Referee Bias and Stoppage Time in Major League Soccer: A Partially Adaptive Approach

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Referee Bias and Stoppage Time in Major League Soccer: A Partially Adaptive Approach"

Transcription

1 Econometrcs 2014, 2, 1-19; do: /econometrcs OPEN ACCESS econometrcs ISSN Artcle Referee Bas and Stoppage Tme n Major League Soccer: A Partally Adaptve Approach Katherne G. Yewell 1, Steven B. Caudll 2,3 and Frankln G. Mxon, Jr. 4, * Department of Economcs, Vanderblt Unversty, Nashvlle, TN 37212, USA; E-Mal: katherne.g.yewell@vanderblt.edu Department of Economcs, Rhodes College, Memphs, TN 38112, USA; E-Mal: caudlls@rhodes.edu Department of Economcs (Regons Bank Professor Emertus), Auburn Unversty, Auburn, AL 36849, USA Center for Economc Educaton, Columbus State Unversty, Columbus, GA 31907, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mal: mxon_frankln@columbusstate.edu. Receved: 5 November 2013; n revsed form: 27 January 2014 / Accepted: 31 January 2014 / Publshed: 17 February 2014 Abstract: Ths study extends pror research on referee bas and close bas n professonal soccer by examnng whether Major League Soccer (MLS) referees dscreton over stoppage tme (.e., extra play beyond regulaton) s nfluenced by end-of-regulaton match scores and/or home feld advantage. To do so, we employ a grouped-data regresson model and a partally adaptve model. Both account for the mprecse measurement n reported stoppage tme. For the 2011 season we fnd no home feld advantage. In fact, stoppage tme s the same wth a one or two goal defct at the end of regulaton, regardless of whch team s ahead. However, the 2011 results do pont to an ncrease n stoppage tme of 12 to 20 seconds for natonally televsed matches. For the 2012 season, the natonally televsed effect dsappears due to an ncrease n stoppage tme for those matches not natonally televsed. However, a home feld advantage s present. Facng a one-goal defct at the end of regulaton, the home team receves about 33 seconds more stoppage tme than a vstng team facng the same defct. Keywords: partally adaptve estmaton; referee bas; close bas; grouped-data regresson JEL codes: L8, L83, L2, C20

2 Econometrcs 2014, Introducton There s evdence of a home feld advantage n many sports over many years n studes too numerous to menton. Recently, however, the exstence of a home feld advantage has been challenged. In ther book, Scorecastng, after lstng all of the usual explanatons for the exstence of a home feld advantage, Moskowtz and Werthem [1] settle on the mpact of fans on offcatng what s called referee bas. Referee bas s of great nterest n soccer. Soccer referees have enormous dscreton whch extends to the determnaton of the amount of extra tme added to regulaton tme, thereby ncreasng the length of the match. Gven the typcally low scorng n soccer, the offcals have a greater lkelhood of makng decsve calls. Consder a comparson to professonal football n the U.S. the Natonal Football League (NFL). As n soccer, each football team has eleven players, there s a smaller playng feld, there are seven offcals wth dfferent montorng responsbltes, and mportant referee decsons are automatcally revewed by the Replay Booth, whch uses nstant replay to look for evdence of an ncorrect rulng made durng play, n whch case the rulng s overturned. In addton, coaches can challenge some referee decsons and request that the decson on the feld be revewed by the Replay Booth. In comparson, however, a soccer referee has consderably more responsblty and dscreton, gven that he/she also has the authorty to lengthen regulaton playng tme. Many emprcal studes have examned whether ths dscreton s used to favor the home team. Generally speakng, these studes use least squares regresson models, wheren stoppage tme at the end of the match s ncluded as the dependent varable. Independent varables nclude the score at the end of regulaton, the number of second half yellow cards, the number of second half red cards, and the number of second half substtutons. Other ndependent varables frequently used n these models are match attendance, stadum capacty, venue fxed effects, referee fxed effects, whether the stadum has a track around the feld, effectvely keepng spectators at a dstance. For example, Sutter and Kocher [2] examne penaltes and the awardng of extra tme at the end of matches n the season of the German Bundeslga and fnd evdence of a home bas. Scoppa [3] examnes stoppage tme n Italan soccer league Sere A and fnds that referees are based n favor of the home team by addng more stoppage tme f the home team s losng. They also fnd that the bas s larger f there s no runnng track n the stadum. Garcano, Palacos-Huerta, and Prendergast [4] nvestgate the role that socal forces may have on the behavor of ndvduals. Specfcally, they offer an emprcal test to analyze devatons from honest behavor n a sports context by addressng how the preferences of the crowd attendng a soccer match affect referee behavor. Usng data from the Prmera Dvsón n Span that ncludes the score dfference, number of yellow and red cards, substtutons, and stoppage tme added to the end of each match for the and seasons, they conduct a regresson to test for systematc bas n favor of home teams based on stoppage tme added. Ther results show that professonal soccer referees systematcally favor home teams by shortenng close matches when the home team s ahead, and lengthenng close matches when the home team s behnd. Garcano et al. [4] further document how the sze and the composton of the crowd affect referee favortsm, and conclude that referees favor home teams n order to satsfy crowds n the stadum. Dawson and Dobson [5] examne nternatonal matches and fnd that socal pressure, such as that found n [4], s mportant, as are the natonalty of the referee and the club and the reputaton of the league. Rckman and Wtt [6] look at the mpact of

3 Econometrcs 2014, 2 3 the change to professonal referees on outcomes n Englsh soccer and fnd, however, that after the change, the home feld advantage, as measured by stoppage tme, dsappeared. Dohmen [7], usng data from twelve Bundeslga seasons, fnds that referees systematcally award more stoppage tme n close matches when the home team s behnd and that the home feld advantage s stronger n stadums wthout a runnng track. He also fnds evdence that referees favor the home team n awardng goals and penalty kcks. Pettersen-Ldbom and Prks [8] examned an unusual epsode n Italan soccer to search for referee bas. In 2007, after several rots, some teams were forced to play matches n empty stadums. Ths resulted n a unque stuaton where some matches had fans present and others dd not, provdng an opportunty to determne whether the fans were nfluencng the referees. Usng data from the season for Sere A and Sere B matches, the authors fnd, usng least squares regresson, evdence of referee bas. Recently, studes have examned the ssue of referee bas usng mnute-by-mnute data on match actvty. Usng ths detaled data for Englsh and German soccer matches, Buramo, Forrest, and Smmons [9] examne the occurrence of yellow cards and reds cards and fnd evdence of pure referee bas. They also fnd that n Germany home teams wth runnng tracks receve more yellow and red cards. Usng smlarly detaled data, Buramo, Smmons, and Macaszczyk [10] examne the probablty of awardng yellow cards n Span s La Lga and UEFA Champon s League and fnd evdence of a home team bas. A new lne of research s nvestgatng other motvatons for referee bas. For example, n an mportant paper on referee bas, Prce, Remers, and Stone [11] examne proft-maxmzng bases of referees n the Natonal Basketball Assocaton (NBA). They fnd that referees are lkely to favor home teams, teams losng durng games, and teams losng n playoff seres. These last two bases are referred to as close bas. These authors explan how home bas causes games to be more enjoyable and may lead fans to thnk ther attendance matters, thus ncreasng tcket demand, whle close bas would ncrease televson vewershp demand and possbly tcket demand as well. One manfestaton of close bas n soccer may be an ncrease n stoppage tme f a match s televsed. In lght of the growng mportance of televson revenue, ths ssue deserves scrutny. As sports change from gate-drven revenues to televson-drven (or meda-drven) revenues, the relatve mportance of home bas and close bas should change as well, wth close bas becomng more mportant. Ths study examnes home bas and close bas usng data from the 2011 and 2012 Major League Soccer (MLS) seasons. We seek to explan added tme at the end of the match as a functon of the usual ndependent varables: score at the end of the match, number of second half yellow cards, number of second half red cards, number of second half substtutons and team and referee fxed effects. There are, however, several novel features of our study. We use data from the two most recent MLS seasons, 2011 and 2012, and we nclude a dummy varable to nvestgate the exstence of a televson effect on stoppage tme. We also note that reported stoppage tme s nterval-censored and consequently, nstead of usng ordnary least squares, we estmate a grouped-data regresson model. Further, n order to relax the dstrbutonal assumpton of normalty n the grouped-data regresson model, we estmate a partally adaptve regresson model followng Caudll and Long [12]. Our fndngs ndcate that there s no home feld advantage n the awardng of stoppage tme n The most stoppage tme s added to a match that s ted at the end of regulaton, and we fnd only about 12 seconds less stoppage tme s added f there s a one or two goal dfference, regardless of

4 Econometrcs 2014, 2 4 whch team s behnd. We do fnd a postve televson effect on stoppage tme. In partcular, about 12 seconds more stoppage tme s added for a natonally televsed match, ceters parbus. Our results for 2012 more closely resemble prevous work on stoppage tme. We do fnd evdence of a home feld advantage. In partcular, f the home team s behnd by one goal at the end of regulaton, about 26 seconds more stoppage tme s added beyond what a vstng team facng a one-goal defct would receve. We fnd no evdence of a televson bas n One possble explanaton for the reversal, certanly as far as the mpact of televson s concerned, s that MLS contract wth FOX expred n 2011, and MLS was n the process of courtng FOX s rval NBC. Longer matches mght translate nto more MLS vewers and a more lucratve televson contract from MLS s perspectve. 2. Stoppage Tme and Televson Rghts n MLS: An Overvew Due to the mportant roles played by the measurement of stoppage tme and MLS televson rghts n our analyss, ths secton provdes an overvew of each Stoppage Tme n Soccer Soccer dffers from many team sports n that ts 90-mnute play clock s not stopped durng play, except for half-tme or ntermsson. Ths feature, n combnaton wth the fact that after the 90 mnutes of regulaton play, soccer referees have dscreton over allowng or dsallowng addtonal tme for play a concept that s offcally known as allowance for tme lost provdes what s arguably the greatest dstncton between soccer and ts professonal sports counterparts of Amercan football, basketball and others. Rules regardng the duraton of soccer matches, and n partcular what consttutes allowance for tme lost, are covered n Law 7 of the Fédératon Internatonale de Football Assocaton s (FIFA) offcal Laws of the Game. Allowances provded for by FIFA nclude compensatng for admnstratve stoppages or player substtutons, dscplnary warnngs or bookngs, and/or treatment of njures. FIFA s Laws also confrm that... the allowance for tme lost s at the dscreton of the referee ([13], p.28). Later n the Laws, the procedure for allowance for tme lost s clarfed: The fourth offcal ndcates the mnmum addtonal tme decded by the referee at the end of the fnal mnute of each perod of play. The announcement of the addtonal tme does not ndcate the exact amount of tme left n the match. The tme may be ncreased f the referee consders t approprate but never reduced (FIFA, 2011: 98). Agan, the referee has sole dscreton n decsons regardng stoppage tme MLS and Televson ESPN has been coverng MLS matches snce the league s debut n The network partnered wth ABC on a three-year deal wth MLS, wheren ESPN and ESPN2 would televse 35 matches and ABC would broadcast the MLS Cup. Accordng to the agreement, ESPN would not pay rghts fees, although the two enttes would share advertsng revenues [14]. By 2006, MLS had reached a new eght-year agreement wth ESPN and ABC that was reportedly worth between $7 mllon and $8 mllon per year [15 16]. Accordng to the new agreement, ESPN2 would televse 26 regular season

5 Econometrcs 2014, 2 5 matches n prme tme (Thursdays), n addton to three playoff contests, whle ABC would broadcast each season s openng match, the all-star match, and the MLS Cup. The deal also ncluded televson coverage of the frst round of the MLS Draft, and spanned many of the network s assocated meda ESPN, ESPN2, ESPN360, Moble ESPN and ESPN Deportes [16]. After the frst two years of the new agreement, ESPN s afflates subsumed the coverage provded prevously by ABC, and ESPN2 termnated ts Thursday nght schedule n favor of a game of the week format desgned to reverse low ratngs from the frst two years of the new contract [17]. In makng the move, ESPN cted more flexblty n offerng lve lead-n coverage of matches under the new format, and an ncreased opportunty to feature the league s marquee teams. These changes were made to address a declne n vewershp, whch fell from an average of 289,000 vewers per match n 2007, to 253,000 vewers per match n 2008 [17]. MLS also had a contract wth Fox Soccer begnnng n Addtonally, n August of 2011, the NBC network entered the arena when MLS and NBC Sports agreed to a three-year deal to televse 45 league matches and four Unted States natonal team matches across NBC and NBC Sports Network. Ths deal ended MLS near decade long partnershp wth FOX Soccer, whch fulflled a one-year contract for 2011 [15,18]. In makng the swtch, MLS lauded the fact that the NBC Sports Network reached 76 mllon homes, compared to the 39 mllon homes reached by FOX Soccer [15]. Also underlyng the swtch was the wdely-held vew of MLS that, throughout the partnershp, FOX was prmarly focused on the Englsh Premer League and, thus, dd lttle to promote MLS [18]. For a reported $10 mllon per year, NBC had purchased rghts to broadcast two regular-season MLS matches, two playoff matches and two natonal team matches, whle the NBC Sports Network was set to televse 38 regular-season matches, three playoff matches and two natonal team matches [18]. MLS beleves ts partnershp wth NBC s a good one, gven what Spanberg [19] refers to as... NBC s blend of strong storytellng and combnaton of 20 TV networks and 40 dgtal networks can gve the sport cachet and exposure few can match. Accordng to [19], even wth the new MLS- NBC deal, ESPN wll, through the 2014 season, ar 21 regular-season matches splt among ESPN, ESPN2 and ESPN Deportes, as well as the all-star game and MLS Cup, wth Unvson holdng Spansh-language rghts. In promotng tself to MLS, NBC cted a number of postve trends, ncludng a buldng boom n soccer-specfc stadums, several of whch mantan unsold namng rghts, and a 7.2 percent ncrease n soccer attendance n 2011 [19]. 3. The Data and Model The data used n ths study come from the MLS webste, and nclude nformaton on each regular season match durng the 2011 and 2012 MLS seasons. There are currently 18 teams n MLS, and each plays 34 matches per season, wth 17 of those at home. There are 306 observatons for each year. We focus on our analyss on second half stoppage tme. Our dependent varable, stoppage tme, s reported n mnutes, an nteger, whch we converted to seconds n constructng the varable. As such, stoppage tme s a multple of sxty. However, reported stoppage tme s mprecsely measured. Ths varable reflects the referee s subjectve judgment on how much tme was lost durng regulaton play. Agan, based on FIFA s Laws of the Game, the referee has sole dscreton on how much stoppage tme s added at the end of regulaton play. In exercsng ths

6 Econometrcs 2014, 2 6 dscreton, the referee then reports the mnmum whole number of mnutes that were played usng stoppage tme, and ths truncated number s recorded. For example, two mnutes and thrty-four seconds s recorded as two mnutes. To account for ths censorng, we created the varable tme nterval by addng 59 to the amount of stoppage tme n seconds. Thus, the truncated value of two mnutes s really an ndcaton that stoppage tme played s between two and three mnutes. We have nformaton on several varables, ncludng the number of goals scored by the home team at the end of regulaton and the number of goals scored by the vstng team at the end of regulaton. We use the goal dfference to construct several dummy varables for use n our model. The frst set of dummes s constructed wthout respect to team. Ted ndcates the match s ted at the end of regulaton, Dff1 ndcates a one-goal dfferental at the end of regulaton, Dff2 ndcates a two-goal dfferental at the end of regulaton, and Bgdff ndcates a more-than-two-goal dfferental at the end of regulaton. To facltate hypothess testng, we also construct varables for end-of-regulaton goal dfferental wth respect to the home team. Behnd1 ndcates the home team faces a one-goal defct at the end of regulaton, Behnd2 ndcates the home team faces a two-goal defct at the end of regulaton, and Waybehnd ndcates the home team faces more than a two-goal defct at the end of regulaton. Other ndependent varables n the model are smlar to those used n other studes of stoppage tme. We have nformaton on the number of second half yellow cards (Yellow), the number of second half red cards (Red), and the number of second half substtutons (Subs). We have nformaton on the fracton of stadum capacty flled durng the match (AttPct). Ths varable measures crowd nfluence on referees and has been found to have an effect on European matches, partcularly those matches played n stada wthout runnng tracks separatng the playng feld from the fans. In the MLS, the fans are generally closer to the feld than n Europe, due to an absence of tracks, but there are also fewer fans. The net mpact s an emprcal queston. We also have dummy varables for venue, referee, and televson network. Televson n 2011 s ESPN, FOX, GALA, TELE and TSN. In 2012 televson s ESPN, GALA, NBC, TELE, TSN, and UNI. For each year the televson network nformaton s aggregated nto a sngle varable ndcatng a natonally televsed game (NATV). Our general model s gven below: (1) The varable tme nterval s the dependent varable n our regresson. Bgdff s the omtted dummy varable. We are nterested n testng for the presence of home bas and close bas. A test for home bas s a test of the null hypothess: H 0 : 7 = 8 = 9 = 0, versus the alternatve that at least one of the coeffcents s greater than zero. In prevous studes the focus, rghtly so, s on testng the null that 7 = 0, however, postve and sgnfcant values for any of the coeffcents n the group ndcates that the home team s beng treated more favorably than the vstng team wth regards to stoppage tme. Evdence for close bas exsts f there s no home bas, that s H 0 above cannot be rejected, and the null hypothess, H 0 : 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 can be rejected n favor of the alternatve, H A : 4 > 5 > 6 > 7.

7 Econometrcs 2014, 2 7 Thus, absent a home feld advantage, the longest extra sesson should occur followng a te at the end of regulaton, the second longest extra sesson should occur followng a one-goal dfference at the end of regulaton, the thrd longest extra sesson should occur followng a two-goal dfference at the end of regulaton, each wthout regard to whch team s ahead or behnd. We estmate separate models for the 2011 and 2012 seasons due to the many dfferences across seasons. In partcular, the FOX network broadcast matches n only 2011, whle NBC broadcast matches n only Grouped Data and Partally Adaptve Estmaton Recognzng the nterval nature of the stoppage tme varable, we ntally estmate models usng grouped data or nterval censored regresson. Our emprcal analyss s based on a model n whch the dependent varable s not reported stoppage tme, but nstead s the constructed tme nterval descrbed above. The foundaton for the grouped-data regresson model s provded by Stewart [20], whle addtonal materal and an early applcaton are provded by Caudll [21] and Long and Caudll [22], respectvely. The usual grouped-data regresson model s estmated by maxmum lkelhood under a strong dstrbutonal assumpton. The usual assumpton s that the errors are normally dstrbuted. If ths assumpton s correct, maxmum lkelhood estmators are consstent. If ths assumpton s ncorrect, maxmum lkelhood estmators are nconsstent. In ths case better statstcal performance can be obtaned by usng a flexble estmator that s consstent, even f the errors are not normally dstrbuted. Partally adaptve estmators can provde a soluton. They are flexble, do not depend on the normalty assumpton, and are consstent for wde varety of underlyng dstrbutons. Partally adaptve estmators (henceforth PAE) are maxmum lkelhood (henceforth ML) estmators that are derved under the assumpton of a very general and flexble error structure. In the case of lnear regresson models, PAEs have been developed based on (1) the generalzed t-dstrbuton by McDonald and Newey [23], Butler, McDonald, Nelson, and Whte [24], and McDonald and Whte [25], (2) a mxture-of-normals error structure by Phllps [26 27] and Bartolucc and Scacca [28], and (3) maxmum entropy dstrbuton by Wu and Stengos [29]. Recently, PAEs have been developed for several lmted-dependent varable models. For the dchotomous choce model, McDonald [30] develops a PAE based on the generalzed t-dstrbuton, and Geweke and Keane [31] develop a PAE based on a mxture of normal dstrbutons. For the censored regresson model, McDonald and Xu [32] develop a PAE based on the generalzed t-dstrbuton, and Caudll [33] develops a PAE based on a mxture of normal dstrbutons. For the grouped-data regresson model, Caudll and Long [12] develop a PAE based on a mxture of normals. We use the PAE of [12] n our analyss. The estmaton detals are gven n [12], although an outlne of the approach s gven n ths study. The PAE of [12] s based on the extremely flexble mxture of (two) normal dstrbutons. A mxture of two normal dstrbutons s a random varable whose densty functon s a weghted sum of two normal densty functons. To obtan the densty functon of a mxture, let denote the densty functon of a normal dstrbuton wth mean µ and varance 2, µ

8 Econometrcs 2014, 2 8 whle represents the cumulatve dstrbuton functon of the standard normal. Then, the densty functon of a mxture of two normal dstrbutons, the case most often examned, s gven by, where 0 1. The cumulatve dstrbuton functon of a mxture of two normal dstrbutons s gven by,. Henceforth, we use f and F to ndcate the densty and cumulatve dstrbuton functons, respectvely, of a mxture of two normal dstrbutons. A mxture of two normal dstrbutons has several advantages n partally adaptve estmaton. Frst, a mxture of two normals contans the normal as a specal case whch facltates comparsons wth the common formulaton of most lmted-dependent varable (LDV) models. In ths case, the grouped-data regresson model s contaned n the partally adaptve model. Second, a mxture of two normals s more flexble than partally adaptve approaches based on generalzatons of the t-dstrbuton. In partcular, a mxture of two normal dstrbutons can accommodate every possble combnaton of skewness and kurtoss. Thrd, the approach can easly be extended to more than two normal dstrbutons. For applcatons of a mxture of normal regressons [34 35], see Beard, Caudll and Gropper [34] and Caudll, Gropper and Hartarska [35]. In order to develop a PAE based on a mxture of normals for the grouped-data regresson model, a result from Bartolucc and Scacca [28] s needed. Usng ther notaton, we begn wth the usual regresson model relatng a dependent varable, y, to several ndependent varables, X, Followng [28], let,. (2) (3) Then, the densty functon of y based on the normalty assumpton s gven by, (4) The log-lkelhood functon to be maxmzed n ths case s, Equatons (2) through (5) provde the framework for ML estmaton of the lnear model. Bartolucc and Scacca extend ths approach to a flexble alternatve whch s a mxture of two normal regresson models wth the slope coeffcents constraned to be equal across regmes, yet allowng for the ntercepts to vary. The result s essentally two parallel regresson models. To extend the usual regresson model, followng [28], let the regresson coeffcents n the mxture be gven by, (6) (5)

9 Econometrcs 2014, 2 9 where ndcates observaton: =1 to N and j ndcates regme, j=1,2. The densty from Bartolucc and Scacca s then, (7) where s the mxng weght wth 0 1. The log-lkelhood functon s then, (8) Equatons (6) through (8) gve the framework for ML estmaton of the lnear model followng the approach detaled by [28]. The lkelhood functon n (8) can be maxmzed by usng the expectatons maxmzaton, or EM, algorthm gven by Bartolucc and Scacca. Although the approach based on mxture adds flexblty, the added flexblty comes at a cost. Compared to the usual ML estmator of the smple lnear regresson model, three addtonal parameters must be estmated: the mxng weght, an ntercept, and a varance. The approach of Bartolucc and Scacca s extended to the grouped-data regresson model by Caudll and Long [12]. Below we derve the usual grouped-data regresson model and then the partally adaptve extenson. The latent varable regresson model s gven by, where s normally dstrbuted wth mean zero and varance, whle the nterval endponts are, 0 L 2 L3 L4... LK 1 wth L 0 = -, L 1 = 0, and L K =. Thus, observed y s related to y* as follows: y 1 y 2 y 3 y 4 f f y * L 2 3 etc. 0 f 0 y * y * f L y Regresson parameters are estmated by ML based on products of probabltes such as, The log-lkelhood functon s gven by, P k L * 2 L 3 L prob y k) [ L ] [ L ]. ( k k 1 log L N K 1 k 1 4 I k log( P k ) where I k s a set of dummy varables for each observaton, such that I k equals 1 f the th observaton s n the k th nterval, and 0 otherwse. The partally adaptve approach of [12] s based on a mxture of two normal dstrbutons. Probabltes of nterval membershp are gven by, The log-lkelhood functon s gven by, P k log L(, y * X prob( y k) F[ Lk ] F[ Lk 1] N K 2 2 1, 1, 2, 2 ) Ik log( Pk ) 1 k 1

10 Econometrcs 2014, 2 10 The model s estmated by ML usng the EM algorthm gven n Caudll and Long [12]. Our results are based on both the usual grouped-data regresson model and the partally adaptve approach of Caudll and Long [12]. 1 Estmated coeffcents n the grouped data regresson model and n the partally adaptve regresson model are nterpreted just lke ther OLS counterparts; that s, they are margnal effects. 5. Results Summary statstcs for our samples are gven n Table 1. The means and standard devatons for 2011 are gven n column two of the table and the means and standard devatons for 2012 are gven n column three of the table. There s lttle dfference n the means of varables between the two years except for two cases; Stoppage_sec and NATV. Stoppage_sec s the reported stoppage tme, whch s about 26 seconds more n the 2012 season than n Also, n 2012 the fracton of matches that were natonally televsed s 0.334, up from n We turn now to a dscusson of our estmaton strategy. We estmate our models usng grouped data regresson, then test down usng lkelhood rato tests to obtan a parsmonous model whch s ultmately estmated usng the partally adaptve approach of Caudll and Long [12]. Usng a generalto-specfc modelng approach, we estmate Equaton (1) above for 2011 and Our frst step s to test for the presence of referee fxed effects and drop them from the model f the null hypothess that all assocated coeffcents equal zero cannot be rejected. 2 We do the same for the venue fxed effects. If, n ether case, the null s rejected, we use a forward stepwse procedure to determne whch fxed effects to nclude. 3 We also test for the presence of a home feld advantage by jontly testng the coeffcents of Behnd1, Behnd2, and Waybehnd. If the null cannot be rejected, we omt the group. If the null can be rejected, we retan the entre group n future specfcatons The 2011 Season We estmate the model n Equaton (1) for second half stoppage tme n 2011 frst. Frst, we test the null hypothess that the coeffcents of all of the referee fxed effects are zero. We cannot reject ths hypothess. The resultng ch-square s wth 25 degrees of freedom, resultng n a p-value of We test the null hypothess that the coeffcents of all of the venue fxed effects are zero. We cannot reject ths hypothess. The ch-square value s wth 19 degrees of freedom, yeldng a p-value of We test the null hypothess that the coeffcents of all of the home bas coeffcents are zero. We cannot reject ths hypothess. The ch-square value s 1.48 wth 3 degrees of freedom, yeldng a p- value of The referee fxed effects, the venue fxed effects, and the home bas dummy varables are omtted from subsequent estmatons. 1 All partally adaptve models are estmated usng a program wrtten by the authors n the IML language n SAS that s avalable from the authors upon request. 2 Alternatvely, one could estmate a mxed model but the software does not presently exst to estmate a partally adaptve nterval-censored mxed model. 3 We are grateful to an anonymous referee for ths suggeston.

11 Econometrcs 2014, 2 11 Table 1. Sample means and standard devatons for 2011 and 2012 Major League Soccer (MLS) seasons. Varable Stoppage_sec (74.96) (85.39) Yellow (1.28) (1.30) Red (0.43) (0.35) Subs (1.01) (1.08) Ted (0.489) (0.49) Dff (0.50) (0.49) Dff (0.32) (0.36) Bgdff (0.16) (0.16) Behnd (0.38) (0.38) Behnd (0.19) (0.21) Waybehnd (0.08) (0.08) AttPct (0.24) (0.25) NATV (0.44) (0.47) We re-estmate the model wth the omtted dummy varables. The results of estmatng the model are gven n Table 2. The OLS results, presented for comparson, are gven n column two of the table. As the results are very smlar to the grouped data results, we do not dscuss them n detal here. Column three of the table contans the results from estmatng the grouped-data regresson model. Our earler test ndcated no evdence for a home bas n the awardng of stoppage tme. The estmated coeffcents of Ted, Dff1, and Dff2 (132.34, , and , respectvely) are declnng, whch s consstent wth close bas n that more stoppage tme s added the closer the score at the end of regulaton. We tested the equalty of the coeffcents usng a lkelhood rato test and we can reject the null hypothess of equalty ( 2 (3) = wth p-value = 0.00). We fnd no evdence that attendance as a fracton of stadum capacty has an mpact on stoppage tme. However, the coeffcent of NATV ndcates that natonally televsed matches are, on average, about 22 seconds longer than untelevsed matches (t = 2.32). In order to make certan our fndngs are not an artfact of the normalty assumpton, we re-estmate the model usng the partally adaptve approach detal earler. We fnd that there s consderable evdence ndcatng that the underlyng error structure s not normal. Followng Sarstedt and Schwager (2008), we calculate Akake s Informaton Crteron (AIC), consstent Akake s Informaton Crteron

12 Econometrcs 2014, 2 12 (CAIC), Bayesan Informaton Crteron (BIC), and the sample-sze adjusted AIC (ABIC) for the grouped-data regresson model and our PAM estmator. We use these statstcs n our applcaton for model selecton. All four nformaton crtera favor the partally adaptve model over the usual grouped-data regresson model. In addton, we plot the estmated densty functons for the usual grouped-data regresson and the partally adaptve verson, evaluated at the sample means of the ndependent varables. The results are gven n Fgure 1, and do show that the mxture densty s more compact than the normal wth a fatter rght tal. Clearly, the two dstrbutons are dfferent. Varable Table 2. Estmaton results for the 2011 MLS regular season. OLS Estmaton Results 1 Grouped-Data Estmaton Results 2 Partally Adaptve Estmaton Results Intercept (1.90) *** (2.76) *** (3.65) Intercept *** (3.45) Yellow (2.60) 8.312*** (2.64) 7.098*** (3.00) Red (2.11) ** (2.14) ** (2.29) Subs *** (3.44) *** (3.48) 9.010*** (2.94) Ted *** (5.07) *** (5.14) *** (10.10) Dff *** (4.34) *** (4.40) *** (9.52) Dff *** (3.74) *** (3.80) *** (8.75) AttPct (1.20) (1.22) (0.26) NATV (2.29) ** (2.32) * (1.73) Sgma Sgma Mxng weght -ln L ¹ Fgures n parentheses are absolute values of t-ratos based on robust standard errors. 2 Estmated coeffcents n the grouped data regresson model and n the partally adaptve regresson model are nterpreted just lke ther OLS counterparts; that s, they are margnal effects. *** Sgnfcant at the = 0.01 level, two-taled test. ** Sgnfcant at the = 0.05 level, two-taled test. * Sgnfcant at the = 0.10 level, two-taled test.

13 Econometrcs 2014, 2 13 Fgure Denstes of normal and mxture of normals The estmaton results for the partally adaptve verson of our model are gven n column four of Table 2. The results are smlar to those obtaned from the usual grouped data regresson model. Lke the grouped data regresson model, the only coeffcent not achevng statstcal sgnfcance s that of AttPct. The coeffcent of NATV s smaller n magntude, but stll ndcates a statstcally sgnfcant ncrease n stoppage tme for natonally televsed matches. The coeffcent ndcates about 12 addtonal seconds of stoppage tme (wth a t-rato of 1.73) The 2012 Season One mportant dfference n 2012 s that the broadcast networks changed somewhat; specfcally, NBC entered the scene whle FOX made an ext. Our analyss of the 2012 season proceeds smlarly to that for We tested for referee and venue fxed effects. To begn, we return to our full model gven n Equaton (1) above. We can reject the null hypothess of no referee fxed effects. The ch-square value s wth 30 degrees of freedom and a p-value of The null hypothess of no venue fxed effects cannot be rejected. The ch-square value s wth 18 degrees of freedom and a p-value of We can reject the null hypothess of no home feld bas. 4 The ch-square s 7.22 wth 3 degrees of freedom and a p-value of Followng a suggeston of a referee, we also tested for home bas by replacng Behnd1, Behnd2, and Waybehnd wth the nteracton terms AttPct*Behnd1, AttPct*Behnd2, and AttPct*Waybehnd n our models for 2011 and Our conclusons regardng the absence of home bas n 2011 and the presence of home bas n 2012 were unchanged.

14 Econometrcs 2014, 2 14 Based on these test results, we omt the venue fxed effects from the model and retan our home feld varables: Behnd1, Behnd2, and Waybehnd. For the referee fxed effects, we conduct a forward stepwse procedure and admt a referee effect f the assocated p-value s less than Ths procedure resulted n the addton of seven referee dummy varables; Ref1, Ref6, Ref12, Ref22, Ref23, Ref28, and Ref30. The OLS estmaton results are gven n column two of Table 3 and are presented for the purpose of comparson. Agan, they are not dscussed here as they are smlar to the grouped data regresson results. The grouped data estmaton results are gven n column three of Table 3. The coeffcents of all varables except Red, Behnd2, Waybehnd, and AttPct are statstcally sgnfcant at the = 0.10 level or better. There are two man results for Frst, unlke 2011, there s a negatve and sgnfcant natonal televson effect. The coeffcent s wth a t-rato (absolute value) of The other fndng, consstent wth most emprcal studes on soccer, s the presence of a home feld advantage. Ths concluson s based on the coeffcent of Behnd1, ndcatng that an addtonal 29 seconds of stoppage tme (t = 2.20) s added f the home team, rather than the vstng team, s behnd by one goal at the end of regulaton play. 5 As before, we also estmate the partally adaptve model n case our results are due to the restrctve normalty assumpton n the grouped-data regresson model. Several nformaton crtera support the partally adaptve model over the usual grouped-data regresson. Fgure 2 contans plots of the normal and mxture-of-normals densty functons evaluated at the sample means. The mxture-of-normals densty looks much lke that n the 2011 case. Ths densty dffers greatly from the normal, beng more concentrated, shfted left, and havng a fatter rght tal. The results of estmatng the partally adaptve model are gven n the fourth column of Table 3. These results mrror those from the grouped-data regresson model, wth two notable exceptons. There s now a statstcally sgnfcant home feld advantage f the home team s behnd by more than two goals at the end of regulaton play. The coeffcent ndcates that about 80 addtonal seconds of stoppage tme are added f the home team s way behnd the vstng team (t = 1.98). The natonal televson effect s now hghly nsgnfcant. The mportant fndng of an addtonal seconds of stoppage tme added when the home team s behnd by one goal remans. 5 Gven that the law governng stoppage tme allows referees to account for wast[ed] tme durng regulaton play, t s possble that numerous excessve goal celebratons could account for some of the observed stoppage tme n a gven soccer contest. To account for ths, we constructed and added the total number of second-half goals scored to the set of regressors from our most general grouped-data regresson model. For 2011, the estmated coeffcent on ths regressor s 1.05, wth a t-rato of For the 2012, the estmated coeffcent s 6.08 wth a t-rato of 1.29 (absolute value). Thus, the varable s not sgnfcant.

15 Econometrcs 2014, 2 15 Varable Table 3. Estmaton results for the 2012 MLS regular season. OLS Estmaton Results 1 Grouped-Data Estmaton Results 2 Partally Adaptve Estmaton Results Intercept * (1.79) *** (2.81) *** (4.60) Intercept *** (4.03) Yellow *** (3.48) *** (3.52) *** (4.25) Red (0.08) (0.20) (0.58) Subs *** (3.29) *** (3.19) 8.665*** (2.82) Ted *** (4.48) *** (4.57) *** (4.86) Dff *** (3.17) *** (3.26) *** (3.82) Dff *** (2.87) *** (2.92) *** (3.35) Behnd * (2.16) ** (2.20) ** (2.23) Behnd (1.05) (1.12) (0.48) Waybehnd (1.39) (1.52) * (1.98) AttPct (0.78) (1.05) (0.10) NATV (0.64) * (1.90) (0.20) Ref (3.69)*** *** (3.74) *** (4.18) Ref * (1.84) * (1.90) * (1.74) Ref ** (2.61) *** (2.76) (1.07) Ref * (1.74) * (1.78) (1.60) Ref *** (2.43) *** (2.58) *** (3.94) Ref ** (2.15) ** (2.20) *** (3.43) Ref * (1.99) ** (2.06) *** (3.43) Sgma Sgma Mxng weght lnl ¹ Fgures n parentheses are absolute values of t-ratos based on robust standard errors. 2 Estmated coeffcents n the grouped data regresson model and n the partally adaptve regresson model are nterpreted just lke ther OLS counterparts; that s, they are margnal effects. *** Sgnfcant at the = 0.01 level, two-taled test. ** Sgnfcant at the = 0.05 level, two-taled test. * Sgnfcant at the = 0.10 level, two-taled test.

16 Econometrcs 2014, 2 16 Fgure Denstes of normal and mxture of normals. The results from the 2011 and 2012 seasons have lttle n common. There s no home feld advantage n the addton of stoppage tme n 2011, but ths often-found effect s present n There s a natonal televson effect n 2011, but not n If one looks smply at the means of stoppage tme, natonally televsed matches are, on average, about 14 seconds longer than other matches. In 2012, natonally televsed matches are, on average, about 14 seconds shorter than other matches. However, average stoppage tme n 2012 exceeded average stoppage tme n In fact, although the average stoppage tme for a natonally televsed match s not much dfferent n 2011 than n 2012, the bg change s n the stoppage tme for the other matches. For those matches not natonally televsed, the average stoppage tme n 2012 s over 33 seconds longer than the average n The natonally televsed effect s not statstcally sgnfcant n 2012, ndcatng that dfferences n the other ndependent varables n the model accounted for the spread. That s not the case n 2011, as the effect s statstcally sgnfcant, ceters parbus. One possble explanaton for the fndng s that 6 Followng the suggeston of a referee, we pooled the 2011 and 2012 data and then dvded the sample nto natonally televsed and not natonally televsed matches. We returned to our large model (1), dropped NATV and added a year dummy varable for For the televsed games we found no evdence of a home feld advantage. Although the Behnd1 coeffcent was margnally sgnfcant, the home group was not ( 2 (3) = 3.62 wth p-value = ). For the matches not natonally televsed we found some evdence of a home feld advantage, surprsngly based on the strength of a large postve and statstcally sgnfcant Waybehnd coeffcent. Testng our home group here gave a 2 (3) = 7.69 wth a p-value of Ths s consstent wth our pror belef that close bas s more mportant for televsed games and home bas s more mportant for not-televsed games.

17 Econometrcs 2014, s the year that the MLS contract wth FOX ended, and that some longer matches mght have put MLS n a better negotatng poston aganst FOX and/or NBC. 6. Conclusons Ths study examnes home bas, close bas, and televson bas n Major League Soccer (MLS) usng data on second-half stoppage tme for the 2011 and 2012 MLS seasons. There are several novel features of our study. We use data from the two most recent MLS seasons, 2011 and We nclude a dummy varable to nvestgate the exstence of a televson effect on stoppage tme. We note that reported stoppage tme s nterval-censored and, consequently, we estmate a grouped-data regresson model. We also estmate a partally adaptve regresson model, followng [12]. Our fndngs ndcate that there s no home feld advantage n the awardng of stoppage tme n We do fnd a postve televson effect on stoppage tme. In partcular, from 12 to 23 seconds more stoppage tme s added for a natonally televsed match, ceters parbus. Our results for 2012 more closely resemble prevous work on stoppage tme n soccer. We do fnd evdence of a home feld advantage. In partcular, f the home team s behnd by one goal at the end of regulaton, about 33 seconds of stoppage tme s added beyond the average for a vstng team facng a one-goal defct. We fnd no evdence of a televson bas n One possble explanaton for the reversal, certanly as far as the mpact of televson s concerned, s that MLS contract wth FOX expred n 2011, and t was n the process of beng renegotated wth FOX s rval NBC. Longer matches mght translate nto more vewers of MLS matches, and, as a result, a more favorable televson contract for MLS. Acknowledgments The authors thank two anonymous referees for helpful comments on prevous versons of ths study, and Greg Lalas, Edtor-n-Chef of MLSSoccer.com, for provdng the data used n ths study. The usual caveat apples. Conflcts of Interest The authors declare no conflct of nterest. References 1. Moskowtz, T.J.; Werthem, L.J. Scorecastng: The Hdden Influences behnd how Sports are Played and Games are Won; Crown Publshng: New York, NY, USA, Sutter, M.; Kocher, M.G.. Favortsm of agents The case of referees home bas. J. Econ. Psychol. 2004, 25, Scoppa, V. Are subjectve evaluatons based by socal factors or connectons? An econometrc analyss of soccer referee decsons. Empr. Econ. 2007, 35, Garcano, L., Palacos-Huerta, I., and Prendergast, C. Favortsm under socal pressure. Rev. Econ. Stat. 2005, 87, Dawson, P.; Dobson, S. The nfluence of socal pressure and natonalty on ndvdual decsons: Evdence from the behavor of referees. IASE/NAASE Workng Paper No , 2008.

18 Econometrcs 2014, Rckman, N.; Wtt, R. Favourtsm and fnancal ncentves: A natural experement. Economca 2008, 75, Dohmen, T. The nfluence of socal forces: Evdence from the behavor of football referees. Econ. Inq. 2008, 46, Pettersen-Ldbom, P.; Prks, M. Behavor under socal pressure: Empty talan stadums and referee bas. Econ. Lett. 2010, 108, Buramo, B.; Forrest, D.; Smmons, R. The 12th man? Refereeng bas n Englsh and German soccer. J. Royal Stat. Soc. 2010, 173, Buramo, B.; Smmons, R.; Macaszczyk, M. Favortsm and referee bas n european soccer: Evdence from the Spansh league and the UEFA Champons League. Contemp. Econ. Pol. 2012, 30, Prce, J.; Remer, M.; Stone, D.F. Subperfect game: Proftable bases of NBA referees. J. Econ. Manag Strateg. 2012, 21, Caudll, S.B.; Long, J.E. Do former athletes make better managers? Evdence from a partally adaptve grouped-data regresson model. Empr. Econ. 2010, 39, Fédératon Internatonale de Football Assocaton (FIFA), Ed. The Offcal Laws of the Game; Trumph Books: Chcago, IL, USA, Sandomr, R. U.S. pro league moves along by sgnng a televson deal. New York Tmes. Avalable onlne: (accessed 16 March 1994). 15. Ourand, J. NBC sgns three-year deal wth MLS for FOX Soccer s televson package. Street & Smth s Sports Busness Daly. Avalable onlne: (accessed 10 August 2011). 16. Staff ESPN purchases broadcast rghts to MLS games. Avalable onlne: (accessed 5 August 2006). 17. Mckle, T.; Ourand, J. ESPN bootng MLS from ts Thursday slot. Street & Smth s Sports Busness Daly. Avalable onlne: Bootng-MLS-From-Its-Thursday-Slot.aspx. (accessed 19 January 2009). 18. Bell, J. MLS and NBC Sports announce new TV deal. New York Tmes. Avalable onlne: (accessed 10 August 2011). 19. Spanberg, E. Soccer s new stage. Street & Smth s Sports Busness Daly. Avalable onlne: (accessed 5 March 2012). 20. Stewart, M.B. On least squares estmaton when the dependent varable s grouped. Rev. Econ. Stud. 1983, 50, Caudll, S.B. More on groupng coarseness n lnear normal regresson models. J. Econom. 1992, 52, Long, J.E.; Caudll, S.B. The mpact of partcpaton n ntercollegate athletcs on ndvdual ncome and graduaton. Rev. Econ. Stat. 1991, 73,

19 Econometrcs 2014, McDonald, J.B.; Newey, W.K. Partally adaptve estmaton of regresson models va the generalzed T dstrbuton. Econom. Theory 1988, 4, Butler, R.J.; McDonald, J.B.; Nelson, R.D.; Whte, S.B. Robust and partally adaptve estmaton of regresson models. Rev. Econ. Stat. 1990, 2, McDonald, J.B.; Whte, S.B. A comparson of some robust, adaptve, and partally adaptve estmators of regresson models. Econom. Rev. 1993, 12, Phllps, R.F. A constraned maxmum lkelhood approach to estmatng swtchng regressons. J. Econom. 1991, 48, Phllps, R.F. Partally adaptve estmaton va a normal mxture. J. Econom. 1994, 64, Bartolucc, F.; Scacca, L. The use of mxtures for dealng wth non-normal regresson errors. Comput. Stat. Data Anal. 2005, 48, Wu, X.; Stengos, T. Partally adaptve estmaton va the maxmum entropy denstes. Econom. J. 2005, 9, McDonald, J.B. An applcaton and comparson of some flexble parametrc and sem-parametrc qualtatve response models. Econ. Lett. 1996, 53, Geweke, J.; Keane, M. Mxture-of-normals probt. Federal Reserve Bank of Mnneapols, Research Staff Report 237, August McDonald, J.B.; Xu, Y.J. A comparson of sem-parametrc and partally adaptve estmators of the censored regresson model wth possbly skewed and leptokurtc error dstrbutons. Econ. Lett. 1996, 51, Caudll, S.B. A partally adaptve estmator for the censored regresson model based on a mxture of normal dstrbutons. Stat. Methods Applc. 2012, 21, Beard, T.R.; Caudll, S.B.; Gropper, D.M. Fnte mxture model estmaton of mult-product cost functons. Rev. Econ. Stat. 1991, 73, Caudll, S.B.; Gropper, D.M.; Hartarska, V. Whch mcrofnance nsttutons are becomng more cost-effectve wth tme? Evdence from a mxture model. J. Money Credt Bank. 2009, 41, Sarstedt, M.; Schwager, M. Model selecton n mxture regresson analyss A Monte Carlo smulaton study. In Data Analyss, Machne Learnng and Applcatons: Proceedngs of the 31st Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft für Klassfkaton e.v., Albert-Ludwgs-Unverstät Freburg, 7 9 March 2007; Sprnger: Berln and Hedelberg, 2008; pp by the authors; lcensee MDPI, Basel, Swtzerland. Ths artcle s an open access artcle dstrbuted under the terms and condtons of the Creatve Commons Attrbuton lcense (

Muscle drain versus brain gain in association football: technology transfer through

Muscle drain versus brain gain in association football: technology transfer through Muscle dran versus bran gan n assocaton football: technology transfer through player emgraton and manager mmgraton G. J. Allan a * and J. Moffat b a Correspondng Author: Department of Economcs, Sr Wllam

More information

The impact of foreign players on international football performance

The impact of foreign players on international football performance MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve The mpact of foregn players on nternatonal football performance Orhan Karaca Ekonomst Magazne, Research Department October 008 Onlne at http://mpra.ub.un-muenchen.de/11064/

More information

Reduced drift, high accuracy stable carbon isotope ratio measurements using a reference gas with the Picarro 13 CO 2 G2101-i gas analyzer

Reduced drift, high accuracy stable carbon isotope ratio measurements using a reference gas with the Picarro 13 CO 2 G2101-i gas analyzer Reduced drft, hgh accuracy stable carbon sotope rato measurements usng a reference gas wth the Pcarro 13 CO 2 G2101- gas analyzer Chrs Rella, Ph.D. Drector of Research & Development Pcarro, Inc., Sunnyvale,

More information

Equilibrium or Simple Rule at Wimbledon? An Empirical Study

Equilibrium or Simple Rule at Wimbledon? An Empirical Study Equlbrum or Smple Rule at Wmbledon? An Emprcal Study Shh-Hsun Hsu, Chen-Yng Huang and Cheng-Tao Tang Revson: March 2004 Abstract We follow Walker and Wooders (200) emprcal analyss to collect and study

More information

Methodology for ACT WorkKeys as a Predictor of Worker Productivity

Methodology for ACT WorkKeys as a Predictor of Worker Productivity Methodology for ACT WorkKeys as a Predctor of Worker Productvty The analyss examned the predctve potental of ACT WorkKeys wth regard to two elements. The frst s tme to employment. People takng WorkKeys

More information

Major League Duopolists: When Baseball Clubs Play in Two-Team Cities. Phillip Miller. Department of Economics. Minnesota State University, Mankato

Major League Duopolists: When Baseball Clubs Play in Two-Team Cities. Phillip Miller. Department of Economics. Minnesota State University, Mankato Major League Duopolsts: When Baseball Clubs Play n Two-Team Ctes Phllp Mller Department of Economcs Mnnesota State Unversty, Mankato September 2006 Abstract: Ths paper focuses on examnng the attendance

More information

First digit of chosen number Frequency (f i ) Total 100

First digit of chosen number Frequency (f i ) Total 100 1 4. ANALYSING FREQUENCY TABLES Categorcal (nomnal) data are usually summarzed n requency tables. Contnuous numercal data may also be grouped nto ntervals and the requency o observatons n each nterval

More information

CS 2750 Machine Learning. Lecture 4. Density estimation. CS 2750 Machine Learning. Announcements

CS 2750 Machine Learning. Lecture 4. Density estimation. CS 2750 Machine Learning. Announcements CS 75 Machne Learnng Lecture 4 ensty estmaton Mlos Hauskrecht mlos@cs.ptt.edu 539 Sennott Square CS 75 Machne Learnng Announcements Homework ue on Wednesday before the class Reports: hand n before the

More information

Evaluation of a Center Pivot Variable Rate Irrigation System

Evaluation of a Center Pivot Variable Rate Irrigation System Evaluaton of a Center Pvot Varable Rate Irrgaton System Ruxu Su Danel K. Fsher USDA-ARS Crop Producton Systems Research Unt, Stonevlle, Msssspp Abstrat: Unformty of water dstrbuton of a varable rate center

More information

PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION ON THE EUROPEAN PGA TOUR: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION ON THE EUROPEAN PGA TOUR: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION ON THE EUROPEAN PGA TOUR: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS C. Barry Pftzner and Chrs Spence, Department of Economcs/Busness, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, bpftzne@rmc.edu, cspence@rmc.edu

More information

CAREER DURATION IN THE NHL: PUSHING AND PULLING ON EUROPEANS?

CAREER DURATION IN THE NHL: PUSHING AND PULLING ON EUROPEANS? UNC CHARLOTTE ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES CAREER DURATION IN THE NHL: PUSHING AND PULLING ON EUROPEANS? Crag A. Depken II Johnny Duckng Peter A. Groothus Workng Paper No. 2016-005 THE UNIVERSITY OF

More information

What does it take to be a star?

What does it take to be a star? Unversty of Freburg Department of Internatonal Economc Polcy Dscusson Paper Seres Nr. 1 What does t take to be a star? The role of performance and the meda for German soccer players Erk E. Lehmann and

More information

English Premier League (EPL) Soccer Matches Prediction using An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for

English Premier League (EPL) Soccer Matches Prediction using An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for Englsh Premer League (EPL) Soccer Matches Predcton usng An Adaptve Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for Amadn, F. I 1 and Ob, J.C. 2 Department of Computer Scence, Unversty of Benn, Benn Cty. Ngera.

More information

JIMAR ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 2001 (Project ) Project Title: Analyzing the Technical and Economic Structure of Hawaii s Pelagic Fishery

JIMAR ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 2001 (Project ) Project Title: Analyzing the Technical and Economic Structure of Hawaii s Pelagic Fishery 1 JIMAR ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 2001 (Project 653540) P.I. Name: PngSun Leung, Khem Sharma and Sam Pooley Project Research Assstant: Naresh Pradhan Project Ttle: Analyzng the Techncal and Economc Structure

More information

Johnnie Johnson, Owen Jones and Leilei Tang. Exploring decision-makers use of price information in a speculative market

Johnnie Johnson, Owen Jones and Leilei Tang. Exploring decision-makers use of price information in a speculative market Johnne Johnson, Owen Jones and Lele Tang Explorng decson-makers use of prce nformaton n a speculatve market Abstract We explore the extent to whch the decsons of partcpants n a speculatve market effectvely

More information

Free Ride, Take it Easy: An Empirical Analysis of Adverse Incentives Caused by Revenue Sharing

Free Ride, Take it Easy: An Empirical Analysis of Adverse Incentives Caused by Revenue Sharing MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve Free Rde, Take t Easy: An Emprcal Analyss of Adverse Incentves Caused by Revenue Sharng Danel, Rascher; Matt, Brown; Mark, Nagel and Chad, McEvoy Unversty of San Francsco,

More information

Modeling the Performance of a Baseball Player's Offensive Production

Modeling the Performance of a Baseball Player's Offensive Production Brgham Young Unversty BYU ScholarsArchve All Theses and Dssertatons 006-03-09 Modelng the Performance of a Baseball Player's Offensve Producton Mchael Ross Smth Brgham Young Unversty - Provo Follow ths

More information

Development of Accident Modification Factors for Rural Frontage Road Segments in Texas

Development of Accident Modification Factors for Rural Frontage Road Segments in Texas Development of Accdent Modfcaton Factors for Rural Frontage Road Segments n Texas Domnque Lord* Zachry Department of Cvl Engneerng & Center for Transportaton Safety Texas Transportaton Insttute Texas A&M

More information

WORKING PAPER SERIES Long-term Competitive Balance under UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations Markus Sass Working Paper No. 5/2012

WORKING PAPER SERIES Long-term Competitive Balance under UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations Markus Sass Working Paper No. 5/2012 WORKING PAPER SERIES Impressum ( 5 TMG) Herausgeber: Otto-von-Guercke-Unverstät Magdeburg Fakultät für Wrtschaftswssenschaft Der Dekan Verantwortlch für dese Ausgabe: Otto-von-Guercke-Unverstät Magdeburg

More information

A PROBABILITY BASED APPROACH FOR THE ALLOCATION OF PLAYER DRAFT SELECTIONS IN AUSTRALIAN RULES

A PROBABILITY BASED APPROACH FOR THE ALLOCATION OF PLAYER DRAFT SELECTIONS IN AUSTRALIAN RULES Journal of Sports Scence and Medcne (2006) 5, 509-516 http://www.jssm.org Research artcle The 8th Australasan Conference on Mathematcs and Computers n Sport, 3-5 July 2006, Queensland, Australa A PROBABILITY

More information

Crash Frequency and Severity Modeling Using Clustered Data from Washington State

Crash Frequency and Severity Modeling Using Clustered Data from Washington State Proceedngs of the IEEE ITSC 2006 2006 IEEE Intellgent Transportaton Systems Conference Toronto, Canada, September 17-20, 2006 WB7.1 Crash Frequency and Severty Modelng Usng Clustered Data from Washngton

More information

Engineering Analysis of Implementing Pedestrian Scramble Crossing at Traffic Junctions in Singapore

Engineering Analysis of Implementing Pedestrian Scramble Crossing at Traffic Junctions in Singapore Engneerng Analyss of Implementng Pedestran Scramble Crossng at Traffc Junctons n Sngapore Dr. Lm Wee Chuan Eldn Department of Chemcal & Bomolecular Engneerng, Natonal Unversty of Sngapore, 4 Engneerng

More information

Randomization and serial dependence in professional tennis matches: Do strategic considerations, player rankings and match characteristics matter?

Randomization and serial dependence in professional tennis matches: Do strategic considerations, player rankings and match characteristics matter? Judgment and Decson Makng, Vol. 13, No. 5, September 2018, pp. 413 427 Randomzaton and seral dependence n professonal tenns matches: Do strategc consderatons, player rankngs and match characterstcs matter?

More information

Beating a Live Horse: Effort s Marginal Cost Revealed in a Tournament

Beating a Live Horse: Effort s Marginal Cost Revealed in a Tournament Clemson Unversty From the SelectedWorks of Mchael T. Maloney March, 2008 Beatng a Lve Horse: Effort s Margnal Cost Revealed n a Tournament Mchael T. Maloney, Clemson Unversty Bentley Coffey, Clemson Unversty

More information

COMPENSATING FOR WAVE NONRESPONSE IN THE 1979 ISDP RESEARCH PANEL

COMPENSATING FOR WAVE NONRESPONSE IN THE 1979 ISDP RESEARCH PANEL COMPENSATING FOR WAVE NONRESPONSE IN THE 1979 ISDP RESEARCH PANEL 1. Introducton Graham Kalton, Unversty of Mchgan ames Lepkowsk, Unversty of Mchgan Tng-Kwong Ln. Natonal Unversty of Sngapore The choce

More information

Decomposition guide Technical report on decomposition

Decomposition guide Technical report on decomposition June 2013 Decomposton gude Techncal report on decomposton Erasmus MC Start date of project: 20 Aprl 2012 Duraton: 36 months 1 Table of contents Abstract... 4 Acknowledgements... 5 Introducton... 6 Part

More information

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ISU SYNCHRONIZED SKATING TECHNICAL CONTROLLERS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ISU SYNCHRONIZED SKATING TECHNICAL CONTROLLERS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS A ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ISU SYNCHRONIZED SKATING TECHNICAL CONTROLLERS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS DIFFICULTY GROUPS OF FEATURES 1 DEFINITIONS: Change of Rotaton: Refers to TURNS or LINKING STEPS rotatng

More information

A Study on Parametric Wave Estimation Based on Measured Ship Motions

A Study on Parametric Wave Estimation Based on Measured Ship Motions 1 A Study on Parametrc Wave Estmaton Based on Measured Shp Motons Ulrk Dam NIELSEN * and Tosho ISEKI ** Abstract The paper studes parametrc wave estmaton based on the wave buoy analogy, and data and results

More information

Evaluating Rent Dissipation in the Spanish Football Industry *

Evaluating Rent Dissipation in the Spanish Football Industry * Evaluatng Rent Dsspaton n the Spansh Football Industry * Gudo Ascar Dp. d Economa Poltca e Metod Quanttatv Va S. Felce 5 27100 Pava, Italy Tel: (+39) 0382 506211 Fax: (+39) 0382 304226 gascar@eco.unpv.t

More information

Report No. FHWA/LA.13/508. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Report No. FHWA/LA.13/508. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD PAGE Report No. FHWA/LA.13/508 4. Ttle and Subttle A Comprehensve Study on Pavement Edge Lne Implementaton 7. Author(s) Xaoduan Sun, Ph.D., P.E. Subassh Das 9. Performng Organzaton

More information

EXPLAINING INTERNATIONAL SOCCER RANKINGS. Peter Macmillan and Ian Smith

EXPLAINING INTERNATIONAL SOCCER RANKINGS. Peter Macmillan and Ian Smith EXPLAINING INTERNATIONAL SOCCER RANKINGS Peter Macmllan and Ian Smth School of Economcs and Fnance Unversty of St Andrews St Andrews Ffe, KY16 9AL Unted Kngdom Tel: + 44 1334 46430 (Smth), + 44 1334 46433

More information

Recreational trip timing and duration prediction: A research note

Recreational trip timing and duration prediction: A research note Recreatonal trp tmng and duraton predcton: A research note Ataelty Halu a and Le Gao a* a School of Agrcultural and Resource Economcs, The Unversty of Western Australa, Crawley, WA 6009, Australa *E-mal

More information

A non-parametric analysis of the efficiency of the top European football clubs

A non-parametric analysis of the efficiency of the top European football clubs MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve A non-parametrc analyss of the effcency of the top European football clubs George Halkos and Nckolaos Tzeremes Unversty of Thessaly, Department of Economcs May 2011 Onlne

More information

OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN U.S. CORPORATIONS. Mohammad Rahnamaei. A Thesis. in the. John Molson School of Business

OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN U.S. CORPORATIONS. Mohammad Rahnamaei. A Thesis. in the. John Molson School of Business OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN U.S. CORPORATIONS Mohammad Rahnamae A Thess n the John Molson School of Busness Presented n Partal Fulfllment of the Requrements For the Degree of Master of Scence (Busness Admnstraton)

More information

Relative Salary Efficiency of PGA Tour Golfers: A Dynamic Review

Relative Salary Efficiency of PGA Tour Golfers: A Dynamic Review Relatve Salary Effcency of PGA Tour Golfers: A Dynamc Revew Julo Cesar Alonso Unversdad Ices Julan Benavdes Unversdad Ices Based on one-year sample, Nero (2001) estmated golfers' usng four performance

More information

Price Determinants of Show Quality Quarter Horses. Mykel R. Taylor. Kevin C. Dhuyvetter. Terry L. Kastens. Megan Douthit. and. Thomas L.

Price Determinants of Show Quality Quarter Horses. Mykel R. Taylor. Kevin C. Dhuyvetter. Terry L. Kastens. Megan Douthit. and. Thomas L. Prce Determnants of Show Qualty Quarter Horses Mykel R. Taylor Kevn C. Dhuyvetter Terry L. Kastens Megan Doutht and Thomas L. Marsh* The authors would lke to thank Professonal Aucton Servces, Inc. for

More information

Numerical Study of Occupants Evacuation from a Room for Requirements in Codes

Numerical Study of Occupants Evacuation from a Room for Requirements in Codes Numercal Study of Occupants Evacuaton from a Room for Requrements n Codes HL MU JH SUN Unversty of Scence and Technology of Chna State Key Laboratory of Fre Scence Hefe 2300326, CHINA muhl@mal.ustc.edu.cn

More information

Incidence and Risk Factors for Concussion in High School Athletes, North Carolina,

Incidence and Risk Factors for Concussion in High School Athletes, North Carolina, Amercan Journal of Epdemology Copyrght 2004 by the Johns Hopkns Bloomberg School of Publc Health All rghts reserved Vol. 160, No. 10 Prnted n U.S.A. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwh304 Incdence and Rsk Factors for

More information

Comparisons of Means for Estimating Sea States from an Advancing Large Container Ship

Comparisons of Means for Estimating Sea States from an Advancing Large Container Ship Downloaded from orbt.dtu.dk on: Jan 31, 18 Comparsons of Means for Estmatng Sea States from an Advancng Large Contaner Shp Nelsen, Ulrk Dam; Andersen, Ingrd Mare Vncent; Konng, Jos Publshed n: Proceedngs

More information

ITRS 2013 Silicon Platforms + Virtual Platforms = An explosion in SoC design by Gary Smith

ITRS 2013 Silicon Platforms + Virtual Platforms = An explosion in SoC design by Gary Smith ITRS 2013 Slcon Platforms + Vrtual Platforms = An exploson n SoC desgn by Gary Smth 2013 2013 Gary Gary Smth Smth EDA, EDA, Inc. Inc. All All Rghts Rghts Reserved. Reserved. 1 The Fve Desgn Constrants

More information

Terminating Head

Terminating Head Termnatng Head 58246-1 Instructon Sheet for MTA- 100 Receptacle Connectors 408-6929 Usng Dscrete Wre 07 APR 11 Locatng Pawl Feed Slde Tool Base Wre Inserter Adjuster (Inserton Rod) Mass Termnaton Assembly

More information

Planning of production and utility systems under unit performance degradation and alternative resource-constrained cleaning policies

Planning of production and utility systems under unit performance degradation and alternative resource-constrained cleaning policies 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Plannng of producton and utlty systems under unt performance degradaton

More information

Hedonic Price Analysis of Thoroughbred Broodmares in Foal

Hedonic Price Analysis of Thoroughbred Broodmares in Foal Hedonc Prce Analyss of Thoroughbred Broodmares n Foal Agrcultural Economcs Staff Paper # 460 June 2006 Kelly M. Stoeppel and Legh J. Maynard Unversty of Kentucky Department of Agrcultural Economcs 400

More information

Transportation Research Forum

Transportation Research Forum Transportaton Research Forum On the Impact of HOT Lane Tollng Strateges on Total Traffc Level Author(s): Sohel Sbdar and Mansoureh Jehan Source: Journal of the Transportaton Research Forum, Vol. 48, No.

More information

Comparative Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of Two Unsaturated Soil Slope Models after Rainfall Infiltration

Comparative Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of Two Unsaturated Soil Slope Models after Rainfall Infiltration Jordan Journal of Cvl Engneerng, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017 Comparatve Determnstc and Probablstc Analyss of Two Unsaturated Sol Slope Models after Ranfall Infltraton Manoj Kr. Sahs 1) and Partha Pratm Bswas

More information

Coastal Engineering Technical Note

Coastal Engineering Technical Note Coastal Engneerng Techncal Note CETN V-10 Even-Odd Functon Analyss of Shorelne Poston and Volume Change by Jule Dean RoSllt and Nchollls C. Kraus Purpose: To present the background and methodology for

More information

Cost Effective Safety Improvements for Two-Lane Rural Roads

Cost Effective Safety Improvements for Two-Lane Rural Roads Fnal Techncal Report TNW2008-04 Research Project Agreement No. 61-2394 Cost Effectve Safety Improvements for Two-Lane Rural Roads Ynha Wang Assocate Professor Ngan Ha Nguyen Graduate Research Assstant

More information

Respondent Incentives in a Multi-Mode Panel Survey: Cumulative Effects on Nonresponse and Bias

Respondent Incentives in a Multi-Mode Panel Survey: Cumulative Effects on Nonresponse and Bias Respondent Incentves n a Mult-Mode Panel Survey: Cumulatve Effects on Nonresponse and Bas Annette Jäckle and Peter Lynn 1 ISER Workng Paper 2007-01 1The vews epressed are those of the authors and not necessarly

More information

Evolutionary Sets of Safe Ship Trajectories: Evaluation of Individuals

Evolutionary Sets of Safe Ship Trajectories: Evaluation of Individuals Internatonal Journal on Marne Navgaton and Safety of Sea Transportaton Volume 6 Number 3 September 2012 Evolutonary Sets of Safe Shp Trajectores: Evaluaton of Indvduals R. Szlapczynsk Gdansk Unversty of

More information

The Initial Phases of a Consistent Pricing System that Reflects the Online Sale Value of a Horse

The Initial Phases of a Consistent Pricing System that Reflects the Online Sale Value of a Horse Unversty of Kentucky UKnowledge Lews Honors College Capstone Collecton Lews Honors College 2014 The Intal Phases of a Consstent Prcng System that Reflects the Onlne Sale Value of a Horse Curran A. Prettyman

More information

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Growth of Rainbow Trout in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, AZ

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Growth of Rainbow Trout in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, AZ Seasonal and Spatal Patterns of Growth of Ranbow Trout n the Colorado Rver n Grand Canyon, AZ Journal: Manuscrpt ID cjfas-15-2.r1 Manuscrpt Type: Artcle Date Submtted by the Author: 23-Jun-15 Complete

More information

SECOND-ORDER CREST STATISTICS OF REALISTIC SEA STATES

SECOND-ORDER CREST STATISTICS OF REALISTIC SEA STATES SECOND-ORDER CREST STATISTICS OF REALISTIC SEA STATES MARIOS CHRISTOU Shell Internatonal Exploraton and Producton, 2288 GS Rjswjk, The Netherlands. E-mal: maros.chrstou@shell.com PETER TROMANS Ocean Wave

More information

High Speed 128-bit BCD Adder Architecture Using CLA

High Speed 128-bit BCD Adder Architecture Using CLA Hgh Speed 128-bt BCD Archtecture Usng CLA J.S.V.Sa Prasanth 1, Y.Yamn Dev 2 PG Student [VLSI&ES], Dept. of ECE, Swamy Vvekananda Engneerng College, Kalavara, Andhrapradesh, Inda 1 Assstant Professor, Dept.

More information

Keywords: Ordered regression model; Risk perception; Collision risk; Port navigation safety; Automatic Radar Plotting Aid; Harbor pilot.

Keywords: Ordered regression model; Risk perception; Collision risk; Port navigation safety; Automatic Radar Plotting Aid; Harbor pilot. Modelng perceved collson rsk n port water navgaton Hoong Chor Chn Assocate Professor, Department of Cvl Engneerng, Natonal Unversty of Sngapore, Engneerng Drve, EA #07-03, Sngapore 7576 Emal: cvechc@nus.edu.sg

More information

Risk analysis of natural gas pipeline

Risk analysis of natural gas pipeline Rsk analyss of natural gas ppelne Y.-D. Jo 1, K.-S. Park 1, J. W. Ko, & B. J. Ahn 3 1 Insttute of Gas Safety Technology, Korea Gas Safety Corporaton, South Korea Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Kwangwoon

More information

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Price and Yield Risk Management Products in Reducing. Revenue Risk for Southeastern Crop Producers * Todd D.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Price and Yield Risk Management Products in Reducing. Revenue Risk for Southeastern Crop Producers * Todd D. Evaluatng the Effectveness of Prce and Yeld Rsk Management Products n Reducng Revenue Rsk for Southeastern Crop Producers * Todd D. Davs ** Abstract A non-parametrc smulaton model ncorporatng prce and

More information

For models: 660 EF/EFO

For models: 660 EF/EFO Installaton Instructons Gas converson kts For models: 660 EF/EFO Part no. 660NGKIT/660LPKIT Warnng: Ths kt must be nstalled by a qualfed nstaller n accordance wth these nstructons and all applcable codes

More information

Pedestrian Facilities Planning on Tianjin New Area program

Pedestrian Facilities Planning on Tianjin New Area program Avalable onlne at www.scencedrect.com ScenceDrect Proceda - Socal and Behavoral Scenc es 96 ( 2013 ) 683 692 13th COTA Internatonal Conference of Transportaton Professonals (CICTP 2013) Pedestran Facltes

More information

Safety Impact of Gateway Monuments

Safety Impact of Gateway Monuments *Manuscrpt Clck here to vew lnked References Ye, Venezano, and Lord 1 Safety Impact of Gateway Monuments Zhru Ye a,*, Davd Venezano a, Domnque Lord b a Western Transportaton Insttute, Montana State Unversty,

More information

Driver s Decision Model at an Onset of Amber Period at Signalised Intersections

Driver s Decision Model at an Onset of Amber Period at Signalised Intersections Probablty to stop 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.40 0.30 0-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-100 1st veh n platoon 2nd veh n platoon

More information

OPTIMAL LINE-UPS FOR A YOUTH SOCCER LEAGUE TEAM. Robert M. Saltzman, San Francisco State University

OPTIMAL LINE-UPS FOR A YOUTH SOCCER LEAGUE TEAM. Robert M. Saltzman, San Francisco State University OPTIMAL LINE-UPS FOR A YOUTH SOCCER LEAGUE TEAM Robert M. Saltzman, San Francsco State Unversty ABSTRACT Coaches n some dvsons of the Amercan Youth Soccer Organzaton (AYSO) are asked to fll out ther team

More information

Degassing of deep groundwater in fractured rock

Degassing of deep groundwater in fractured rock WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 36, NO. 9, PAGES 2477-2492, SEPTEMBER 2000 Degassng of deep groundwater n fractured rock around boreholes and drfts Jerker Jarsj6 and Georga Destoun Dvson of Water Resources

More information

Blockholder Voting. Heski Bar-Isaac and Joel Shapiro University of Toronto and University of Oxford. March 2017

Blockholder Voting. Heski Bar-Isaac and Joel Shapiro University of Toronto and University of Oxford. March 2017 Blockholder Votng Hesk Bar-Isaac and Joel Shapro Unversty of Toronto and Unversty of Oxford March 2017 Abstract By ntroducng a shareholder wth many votes (a blockholder to a standard model of votng, we

More information

Pedestrian Crash Prediction Models and Validation of Effective Factors on Their Safety (Case Study: Tehran Signalized Intersections)

Pedestrian Crash Prediction Models and Validation of Effective Factors on Their Safety (Case Study: Tehran Signalized Intersections) Open Journal of Cvl Engneerng, 2014, 4, 240-254 Publshed Onlne September 2014 n ScRes. http://www.scrp.org/journal/ojce http://dx.do.org/10.4236/ojce.2014.43021 Pedestran Crash Predcton Models and Valdaton

More information

Impact of Intelligence on Target-Hardening Decisions

Impact of Intelligence on Target-Hardening Decisions CREATE Research Archve Publshed Artcles & Papers 5--29 Impact of Intellgence on Target-Hardenng Decsons Vck M. Ber Unversty of Wsconsn Madson, ber@engr.wsc.edu Chen Wang Unversty of Wsconsn - Madson, cwang37@wsc.edu

More information

Journal of Environmental Management

Journal of Environmental Management Journal of Envronmental Management 90 (2009) 3057 3069 Contents lsts avalable at ScenceDrect Journal of Envronmental Management journal homepage: www.elsever.com/locate/jenvman Sustanable value assessment

More information

RCBC Newsletter. September Richmond County Baseball Club. Inside this issue: Johnny Ray Memorial Classic. RCBC on You Tube

RCBC Newsletter. September Richmond County Baseball Club. Inside this issue: Johnny Ray Memorial Classic. RCBC on You Tube September 2016 Rchmond County Baseball Club 1400 Travs Ave. Staten Island, NY 10314 RCBC Newsletter If you have any nterestng nfo or news you would lke ncluded n a future newsletter, please emal to jm@rcbclub.com.

More information

OPTIMIZATION OF PRESSURE HULLS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

OPTIMIZATION OF PRESSURE HULLS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS OPTIMIZATION OF PRESSURE HULLS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS J.Franco a, A.Corz a*.a.peña b a Materal Composte Group. Unversdad de Cadz. Avda/Ramon Puyol s/n. 11205 Algecras (Span) *alcorz@caltech.es b Calpe

More information

2017 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE

2017 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE 2017 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE GENERAL OVERVIEW USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude The USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude outlnes the 2017 grls

More information

Response based sea state estimation for onboard DSS Safe and Efficient Marine Operations

Response based sea state estimation for onboard DSS Safe and Efficient Marine Operations Response based sea state estmaton for onboard DSS Safe and Effcent Marne Operatons Ulrk Dam Nelsen AMOS Workshop, NTNU, Trondhem, 13 th and 14 th November, 2014 Contents Introducton: Context Montorng and

More information

Internet Appendix for Industry Interdependencies and Cross-Industry Return Predictability

Internet Appendix for Industry Interdependencies and Cross-Industry Return Predictability Internet Appendx for Industry Interdependences and Cross-Industry Return Predctablty June 2, 2014 Ths Internet Appendx reports the complete set of addtonal results descrbed n the paper. Tables AI and AII

More information

This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore.

This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Ths document s downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technologcal Unversty Lbrary, Sngapore. Ttle capacty analyss usng smulaton Author(s) Ctaton Huang, Shell Yng; Hsu, Wen Jng; He, Yuxong; Song, Tancheng; De

More information

Peculiarities of the Major League Baseball Posting System

Peculiarities of the Major League Baseball Posting System Peculartes of the Major League Baseball Postng System Duane W. Rockerbe Unversty of Lethbrdge Revsed July 2007 Abstract The postng system used n major league baseball to obtan free agent players from Japan

More information

PLAYERS AGENT REGISTRATION REGULATIONS

PLAYERS AGENT REGISTRATION REGULATIONS PLAYERS AGENT REGISTRATION REGULATIONS 1 DEFINITIONS 1.1 In these Players Agent Regstraton Regulatons, the followng terms shall have the followng meanngs: Agency Actvty means actng n any way and at any

More information

2018 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE

2018 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE 2018 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE GENERAL OVERVIEW USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude The USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude outlnes the 2018 grls

More information

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE THIRTEENTH REGULAR SESSION. Rarotonga, Cook Islands 9-17 August, 2017

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE THIRTEENTH REGULAR SESSION. Rarotonga, Cook Islands 9-17 August, 2017 SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE THIRTEENTH REGULAR SESSION Rarotonga, Cook Islands 9-17 August, 2017 Relatve abundance of yellowfn tuna for the purse sene and handlne fsheres operatng n the Phlppnes Moro Gulf (Regon

More information

ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEWS RELEASE

ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEWS RELEASE ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEWS RELEASE Cora Campbell, Commssoner Jeff Regnart, Drector Contact: Cordova ADF&G Steve Mofftt, PWS Fnfsh Research Bologst 401 Ralroad

More information

GAS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA IN OXYGEN ABSORPTION INTO OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS

GAS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA IN OXYGEN ABSORPTION INTO OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS AS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA IN OXYEN ABSORPTION INTO OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS ómez-díaz, D. a, omes, N. b, Texera, J.A. b, Belo, I. b a Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Unversty of Santago de Compostela,

More information

Heart rates during competitive orienteering

Heart rates during competitive orienteering BrJ Sp Med 1993; 27(1) Heart rates durng compettve orenteerng S. R. Brd PhD M Bol, R Baley BA and J Lews BA Department of Sport Scence, Chrst Church College, Canterbury, UK Ths study nvestgated the heart

More information

Sectoral Business Cycle Synchronization in the European Union *

Sectoral Business Cycle Synchronization in the European Union * Sectoral Busness Cycle Synchronzaton n the European Unon * Antóno Afonso, # $ Davde Furcer + January 2007 Abstract Ths paper analyses sectoral busness cycle synchronzaton n an enlarged European Unon usng

More information

Investigation on Rudder Hydrodynamics for 470 Class Yacht

Investigation on Rudder Hydrodynamics for 470 Class Yacht Proceedngs Investgaton on Rudder Hydrodynamcs for 470 Class Yacht She Ln 1,, Yong Ma, *, Wetao Zheng, Song Zhang 1,, Xaoshan Le 1, and Yangyng He 1, 1 Graduate School of Wuhan Sports Unversty, Wuhan 430079,

More information

it500 Internet Thermostat

it500 Internet Thermostat T500 User Manual 16pp 025_Layout 1 03/09/2013 12:00 Page 1 T500 Internet Thermostat U S E R M A N U A L T500 User Manual 16pp 025_Layout 1 03/09/2013 12:00 Page 2 Product complance & safety nformaton These

More information

BETHANY TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT NO. 1 NOTICE OF TWO PUBLIC HEARINGS

BETHANY TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT NO. 1 NOTICE OF TWO PUBLIC HEARINGS BETHANY TAX NCREMENT FNANCNG DSTRCT NO. 1 NOTCE OF TWO PUBLC HEARNGS On December 12, 2017 at 7:00 P.M., at Bethany Cty Hall, 6700 N.W. 36th Street, Bethany, Oklahoma, the Cty Councl of the Cty of Bethany

More information

Investigation on Hull Hydrodynamics with Different Draughts for 470 Class Yacht

Investigation on Hull Hydrodynamics with Different Draughts for 470 Class Yacht Proceedngs Investgaton on Hull Hydrodynamcs wth Dfferent Draughts for 470 Class Yacht Yong Ma 1, *, Shje Ln 1,2, Yangyng He 1, Xaoshan Le 1,2 and Song Zhang 1,2 1 School of Sports Engneerng and Informaton

More information

Aalborg Universitet. Published in: 9th ewtec Publication date: Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Aalborg Universitet. Published in: 9th ewtec Publication date: Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Aalborg Unverstet Predctablty of the Power Output of Three Wave Energy Technologes n the Dansh orth Sea Chozas, Jula Fernandez; Jensen,. E. Helstrup; Sørensen, H. C.; Kofoed, Jens Peter; Kabuth, Alna Krstn

More information

Product Information. Long-stroke gripper PSH 42

Product Information. Long-stroke gripper PSH 42 Product Informaton PSH 42 PSH Compact. Flexble. Fully encapsulated. PSH long-stroke grpper 2-fnger parallel grpper wth long jaw stroke and drt-resstant round gudance Feld of applcaton n contamnated work

More information

Summary and Cruise Statistics 8

Summary and Cruise Statistics 8 Suary and Cruse Statstcs 8 July 1, 014 8-1 Cruse Colaton Manual Mnstry of Forests, Lands and NRO 8.1 Plot Suary Reort Overvew The Plot Suary reorts nuber of stes, daeter, and erchantable volue nforaton

More information

Sports Injuries in School Gaelic Football: A Study Over One Season

Sports Injuries in School Gaelic Football: A Study Over One Season Sports njures n School Gaelc Football: A Study Over One Season A. W. S. Watson Sports njures Research Centre, Unversty of Lmerck, Lmerck, reland. Abstract School football njures were studed over the seven

More information

Comprehensive evaluation research of volleyball players athletic ability based on Fuzzy mathematical model

Comprehensive evaluation research of volleyball players athletic ability based on Fuzzy mathematical model ISSN : 0974-7435 Volume 10 Issue 3 Comprehensve evaluaton research of volleyball players athletc ablty based on Fuzzy mathematcal model Shangbn L, Peyu Zhao, Yngshuang Lu, Lxn Wu* Physcal Educaton Department,

More information

1.1 Noise maps: initial situations. Rating environmental noise on the basis of noise maps. Written by Henk M.E. Miedema TNO Hieronymus C.

1.1 Noise maps: initial situations. Rating environmental noise on the basis of noise maps. Written by Henk M.E. Miedema TNO Hieronymus C. TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 1 of 34 DELIVERABLE D 1.5 CONTRACT N PROJECT N ACRONYM TITLE TIP4-CT-2005-516420 FP6-516420 QCITY Quet Cty Transport Subproject 1 Nose mappng & modellng Work Package 1.1 Nose maps:

More information

An Enforcement-Coalition Model: Fishermen and Authorities forming Coalitions. Lone Grønbæk Kronbak Marko Lindroos

An Enforcement-Coalition Model: Fishermen and Authorities forming Coalitions. Lone Grønbæk Kronbak Marko Lindroos An Enforcement-Coalton Model: Fshermen and Authortes formng Coaltons Lone Grønbæ Kronba Maro Lndroos December 003 All rghts reserved. No part of ths WORKING PAPER may be used or reproduced n any manner

More information

Product Information. Radial gripper PRG 52

Product Information. Radial gripper PRG 52 Product Informaton PRG More flexble More powerful. Slm. PRG unversal grpper 180 radal grpper wth powerful 1-shft slotted lnk gear and oval pston. Feld of applcaton For areas of applcaton whch, n addton

More information

BRAIN INJURY CONFERENCE Tuesday 13 March 2018 Copthorne Hotel, Cardiff

BRAIN INJURY CONFERENCE Tuesday 13 March 2018 Copthorne Hotel, Cardiff BRAIN INJURY CONFERENCE 2018 Tuesday 13 March 2018 Copthorne Hotel, Cardff Bran Injury Conference 2018 The Hugh James Bran Injury Conference wll be of nterest to all healthcare professonals workng wth

More information

2017 GIRLS CENTRAL DISTRICT PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE

2017 GIRLS CENTRAL DISTRICT PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE 2017 GIRLS CENTRAL DISTRICT PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE GENERAL OVERVIEW USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude The USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude outlnes the 2017 grls

More information

Wave Breaking Energy in Coastal Region

Wave Breaking Energy in Coastal Region ave Breang Energy n Coastal Regon Ray-Qng Ln and Lwa Ln Dept. of Seaeepng Davd Taylor Model Basn NSCCD U.S. Army Engneer Researc and Development Center. INTERODUCTION Huang 006 suggested tat wave breang

More information

Product Information. Universal gripper PZN-plus

Product Information. Universal gripper PZN-plus Product Informaton Unversal grpper PZN-plus PZN-plus Unversal grpper Relable. Robust. Flexble. PZN-plus unversal grpper Unversal 3-Fnger Centrc Grpper wth hgh grppng force and maxmum moments due to mult-tooth

More information

RCBC Newsletter. August Richmond County Baseball Club. Inside this issue: 2016 College Showcase Camp. Tournament Update.

RCBC Newsletter. August Richmond County Baseball Club. Inside this issue: 2016 College Showcase Camp. Tournament Update. August 2016 Rchmond County Baseball Club 1400 Travs Ave. Staten Island, NY 10314 RCBC Newsletter If you have any nterestng nfo or news you would lke ncluded n a future newsletter, please emal to jm@rcbclub.com.

More information

VOLUME TRENDS NOVEMBER 1988 TRAVEL ON ALL ROADS AND STREETS IS FOR NOVEMBER 1988 AS COMPARED UP BY 3.4 PERCENT TO NOVEMBER 1987.

VOLUME TRENDS NOVEMBER 1988 TRAVEL ON ALL ROADS AND STREETS IS FOR NOVEMBER 1988 AS COMPARED UP BY 3.4 PERCENT TO NOVEMBER 1987. VOLUME U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway TRENDS NOVEMBER 1988 TRAVEL ON ALL ROADS AND STREETS S FOR NOVEMBER 1988 AS COMPARED UP BY 3.4 PERCENT TO NOVEMBER 1987. rr ALL DATA FOR THS MONTH

More information

A Prediction of Reliability of Suction Valve in Reciprocating Compressor

A Prediction of Reliability of Suction Valve in Reciprocating Compressor Purdue Unversty Purdue e-pubs nternatonal Compressor Engneerng Conference School of Mechancal Engneerng 1996 A Predcton of Relablty of Sucton Valve n Recprocatng Compressor W. H. You Samsung Electroncs

More information

DRAFT FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION INTERCONNECTION AGREEMENT v.2.0 FOR IP KULATA/SIDIROKASTRO DEFINITIONS, BUSINESS RULES, EXCEPTIONAL EVENT

DRAFT FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION INTERCONNECTION AGREEMENT v.2.0 FOR IP KULATA/SIDIROKASTRO DEFINITIONS, BUSINESS RULES, EXCEPTIONAL EVENT RAFT FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION INTERCONNECTION AGREEMENT v.2.0 FOR IP KULATA/SIIROKASTRO EFINITIONS, BUSINESS RULES, EXCEPTIONAL EVENT ARTICLE 1: EFINITIONS All terms of the INTERCONNECTION AGREEMENT shall

More information