame Begun 1163: ImagePage 21 of 58

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Chartres Cathedral: 1194-1220 Known for its

Chartres Cathedral: 1194-1220 Entire city

26 Chartres Cathedral: Known for its renowned stained glass and sculpture on the porches Built to house the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary when she gave birth to Jesus Chartres Cathedral: Entire city worked on Cathedral 26,000 sf of Stained Glass ImagePage 26 of 58

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36 England: Structural elements of the Gothic style were adopted earlier in England than anywhere else. English Cathedrals were longer, narrow and lower than the French Transepts were more pronounced Apses were generally square English Churches were more solemn ImagePage 36 of 58

Salisbury Cathedral: 1220-1260 Completed in 40

37 Salisbury Cathedral: Completed in 40 years. Double Transepts Horizontal emphasis with Great Central tower over the crossing with spire was 400 tall Nave is 84 tall ImagePage 37 of 58

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Italy: Generally the character of the Architecture was still influenced by Rome Internal tie beams were preferred to Flying Buttresses Surface Decoration was preferred to structural articulation

45 Italy: Generally the character of the Architecture was still influenced by Rome Internal tie beams were preferred to Flying Buttresses Surface Decoration was preferred to structural articulation Lower more horizontal manner Flat pitched roofs Small windows without tracery Cathedral Milan: Begun at the end of the 13th Century Extremely lofty rising 150 at the nave and 100 at the side aisles Known as Church of the Hundred Spires Over 6000 individual sculptures ImagePage 45 of 58

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49 Doges Palace (Venice): Begun at the end of the 13th Century Lacy network of arcades and open stonework Marks the highlight of Italian Gothic Non-Ecclesiastical Building ImagePage 49 of 58

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55 Doges Palace (Venice): Begun at the end of the 13th Century Designed by Giovanni and Bartolomeo Buon ImagePage 55 of 58

1466-1515 Late Gothic Architecture: More geometric and

56 Doges Palace (Venice): Begun at the end of the 13th Century King s College Chapel, Cambridge, England: Late Gothic Architecture: More geometric and machine-like than the more organic earlier Gothic works ImagePage 56 of 58

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This image and the text corresponding to this image may only be used for noncommercial, educational, and scholarly purposes.

This image and the text corresponding to this image may only be used for noncommercial, educational, and scholarly purposes. ImagePage 1 of 46 Early Christian Architecture: from the collapse of the Roman Empire to the rise of the great monasteries and Gothic cathedrals Middle Ages 500 1420 AD Dark Ages were 500 800 AD many invasions