Chapter 5: Stalin Activity (p. 125) Quickly note down some words that you think best describe Stalin. Discussion: Words or short phrases one might use are: dictator, Soviet leader, Communist, world leader, war leader or mass murderer. القظس ػح ح ج ح ش ذؼغ ج ى حش ج ط ضؼطمى أ ح أفؼ طف طح ١ ج حلشس و حش أ ػرح جش لظ ١ ز ٠ ى ء أ ج طهىج : 'ج ى ٠ ىطحض ' 'ج ػ ١ ج ف ١ ط ' 'ج ش ١ ػ ' 'ج جتىز ػح ١ ح' ' ػ ١ ج ك خ "أ " لحض ؾ حػ." Activity (p. 126) Look up the terms history and myth in a dictionary, and then take some time to reflect on the differences between them. Discussion: Oxford English Dictionary (OED) definition of MYTH: A purely fictitious narrative usually involving supernatural person, actions, or events, and embodying some popular idea concerning natural or historical phenomena. ذكع ػ "ج طح ٠ م" ش ؽ حلشس : لح أ و ف و جإل ى ٠ ١ س ) ىطد ج ى ٠ ج ط ف ١ ( ضؼ ٠ ف جأل ط ز: "لظس ن ١ ح ١ س جألقىجظ ج ط ضؿ ى فى ز شؼر ١ س ذشأ ج ظ ج ج طر ١ ؼ ١ س أ ج طح ٠ ه ١ س". 'أ ط ز' ف ج مح غ ضأن ذؼغ ج لص طفى ١ ف ج هالفحش ذ ١ ح. ذكطس ػحوز ح ض ط شهض نح ق جإلؾ جءجش أ Oxford English Dictionary (OED) definition of HISTORY: A written narrative constituting a continuous methodical record, in order of time, of important or public events, esp. those connected with a particular country, people, individual etc ; and That branch of knowledge which deals with past events, as recorded in writings or otherwise ascertained; the formal record of the past, esp. of human affairs or actions; the study or formation and growth of communities and nations. لح أ و ف و جإل ى ٠ ١ س )لح أو ف و جال ؿ ١ ( ضؼ ٠ ف" HISTORY: ج ٠ س ىط ذس ٠ شى ل ح ل ١ ح ١ ح ج ؿ ج ط أؾ ج لص جألقىجظ ج ح س أ ج ؼح س ئ رح ١ ح. ض ه ج ضرطس ذ ى ؼ ١ ج ح ج م ج ف و ٠ س ' ج ف ع ف ع ج ؼ فس ج ط ضطؼح غ جألقىجظ ج حػ ١ س و ح ؿ ف وطحذحش أ ج طأوى نالف ي ه ؿ حػ ئ رح ١ ح. ج شإ جإل ح ١ س أ جإلؾ جءجش. ج ى ج س أ ضى ٠ ج ؿط ؼحش جأل. The difference between myth and history is that where myth is a distortion and cannot be fitted with the weight of the available evidence, history is an account that aims at capturing the truth about the past through a careful interpretation of evidence. It is worth noting that the issue is slightly more complex, for myths about the past play important roles in shaping the actions of historical actors. Historical accounts of the past are often constructed as replies to mythical accounts. Therefore, even though they are distinct, in practice the two are locked in continuous dialogue with each other. ج ف ق ذ ١ جأل ط ز ج طح ٠ م أ جأل ط ز ق ١ ع ضش ٠ ال ٠ ى وز جألو س ج طحقس ج طح ٠ م ق حخ ٠ ىف ئ جال ط ١ الء ػ ج كم ١ مس ػ ج حػ نالي ضف ١ ول ١ ك ألو س. ضؿى جإلشح ز ئ أ ج أ س ل ١ ال أوػ ضؼم ١ ىج الأل حؽ ١ ق ي جألو ج ج ح س ج ؼد ج حػ ١ س ف ضشى ١ ضظ فحش ج فحػ ١ ج طح ٠ ه ١ س. غح رح ح ش ١ ىش ق حذحش ضح ٠ ه ١ س ج حػ ج و و ػ ج ك حذحش جأل ط ٠ س. ج ػ ج غ أ ح ضهط ف ج حق ١ س ج ؼ ١ س ٠ ط ضأ ١ جغ ١ ف ق ج ط غ ذؼؼ ح ج رؼغ. 1
ػغ طح ١ ف ج ١ حق Setting Stalin in Context One of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history, Stalin was the supreme ruler of the Soviet Union for a quarter of a century. His regime of terror caused the death and suffering of tens of millions, but he also oversaw the war machine that played a key role in the defeat of Nazism. Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili was born on 18 December 1879 in Gori, Georgia, which was then part of the Russian empire. His father was a cobbler and Stalin grew up in modest circumstances. He studied at a theological seminary where he began to read Marxist literature. He never graduated, instead devoting his time to the revolutionary movement against the Russian monarchy. He spent the next 15 years as an activist and on a number of occasions was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Stalin was not one of the decisive players in the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, but he soon rose through the ranks of the party. In 1922, he was made general secretary of the Communist Party, a post not considered particularly significant at the time but which gave him control over appointments and thus allowed him to build up a base of support. After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin promoted himself as his political heir and gradually outmanoeuvred his rivals. By the late 1920s, Stalin was effectively the dictator of the Soviet Union. His forced collectivisation of agriculture cost millions of lives, while his programme of rapid industrialisation achieved huge increases in Soviet productivity and economic growth but at great cost. Moreover, the population suffered immensely during the Great Terror of the 1930s, during which Stalin purged the party of 'enemies of the people', resulting in the execution of thousands and the exile of millions to the gulag system of slave labour camps. These purges severely depleted the Red Army, and despite repeated warnings, Stalin was ill prepared for Hitler's attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941. His political future, and that of the Soviet Union, hung in the balance, but Stalin recovered to lead his country to victory. The human cost was enormous, but was not a consideration for him. After World War Two, the Soviet Union entered the nuclear age and ruled over an empire which included most of eastern Europe. Increasingly paranoid, Stalin died of a stroke on 5 March 1953. Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml Key Term: "Dictatorship of the proletariat": a dictatorial state which justifies itself as ruling in the interests of the working class. According to Lenin s conception of the dictatorship of the proletariat, power is held by a small group of committed revolutionaries. They would create a new kind of society a socialist society from above. وح جقىج أل ج طغحز ج مط س ف ج طح ٠ م طح ١ ج كحو جألػ الضكحو ج ف ١ ط ىز ذغ ل. ظح جإل حخ ض رد ف فحز ؼح حز.ػش جش ج ال ١٠ ى أ ٠ ؼح أش ف ػ آ س ج ك خ ج ط ؼرص و ج ت ١ ١ ح ف ٠ س ج ح ٠ س 18 ٠ و ٠ ر 1879 ف غ ؾ ؾ ١ ح ج ط وح ص آ جن ؾ ءج جإل ر جؽ ٠ س Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili ى ١ ٠ ف ج ١ س. وح ج ى ئ ىحف ١ ح ح طح ١ قط ف ظ ف ط جػؼس. و ف ى س و ١ ٠ س ال ض ١ س ق ١ ع ذىأ ف ل جءز جألوخ ج ح و. لحي ج ضه ؼ ذىال ضى ٠ لط ك وس ج ػ ٠ س ػى ج ى ١ س ج ١ س. أ ؼ ج جش جي 15 ج مر س و حشطس أ م ج مرغ ػ ػىو ج ح رحش. ف ١ ئ ١ ر ٠ ١ ح 2
وح طح ١ ال أقى ج الػر ١ قح ح ف ج ط ١ الء ج رالشفس ػ ج طس ف ػح 1917 ى ػح ح ج ضفغ نالي طف ف ج ك خ. ف ػح 1922 ؾؼ ص وح ج ى ض ١ ج ؼح ك خ ج ش ١ ػ ظد ال ضؼطر يجش أ ١ س نحطس ف ي ه ج لص ى ج أػط ج ١ ط ز ػ ج طؼ ١١ حش ذح طح كص ر حء لحػىز ج ىػ. ذؼى فحز ١ ١ ف ػح 1924 ؾص طح ١ ف ٠ ػ ج ١ ح حف ١ ضى ٠ ؿ ١ ح. ذك ي. وح طح ١ ػ ك فؼحي و ٠ ىطحض جالضكحو ج ف ١ حضs أ جن 1920 ج ى ١ ١ س ج م ج جػس ضى ف ج ال ١٠ جأل ج ف ق ١ قمك ذ ح ؿ ج طظ ١ غ ج ٠ غ ٠ حوجش حت س ف جإل طحؾ ١ س ج ف ١ ط ١ س نال ح ضط ١ طح ١ ق خ "أػىجء s ج جاللطظحو ى ذطى فس ور ١ ز. ػال ز ػ ي ه ػح ج ىح وػ ١ ج نالي ج ػد ج ؼظ ١ 1930.ج شؼد" ح أو ئ ئػىج ج ٢ الف ج ال ١٠ ج ف ظح ؼ ى جش ج ؼ ؼ ى جش ج ه ز ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ ج ؼد ذشىز ج ؿ ١ ش جألق ػ ج غ ج طك ٠ جش ج طى ز وح طح ١ ء طؼىز ؿ ط ػ جالضكحو ج ف ١ ط ف 1941. ١ ٠ طمر ج ١ ح أ جالضكحو ج ف ١ حض ؼ مس ف ج ١ ج ى ضؼحف م ١ حوز طح ١ ج رالو ئ ج ظ. وح ص.ج طى فس ج رش ٠ س ج حت س ى ١ ص جالػطرح ذح رس ذؼى ج ك خ ج ؼح ١ س ج ػح ١ س ون جالضكحو ج ف ١ حض ج ؼظ ج قى ج ئ ر جؽ ٠ س ج ط ش ص ؼظ و ي أ ذح ج ش ل ١ س. ذؿ ج ؼظ س ػ. ك ط ج ٠ ى ض ف طح ١ ىطس و حغ ١ س ف 5 آيج ػح 1953 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml :ج ظى ظط ف أ ح : "و ٠ ىطحض ٠ س ج ر ١ طح ٠ ح": و س ج ى ٠ ىطحض ٠ س ج ط ضر ف ح ػ ج كحو ف ظح ف ج طرمس ج ؼح س. فمح ف ١ ١ ػ "و ٠ ىطحض ٠ س ج ر ١ طح ٠ ح" ٠ مح ج طس لر ؿ ػس طغ ١ ز ج ضىد ج ػ ج. فا ح ن ك ع ؾى ٠ ى ج ؿط غ - ؿط غ جشط جو -.ف ق ػ ى طح ١ era: Periodization of the Stalin A. Stalin s rise: the creation of a personal dictatorship, 1924 28 1. Following the regime s victory in the civil war, Lenin had introduced what was termed the New Economic Policy (NEP), which protected private ownership in agriculture and thus brought support from the rural majority. Under the NEP, unemployment was high and market forces played a considerable role in the economy two factors that caused disquiet in the party. ج ضفحع.A طح ١ : ئ شحء ووطحض ٠ س شهظ ١ س 1928-1924. ذؼى ج طظح ج ظح ف ج ك خ جأل ١ س وح ١ ١ لى ح وح ٠ ط ك ػ ١ ج ١ ح س جاللطظحو ٠ س ج ؿى ٠ ىز )ج ١ د( ج ط ضك ج ى ١ س ج هحطس ف ج جػس ذح طح ؾ د ج ىػ جألغ ر ١ س ج ٠ ف ١ س. ضكصNEP وح ص ج رطح س ػح ١ س ؼد ل ج ق و ج ور ١ ج ف جاللطظحو - ح ج ؼ ج ج ط ض رد ج م ك ف ج ك خ. غ ز ف ق -1928 1934 1928 34 above, B. Revolution from 1. Stalin launched the First Five-Year Plan in 1928. It broke radically with the practices of the NEP by dispensing with market mechanisms. Its aim was to secure the survival of the Soviet state by industrialising as rapidly as circumstances allowed. The plan rested on the construction of a command economy through which economic actors were to respond to central instructions rather than market forces. أؽ مص 1. طح ١ ج هطس ج ه ١ س ضأ ١ ذمحء ج ى س ج ف ١ ط ١ س ج ط ٠ ظ غ ج ط جأل ف 1928. لى جنط ق ؾ ٠ ح غ ح حش NEP ذ ج طس جال طغ حء ػ آ ١ حش ج ق. وح ىف ح ٠ ى نال ح جال طؿحذس طؼ ١ حش و ٠ س ذىال ل ج ق. ذأ ع ح كص ج ظ ف. ج ط ىش ج هطس ػ ذ حء "جاللطظحو ج ؾ " وح ص ج فؼح ١ حش جاللطظحو ٠ س ػغؾ طح ١ ف ق ١ حض "ج ػ ز ف ق" by: Stalin pressed on with his revolution from above :لر a. Continuing rapid and radical policies of industrialisation, 3
b. Destroying market forces and private property along with agriculture in the collectivisation campaign begun in 1930. Collectivisation meant that peasants would no longer be able to farm plots that they owned. This campaign produced a situation close to civil war in the countryside as peasants resisted giving their land to the new agricultural collectives. The problem was resolved through massive repression. أ. ذ ١ ح حش ٠ ؼس ؾ ٠ س طظ ١ غ خ. ضى ١ ل ج ق ج ى ١ س ج هحطس ؾ رح ئ ؾ د غ ج جػس ف ج ك س ج ط ذىأش ف ج ى ١ ١ س 1930. ج ى ١ ١ س ٠ ؼ أ ج فالق ١ ضى لحو ز ػ ج إج جش ج جػ ١ س ج ط ض ى ح. أ طؿص ج ك س ػؼح ل ٠ رح ق خ أ ١ س ف ج ٠ ف و ح لح ج فالق ١ ئػطحء أ جػ ١ طؼح ١ حش جػ ١ س ؾى ٠ ىز. ض ق ج شى س نالي ل غ ج ؼس ج طحق. ػ جلد "شى غ ز ف ق above": 3. The consequences of the "revolution form a. The consolidation of Stalin's own personal dictatorship and the beginning of what was later called his cult of personality. b. Massive social upheaval: i. Famine in Ukraine and parts of European Russia in 1932 33, in which around six million died ii. A huge influx from the countryside into overcrowded cities as millions took employment in expanding industries The era of the purges, أ. ض ؽ ١ ى ووطحض ٠ س طح ١ ج شهظ ١ س ذىج ٠ س ح وح ٠ ف لص القك "ػرحوز ج شهظ ١ س." خ. حت جالػط جذحش جالؾط حػ ١ س : ؽ. ج ؿحػس ف أ و ج ١ ح أؾ جء ١ ح جأل ذ ١ س ف 1933-1932 ج ض ف ك طس ال ١٠ غح ١ ح. حن ضىفك ػه ج ٠ ف ئ ج ى ج ىطظس ج ال ١٠ ج طغ ق ج ؼ ف ض ١ غ ج ظ حػحش ػظ ج طط ١ 1934 39 1. The consequences of the assassination of the Leningrad party boss Sergei Kirov (1886 1934) in December 1934: a. Blaming the assassination on a conspiracy of followers of Trotsky inside the Soviet Union b. Initiating a wave of show trials politically motivated trials based on fabricated evidence, designed to demonstrate that external enemies were responsible for the assassination during 1935. 1 ػ جلد جغط ١ حي ت ١ ج ك خ ١ ١ غ جو ١ ؾ و ١ ف )1934-1886( ف و ٠ ر : 1934 أ. ئ محء ج ػ جغط ١ حي خ. إج ز أضرحع ض ض ى وجن جالضكحو ج ف ١ حض ذىء ؾس "ج كحو حش جال طؼ جػ ١ س" - كحو حش يجش و جفغ ١ ح ١ س ض ط ى ئ أو س فمس ض ىف ئ ئغرحش أ جألػىجء ج هح ؾ ١١ وح ص إ س ػ جغط ١ حي - نالي 1935 C. The Great Patriotic War (1941 45) and its origins, 1939 45 1. August 1939: Molotov Ribbentrop Pact/ Nazi Soviet Pact: a. Soviets invaded eastern Poland. b. Soviets overran the formerly independent Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). c. Soviets attempted, unsuccessfully, to subjugate Finland. ج ك خ ج ؽ ١ س ج ؼظ )1945-1941( أط ح 1945-1939. 1 أغ ط 1939: ض ف ٠ ر ط خ ق ف / ج ح ٠ س جالضكحو ج ف ١ ط ق ف : أ. ج ف ١١ ص ذغ ش ق ذ ىج. خ. ج ف ١١ ص جؾطحقص و ي ج ر ط ١ ك ج طم س حذمح )ج ط ١ ح الضف ١ ح ١ ط ج ١ ح.( ؼ. قح ي ج ف ١١ ص و ؾى إلنؼحع ف ىج. 4
2. Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941. 3. Consequences of the Victory over Germany: a. Giving the Soviet Union superpower status b. Giving Stalin tremendous personal prestige حؾ 2. أ ح ١ ح جالضكحو ج ف ١ ط ف. 1941 ١ ٠. 3 ػ جلد جال طظح ػ أ ح ١ ح : أ. ئػطحء ل ز ػظ جالضكحو ج ف ١ حض خ. ئػطحء طح ١ ١ رس ج شهظ ١ س حت س D. Post-war Stalinism, 1945 53 1. A reversal of the relaxation of repression directed against groups such as the church and intellectuals during the war years in the interests of building a necessary degree of national unity 2. Pressures of reconstructing a country which had suffered catastrophic economic damage and population loss 3. The extension of both Soviet territory and influence, with the creation of new communist states, inspired by the Soviet example, in eastern Europe, China and Korea 4. The rise of tension with the other unambiguous victor of the Second World War, the United States, and thus the beginning of the Cold War ذؼى ج ك خ ج طح ١ ١ س 1953-1945. 1 ذؼى ضهف ١ ف ج م غ ج ؾ ػى ؾ حػحش ػ ج ى ١ س ج ػمف ١ نالي جش ج ك خ ف ظ كس ذ حء ج ى ؾس ج ال س قىز ؽ ١ س. 2 ج ؼغ ؽ إلػحوز ذ حء ج رالو ج ط ػح ص أػ ج جلطظحو ٠ س وح غ ١ س فمىج ج ىح. 3 ض ى ٠ ى و جأل جػ ج ف ١ ط ١ س ج ف ي غ ئ شحء ج ى ي ج ش ١ ػ ١ س ؾى ٠ ىز ط قحز ػحي ج ف ١١ ط ف ش ق أ ذح. 4 طؼ و ج ط ض غ ج طظ ج ٢ ن ال ر ف ١ ج ك خ ج ؼح ١ س ج ػح ١ س ج ال ٠ حش ج طكىز ذح طح ذىج ٠ س ج ك خ ج رح وز ج ظ ١ و ٠ ح I. Activity (p. 132) Briefly identify three or four themes that strike you as common to the five sub-periods into which I ve divided the Stalin era. ضكى ٠ ى فط ز ؾ ١ ز غالغس أ أ ذؼس جػ ١ غ ج ط ضؼ خ ى ج شط وس ذ ١ ج فط جش ج ف ػ ١ س ج ه س ئ.ج ط و ص ل ص ػ ى طح ١ : حلشس Discussion: This is my list of some of the themes that run across the five sub-periods: A. Stalin s personal power, and the importance he placed on his own control of the party, and on ideological conformity B. The extent of repression C. Concern with the Soviet Union s international position and, indeed, its growth in prestige as an international actor throughout the period D. Social change the transformation of the Soviet Union from a predominantly agricultural, peasant-based society to a socialist industrial society. ج لحت ط ذؼغ ج جػ ١ غ ج ط ٠ ط ضشغ ١ ح ػر فط جش ج ف ػ ١ س ج ه س : ج طس.A طح ١ ج شهظ ١ س جأل ١ س ج ط ٠ ؼ م ح ػ ١ ط ض ػ ج ك خ ػ طحذمس جإل ٠ ى ٠ ؾ. B ى ج م غ. Cج م ك غ لف جالضكحو ج ف ١ ط ج ى ذ ح ف ١ رس و ػ ج ى ؽ جي فط ز. Dج طغ ١١ جالؾط حػ - ضك ي جالضكحو ج ف ١١ ط ؿط غ لحت ػ ج فالق ١ ج جػ ف ج غح د ئ "جالشط جو " ج ؿط غ ج ظ حػ. 5
II. Stalin's Contested Reputation A. Stalin s reputation has been shaped by the impact of the substantial repression that occurred during his rule and consequently by his responsibility for politically motivated mass murder. There can be no doubt of Stalin s direct responsibility for the murder of millions of Soviet citizens and the suffering of countless others during his period of rule. طح ١ ج طؼ ج ؼس لى شى.A ؼس طح ١ ذ رد ضأغ ١ ج م غ ج ىر ١ ج ط لؼص نالي فط ز قى ذح طح إ ١ ط ػ ج مط ج ؿ حػ و جفغ ١ ح ١ س. ٠ ى أ ٠ ى حن أ شه ج إ ١ س ج رحش ز ػ طح ١ لط ال ١٠ ج ف ١ ط ج جؽ ١ ؼح حز ج ٢ ن ٠ ال ضؼى ال ضكظ نالي فط ز قى. B. Two approaches to Stalin: 1. Seeing him as a Red Tsar, a breaker of nations, or as the archetypal totalitarian dictator 2. Seeing him as the great and wise leader, as a father-like defender of the people, as the embodiment of patriotism and victory. ؿ ١ طح ١ :. 1 ؤ ٠ س ذحػطرح "ج م ١ ظ جألق " "لحؽغ ى ي" أ و ح ج ط جض ١ س ج ىوطحض "ج ش ". 2 ؤ ٠ س و ػ ١ "ػظ ١ قى ١ ' ' و ىجفغ ػ جألخ شؼد" ذ طف ضؿ ١ ىج ؽ ١ س ج ظ. C. Important factors in shaping Stalin's reputation: :ػ ج ح س ف ضشى ١ ؼس طح ١ 1. Positive factors: a. His role as a war leader during the Great Patriotic War b. The enormous social transformation of the Soviet Union during the period of his rule, especially: i. Urbanisation ii. Industrialisation and agrarian transformations which were introduced during the years of the First Five-Year Plan iii. The parallel collectivisation campaign that accompanied it. 1 ج ؼ ج جإل ٠ ؿحذ ١ س : أ. و و ػ ١ ق خ نالي ج ك خ ج ؽ ١ س ج ؼظ خ. ج طك ي جالؾط حػ ج حت الضكحو ج ف ١ حض نالي فط ز قى نحطس : ؽ. ج طكؼ غح ١ ح. ج طظ ١ غ ج جػ ج طك الش ج ط أون ص نالي جش ج هطس ج ه ١ س جأل غح ػح. ج ك س ج ى ١ ١ س ج ج ٠ س ج ط جفمص ي ه 2. Negative factors: a. Enormous material hardship i. Communal apartments ii. Abandoned wives and husbands who failed to pay child support iii. Shortages of food and clothing iv. Endless queuing b. Ruthless repression and director of the Great Terror. 2 ج ؼ ج ج ر ١ س : أ. ج شمس ج حت س ج جو ؽ. ج شمك ج ؿط ؼ ١ س غح ١ ح. ج ؾحش جأل جؼ ج ٠ فش ج ف ج طه ػ وفغ فمس ج طف غح ػح. مض ف ج جو ج غ جت ١ س ج الذ و. ؽ جذ ١ ال ح ٠ س ح خ. ج م غ ج قش ى ٠ ج ػد ج ؼظ ١ 6
Activity (p. 135) Think about some of the different reputations of Stalin extracted from the discussion above, namely: A. Stalin as dictator, mass-murderer, director of repression, or Red Tsar B. Stalin as a war leader and saviour of the nation C. Stalin as the creator of a new society These different reputations are affected by various processes that characterised his rule. Write down the themes from the history of the era that have played the most prominent role in shaping a particular reputation of Stalin. ج شحؽ )ص 135 ج طفى ١ ف ذؼغ هط ف " ؼس" طح ١ ج طه ؾس ج حلشس ج ج وز أػال :. A طح ١ ج ى ٠ ىطحض وط س ج محض ى ٠ ج م غ أ "ج م ١ ظ جألق ". B طح ١ ومحتى ق خ 'ج م أل س". C طح ١ نح ك ؿط غ ؾى ٠ ى ضطأغ ؼط هط فس لر هط ف ج ؼ ١ حش ج ط ١ ش قى. وطحذس ػ ػحش ػ ضح ٠ م ج كمرس ج ط ؼرص ج ى جألذ ف ضشى ١ ؼس ؼ ١ طح ١. ج حلشس Discussion: This is an attempt to match reputation to historical theme: A. Stalin as dictator: the extent of repression the technique of using show trials, through which events were blamed on apparent external enemies B. Stalin as war leader: concern with the Soviet Union s international position and, indeed, its growth in prestige as an international actor throughout the period C. Stalin as creator of a new society: social change the transformation of the Soviet Union from a predominantly agrarian to a socialist industrial society. كح س طحذمس ؼس ػ ع ضح ٠ ه :. A طح ١ ج ى ٠ ىطحض : ى ج م غ - ضكى ٠ ى أ خ ج طهىج " كحو حش ط ٠ س" ج ض نال ئ محء ج ػ جألقىجظ جػكس "جألػىجء ج هح ؾ ١١ ". B طح ١ و ػ ١ ق خ: ل ك غ ج لف ج ى جالضكحو ج ف ١١ ط ذ ح ف ١ رس و ػ ج ى ؽ جي فط ز. C طح ١ نح ك ؿط غ ؾى ٠ ى: ج طغ ١١ جالؾط حػ جالشط جو. - ضك ي جالضكحو ج ف ١١ ط ؿط غ ٠ غ د ػ ١ ج طحذغ ج جػ ئ ج ؿط غ ج ظ حػ III. The Myth of Stalin A. Contenders for power after Stalin's death: 1. Lavrentii Beria (1899 1953) 2. Nikita Khrushchev (1894 1971) 3. Georgi Malenkov (1902 88) 4. Molotov, Stalin s veteran Foreign Minister أ ط ز طح ١. Aج ط حف ػ ج طس ذؼى فحز طح ١ : Lavrentii. 1 ذ ٠ ١ ح 1953-1899( ). ١ 2 ى ١ طح ن ش ف )1971-1894 ). 3 ؾ ؾ (1902-1988) Malenkov. 4 ض ف ٠ ج هح ؾ ١ س ج هؼ طح ١ By early 1956, Khrushchev had become the most powerful man in the Soviet Union..ف أ جت ػح 1956 وح ن ضش ف ٠ ظرف ج ؾ جألل ف جالضكحو ج ف ١ حض 7
Activity (p. 136) Reading 5.1 is an excerpt from Khrushchev s speech to the Twentieth Congress in 1956 in which he detailed the crimes of Stalin. Read the excerpt now and take notes, organising them around the following questions: 1. According to Khrushchev, what were the main differences between Stalin and Lenin? 2. What does Khrushchev regard as Stalin s major crimes? ل جءز 5.1 مططف نطحخ ن ش ف ئ ج إض ج ؼش ٠ ف ػح 1956 ج ذح طفظ ١ ؾ جت طح ١. ل جءز مططفحش ج ٢ ضى ٠ ج القظحش ض ظ ١ ح ق ي جأل ث س ج طح ١ س :. 1 فمح ه ضش ف ح جالنطالفحش ج ت ١ ١ س ذ ١ طح ١ ١ ١. 2 حيج ن ضش ف ضؼطر ح ؾ جت ور طح ١ Discussion 1 Khrushchev argues that under Lenin a collective leadership prevailed in which there was considerable discussion of appropriate political strategy at the top of the party. As far as Khrushchev was concerned, Lenin understood the need for the revolution to remain close to the people who had instigated it. Stalin, on the other hand, concentrated power in his own hands, severely repressed those who disagreed with him, isolated himself from the people, and attacked many of those in the party who supported it using the concept of the enemy of the people to justify his action. We might say, therefore, that Khrushchev regarded Stalin s rule as a deformation of the original revolution. It ought to be said here that Khrushchev s view of Lenin can be described as a myth. We know, for example, that an apparatus of repression of considerable size was established by Lenin in the immediate aftermath of the revolution, and that it was frequently used in the 1920s by Lenin against those he regarded as his opponents even against those who supported the goals of the revolution and the construction of a socialist society. This has led some historians to argue that Stalin s crimes were the natural development of Lenin s actions, and of the October Revolution. This interpretation is open to dispute. حلشس 1 ٠ م ي ن ش ف ج ظ ١ ١ حوش "ج م ١ حوز ج ؿ حػ ١ س" ج ط وح ص حن حلشس طف ١ ؼس ج ط جض ١ ؿ ١ س ١ ح ١ س ح رس ف ج ؿ ء ج ؼ ج ك خ. ذمى ح وح ن ش ف ج ؼ ١ س ف ١ ١ ػ ز ل ١ ح ج ػ ز أ ٠ رم ػ م ذس "ج ح " ج ٠ ق ػ ج ػ ١. طح ١ حق ١ س أن ضط و ج طس ف ٠ ى ٠ ل ؼص ذشىز أ ثه ج ٠ جنط ف ج ؼ ػ ي ف ػ ج ح حؾ ج ؼى ٠ ى إالء ف ج ك خ ج ٠ أ ٠ ى ج ي ه - ذح طهىج ف "ػى ج شؼد " طر ٠ ضظ ف. ٠ ى ح ج م ي ئي أ ن ش ف ٠ ؼطر قى طح ١ ضش ٠ ج ػ ز جألط ١ س. فا ٠ رغ أ ٠ محي ح أ أ ن ش ف ٠ ى ١ ١ طف ح ذأ ح ن جفس. ك ؼ ف ػ ر ١ ج ػحي ج ط أ شة ج ؿ ح ل غ ج كؿ ج ىر ١ ١ ١ ف أػمحخ ج ػ ز أ ح وػ ١ ج ح ض طهى ف s 1920 لر ١ ١ ػى أ ثه جػطر نظ - قط ػى أ ثه ج ٠ وػ ج أ ىجف ج ػ ز ذ حء ؿط غ جشط جو. لى أو ي ه ذؼغ ج إ ن ١ ئ ج م ي ذأ ؾ جت طح ١ وح ج طط ج طر ١ ؼ ألػ حي ١ ١ غ ز أوط ذ. ج ج طف ١ فط قح طؼ. Discussion 2 At the most basic level, Khrushchev sees the deformation of Lenin s heritage and his severe repression of the ranks of the party during the late 1930s as being the greatest of Stalin s crimes. When he describes arrests, executions and the identification of enemies of the people, he is referring to events that took place during the sub-period of Stalin s rule which I have called the era of the purges. One of the things that struck me about this speech is that Khrushchev only ever refers to crimes committed against the party, members of party bodies, and party organs. He omits many of Stalin s crimes for example, he never mentions the famine that followed collectivisation in 1932 33, in which six million died. حلشس 2 ف أذ ؾ ج ط ٠ حش ٠ ن ش ف ضش ض جظ ١ ١ ج م غ ج شى ٠ ى طف ف ج ك خ ف أ جن sذأ ح 1930 أػظ ؾ جت طح ١. ػ ى ح ٠ ظف جالػطمحالش جإلػىج حش ضكى ٠ ى "أػىجء ج شؼد" ف ٠ ش ١ ئ جألقىجظ ج ط لؼص نالي ج فط ز ج جلؼس قى طح ١ ج ط أش ش ٠ "ػظ ج طط ١. جقىز جأل ج ط أغ ش ذ ف ج ج هطحخ أ ن ضش ف ٠ ش ١ أ لص ؼ فمؾ ػ ج ؿ جت ج ط ج ضىرص ػى 8
ج ك خ أػؼحء ١ ثحش ج ك خ أػؼحء ج ك خ. ج ٠ غف ف 1933-1932 ج ض ف طس ال ١٠. ج ىػ ١ ؾ جت طح ١ - ػ ر ١ ج ػحي ج ٠ و ج ؿحػس ج ط ض ص ج ى ١ ١ س ------------------------------------- IV. Key terms: A. cult of personality : a state-manufactured myth that associated a single person Stalin with almost every action of the state during a period in which Soviet society was transformed utterly B. shock work : workers from one enterprise volunteering to work in another during crucial periods in order to help fulfill national economic goals ج ظط كحش جأل ح ١ س : "ػرحوز ج شهظ ١ س :.A' أ ط ز ج ظ ؼس ج ى س ج ط ٠ ضرؾ ذ ح شهض جقى - طح ١ ضك ص ج ؿط غ ج ف ١ حض ض ح ح خ "ج ؼ طى س ': أقى ج ؼ حي ج ش وس ج طط ع ج ؽ ١ س - غ ػ و ح ٠ م خ ج ى س نالي ج فط ز ج ط ؼ ف ذ ى آن نالي فط جش قح س أؾ ج حػىز ف ضكم ١ ك جأل ىجف جاللطظحو ٠ س V. Activity (p. 137) What image of Stalin is being promoted in Figures 5.3 and 5.4? ح ط ز طح ١ ٠ ؿ ج ط ٠ ؽ ف أ لح 5.4 5.3 Discussion The message here is clear: Stalin is identified in both of these posters as the leader of the transformation of the country which was underway during the first half of the 1930s. It is possible to imagine his association with the completion of a prestige project such as the Moscow metro as something that would increase his popularity. Given the tremendous hardship for many Soviet citizens that agricultural collectivisation caused, one wonders about the likely impact of the first poster. حلشس ج ح س ح جػكس: ض ضكى ٠ ى طح ١ ف و ج ظمحش و ػ ١ طك ي ج رالو ج ط وح ص ؾح ٠ س نالي ج ظف جأل ي 1930. sف ج ى أ طظ ؾ ؼ ١ ط غ جال ط حء ش ع ١ رس ػ ط ى ذ طف ح ش ١ ثح شأ ح أ ض ٠ ى شؼر ١ ط. ظ ج شمس حت س ذح رس ىػ ٠ ١ ج جؽ ١ ج ف ١ حش أ ض رد ج ى ١ ١ س ج جػ جقى ٠ ط حءي ػ جألغ ج كط ج ظك جأل ي. VI. Activity (p. 142) Look at the images in Figures 5.5 and 5.6 and write down what you think they tell us about the nature of Stalin s cult. ئ محء ظ ز ػ ج ظ ف أ لح 5.6 5.5 أوطد ح و ص ضؼطمى أ ح ضهر ح ػ ؽر ١ ؼس طح ١."" ػرحوز Discussion There is a remarkable similarity between Figures 5.5 and 5.3. Just as Figure 5.3 is an exhortation closely associated with the person of Stalin to workers to join the collectivisation campaign, Figure 5.5 is an attempt to mobilise workers behind the fulfilment of the economic plan an attempt to make workers work harder in the service of Stalin s regime. You might wonder how connecting demands for more work to the regime s political goals affected the leader s popularity among those expected to work faster and harder in factories, mines and on construction sites across the Soviet Union! Figure 5.6 also raises this question, but does not provide clear answers. Clearly the vase was a celebration of the hard work of workers in the service of the war effort, and was a gift to Stalin that both commemorated that fact and thanked the leader for his leadership. Thus, it might be argued, it can be used as evidence of enthusiasm for the regime and the leader among workers at the moment of victory. But there is an alternative reading. Work campaigns were never voluntary, and the Soviet state 9
exercised considerable coercive power against those who failed to conform to its demands. Therefore, the making and giving of the vase could be read as the product of an orchestrated performance of loyalty to Stalin by workers, obtained under the threat of repression. حلشس حن ضشحذ ح ك ظح ذ ١ أ لح 5.3. 5.5 ض ح ح و ح ج شى 5.3 ػظ - ض ضرؾ ج ضرحؽح غ ١ مح ذشهض طح ١ - ػ ج ؼ حي ال ؼ ح ئ ج ك س ج ى ١ ١ س 5.5 ج شى كح س طؼرثس ج ؼ حي جء ضكم ١ ك ج هطس جاللطظحو ٠ س - كح س ؿؼ ج ؼ حي أوػ طؼ ذس ج ؼ ف نى س ظح طح ١. لى ط حءي و ١ ف ٠ ذؾ طح د ٠ ى ج ؼ طكم ١ ك أ ىجف ١ ح ١ س ظح أغ ش ػ شؼر ١ س ج ػ ١ ذ ١ أ ثه ج ط لغ أ ٠ ؼ ذشى أ ع أوػ طؼ ذس ف ج ظح غ ج حؾ جلغ ج ر حء ف ؾ ١ غ أ كحء جالضكحو ج ف ١ حض! ج شى 5.6 و ح ٠ ػ ١ ج ج إجي ى ال ٠ مى ئؾحذحش جػكس. ذ ػ وح ئ حء جقطفحي ج ؼ ج شحق ؼ حي ف نى س ج ؿ و ج ك ذ وح ص " ى ٠ س" طح ١ أ وال جقطف ص ج كم ١ مس "ج شى " ج ػ ١ م ١ حوض. ذح طح ٠ ى ج م ي أ ح ٠ ى أ ض طهى وى ١ ج ك ح ظح ػ ١ ذ ١ ج ؼح ١ ف كظس جال طظح. ى حن ل جءز ذى ٠ س. وح ص ق الش ج ؼ أذىج ج ط ػ ١ س ح ص ج ى س ج ف ١ ط ١ س ج طس ج م ٠ س ور ١ ز ػى أ ثه ج ٠ فش ج طط جفك غ طح ر ح. ذح طح فا ط غ ج ؼطحء ئ حء ٠ ى أ ضم أ ذ طف ح طحؾح ألوجء ىذ ز ج الء طح ١ لر ج ؼ حي ج ط ض ج كظ ي ػ ١ ح ضكص ض ى ٠ ى ج م غ. VII. Activity (p. 145) Review your notes and the discussion of the activity on Khrushchev s speech to the Twentieth Congress (Reading 5.1) at the beginning of this section. In what senses might Khrushchev be creating his own myth of Stalin in opposition to the positive myth created in the 1930s? What is the content of that myth? جؾؼس ج القظحش حلشس ج شحؽ ػ نطحخ ن ش ف ئ )5.1 ل جءز( ج إض ج ؼش ف ذىج ٠ س ج ج م. ف ح ج ك ج لى ٠ ى ن ضش ف ن ك أ ط ض ج هحطس طح ١ - ف ج ؼح ػس أل ط ز ح ؼ ض ه جأل ط ز sجإل ٠ ؿحذ ١ س ج ط ض ئ شحؤ ح ف 1930 Discussion You might have noted down the following points: A. In opposition to the positive Stalin myth promoted during the 1930s and 1940s, Khrushchev creates an emphatically negative myth. In fact, you could well make the point that Khrushchev s myth was created in direct opposition to the positive one that has been discussed in this section of the chapter. B. Khrushchev attributes to Stalin direct responsibility for everything he regards as negative about Stalin s era. Although there can be no doubt about Stalin s primary responsibility for the extent of repression and state-directed murder during his rule, the nature of the historical processes that led to it was often much more complicated than Khrushchev s account suggests. C. By drawing a contrast between the behaviour of Lenin and Stalin, Khrushchev argues implicitly that the nature of Stalin s dictatorship ran counter to the principles of 1917. As we saw earlier, this view can be challenged. حلشس و ص لى القظص أ ف ج محؽ ج طح ١ س :. Aف ج ؼح ػس ج أ ط ز طح ١ ئ ٠ ؿحذ ١ س ؾص نالي s1940 s 1930 ن ضش ف ٠ ه ك أ ط ز ج ر ١ س ذشى لحؽغ. ف ج جلغ ٠ ى أ ضؿؼ أ ٠ ؼح ج مطس ج ط ض ئ شحؤ ح أ ط ز ن ش ف ف ج ؼح ػس ج رحش ز إل ٠ ؿحذ ١ س ج ط ض حلشط ح ف ج ج م ج فظ.. Bن ضش ف طح ١ حش ج إ ١ س ج رحش ز ػ و ح ٠ طؼ ك ج ر ػ ػ ى طح ١. ػ ج غ أ ٠ ى أ ٠ ى حن شه ف إ ١ س طح ١ ج ت ١ ١ س ػ ى ج م غ ج مط ج ؾ ج ى س نالي فط ز قى وح ص ؽر ١ ؼس ج ؼ ١ حش ج طح ٠ ه ١ س ج ط أوش ئ ي ه غح رح ح ضى أوػ ضؼم ١ ىج ذىػ ١ ح ضش ١ ق حخ ن ش ف.. Cػ ؽ ٠ ك ج ط حلغ ذ ١ ن ١ ١ طح ١ ن ش ف ٠ م ي ػ ح أ ؽر ١ ؼس ووطحض ٠ س طح ١ ضطؼح ع غ رحوب 1917. و ح أ ٠ ح حذمح ج ج أ ٠ ى ج طؼ. ضف ١ ػظ طح ١. Aجأل ط ز محذ ج طح ٠ م س ج إ ل: VIII. Interpreting the Stalin Era A. Myth vs. History and the job of a historian: 10
Myths are of central interest to historians, for they are something with which historical interpretations and explanations must engage, either to confirm or to challenge. Although the myths that surround figures such as Stalin are of central interest to historians, they do not constitute historical explanations for what happened during the Stalin era. So how would a historian approach the Stalin era? In order to construct a reliable and authentic account of past events based upon the interpretation of all the available evidence, a historian must ask questions of it. The kinds of questions historians might ask in order to construct a historical account of the Stalin era, and thus assess Stalin s reputation are: جأل حؽ ١ ج ظح ف ج و ٠ س إ ن ١ أل ش ء غ ج ج طف ١ جش ج طح ٠ ه ١ س ج طف ١ جش ٠ ؿد أ ضشح ن ئ ح أ ضإوى أ ج طؼ. ػ ج غ جأل حؽ ١ ج ط ضك ١ ؾ شهظ ١ حش ػ طح ١ يجش أ ١ س و ٠ س إ ن ١ فا ح ال ضشى ج طف ١ جش ج طح ٠ ه ١ س ح قىظ ف ػ ى طح ١. فى ١ ف ١ ى إ ل ٠ مط خ ػ ى طح ١ أؾ ذ حء ج ٠ س غ لس أط ١ س جألقىجظ ج حػ ١ س ج ط حوج ئ ضف ١ و جألو س ج طحقس ٠ ؿد أ أي جأل ث س إ ل. أ جع جأل ث س ج إ ن ١ لى ٠ ط د أؾ ذ حء و ضح ٠ ه ؼ ى طح ١ ذح طح ضم ١١ ؼس طح ١ 1. What was the nature of Stalin s contribution to the history of the Soviet Union? 2. How far were his policies in the 1930s (for example, industrialisation and collectivisation) determined by his communist ideology, or a reaction to circumstances? 3. To what extent were the crimes of the era, like those committed during the Great Purges, directed personally by Stalin, or shaped by processes that escaped central control? 4. Did the policies Stalin pursued during the 1930s and 1940s help or hinder the Soviet Union in emerging victorious at the end of the Second World War? B. Causes of disputes among historians: 1. The reliability of the evidence 2. How it should be approached 3. How it ought to be interpreted. 1 حيج وح ص ؽر ١ ؼس ح س طح ١ ف ضح ٠ م جالضكحو ج ف ١ حض. 2 أ ى وح ص ١ ح حض ف 1930) sػ ر ١ ج ػحي ج طظ ١ غ ج ى ١ ١ س( ج ٠ كىو جإل ٠ ى ٠ ؾ ١ س ج ش ١ ػ ١ س أ ج ظ ف. 3 ئ أ ى وح ص ؾ جت ج ؼظ ػ ض ه ج ط ج ضىرص نالي ق الش ج طط ١ ج ؼظ ؾ ص شهظ ١ ح خ ج ١ ط ز ج و ٠ س 4. ١ ح حش طح ١ جضرؼص نالي s حػىز 1940 s 1930 أ ػ ل س جالضكحو ج ػح ١ س. Bأ رحخ ج ح ػحش ذ ١ ج إ ن ١ :. 1 غ ل ١ س جألو س. 2 و ١ ف ٠ رغ ض ح ي ي ه. 3 و ١ ف ٠ ؿد أ ٠ ط ضف ١ و فؼ ػ لر طح ١ أ ضطشى ج ؼ ١ حش ج ط ج ف ١ حض ف ج حشثس طظ ج ف ح ٠ س ج ك خ ج ؼح ١ س XIII. Activity (p. 147) Go back to the outline of the Stalin era in Section 5.1 and review the section entitled The era of the purges. Then turn to Readings 5.2 and 5.3. These extracts offer differing accounts of the purges of the late 1930s, one written by Robert Conquest, and the other by Ronald Grigor Suny. Earlier in this section I gave you four examples of the sort of questions historians might ask in assessing Stalin s reputation historically. Both these excerpts could be taken as answers to my third question about the extent of Stalin s responsibility for the purges. Each gives a different answer to this question. ج ؼ وز ئ ج هط ؽ ج ؼ ٠ ؼس ؼ ى طح ١ ف ج م 5.1 جؾؼس ج م ذؼ ج "ػظ ج طط ١. غ أ طم ئ ل جءجش 5.3. 5.2 مططفحش ضمى ق حذحش طفح ضس ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ أ جن s1930 أقى وطر ذ ش ج فطف جألن ػ ؽ ٠ ك ح ى ؾ ٠ ؿ ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ ن. ف لص حذك ج ج م أػط ١ طه أ ذؼس أ ػ س ج ج ع جأل ث س ج إ ن ١ لى ض أي ف ضم ١١ ؼس طح ١ ضح ٠ ه ١ ح. ػ قى جء ٠ ى أ ضإن مططفحش ذح 'ئؾحذحش' إج ج ػح ع ػ ى ج إ ١ س طح ١ ؼ ١ حش ج طط ١. و ٠ ؼط ئؾحذس هط فس ج ج إجي. 11
Compare and contrast their explanations for the events of the late 1930s concerning: 1. The role of Stalin 2. The reason for the purges 3. The extent of the purges 4. The role of society مح س ضف ١ جض ألقىجظ أ جن sج طؼ مس 1930 ذ ح ٠ :. 1 و طح ١. 2 ج رد ف ػ ١ حش ج طط ١. 3 ى ج طط ١. 4 و ج ؿط غ ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ نSuny Conquestج غ The role of Stalin و طح ١ Conquest argues that Stalin was in complete control over the purges which were directed in detail from Moscow. ٠ م ي ج فطف أ طح ١ وح ف ١ ط ز وح س ػ ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ ج ط ؾ ص ذح طفظ ١ ى. Suny argues that the will and ambition of Stalin was the principal catalyst to the Terror. He directed those trials and purges which affected the ruling elite, but in his last paragraph Suny argues that to some extent they escaped Stalin s control, and spread. ٠ م ي ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ ن أ "جإل جوز ج ط طح ١ 'وح ' ي ج كف ج ت ١ ي جإل حخ." أوج ض ه ج كحو حش ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ ج ط ؽح ص ج كى ج هرس ى ف ق ١ حض ضم ي ج فم ز جألن ١ ز أ ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ ن ئ قى أ ح خ ١ ط ز طح ١ ض طش. The reason for the Purges رد ج طط ١ The extent of the purges ى ج طط ١ The purges, or the terror as Conquest callsit, was launched as a means of control, to terrorise and subordinate the population to the regime. ض ئؽالق ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ أ "جإل حخ" و ح ١ ٠ ح ج فطف ػ ١ و ١ س ١ ط ز إل حخ ئنؼحع ج ىح ئ ج ظح. Conquest argues that the terror was directed against the population as a whole. ج فطف ٠ م ي ئ 'جإل حخ وح ؾ ح ػى ج ىح وى." Suny underlines the lack of consensus among historians about the causes of the terror, but argues that they were about consolidation of the personal dictatorship of Stalin, and aimed at tightening his control over the party and governmental elite. ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ ن ٠ إوى ػى ؾ و ض جفك ذ ١ ج إ ن ١ ق ي أ رحخ جإل حخ ى ٠ ؿحوي أ وح ج ػ شه ض ؽ ١ ى ج شهظ ١ س و ٠ ىطحض ٠ س طح ١ ض ىف ئ ضشى ٠ ى ١ ط ض ػ ج ك خ ج هرس ج كى ١ س. Suny argues that the purges destroyed primarily those in power. ٠ م ي ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ ن أ "ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ و ش ف ج مح جأل ي ف ج طس." 12
The role of society و ج ؿط غ Society, according to Conquest, was completely disorientated by the purges. They broke the will of the population to act independently of the Soviet state. ج ؿط غ فمح ال فطف ٠ ؼ ؽ ٠ م ض ح ح ػ ١ حش ج طط ١. و ج ئ جوز ج ىح ػ ج طظ ف ذشى طم ػ ج ى س ج ف ١ ط ١ س. Suny suggests that social tensions in Soviet society played a role when the purges escaped Stalin s control and spread beyond Moscow to the localities. He also argues that the removal, imprisonment and murder of many in senior positions created unprecedented opportunities for social mobility. ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ ن ضش ١ ئ أ ج ط ض جش جالؾط حػ ١ س ف ج ؿط غ ج ف ١١ ط ؼرص و ج ػ ى ح ذص ج طط ١ ١ ط ز طح ١ ج طش ش نح ؼ ى ي ج مط ج ىػ ٠ ١ ف ج ك ١ حش. ٠ م ي أ ٠ ؼح أ ئ ج س ج ؿ ج حطد ج ؼ ١ ح ن مص ف طح غ ١ ر لس ك جن جالؾط حػ. XIV. Activity (p.149) Turn to the extract from Scott s memoir, Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia s City of Steel, reproduced as Reading 5.4. Scott presents an account of the impact of the purges on the local society in Magnitogorsk. How far does this account support or contradict either of the two interpretations in Readings 5.2 and 5.3 (and do say if it doesn t provide many pointers either way)? Divide up the issues in a similar way as in the previous activity: 1. the reason for the purges, 2. the extent of the purges, and 3. the role of society. There is one significant exception: the section on the role of Stalin is missing. This is because there is nothing in this extract that can help us ascertain Stalin s role. You will almost certainly find it helpful to refer to the discussion in the previous activity. أ طم ئ مططف و جش ى ش ن ف جال جي: ػح أ ١ و ف ى ٠ س ١ ح ج ظ د أ ج ط حن ح و ح ج م جءز 5.4. ى ش ٠ ؼ ع ق حخ طأغ ١ ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ ػ ج ؿط غ ج ك ف ح ح ٠ طحغ ه. ئ أ ى ج ج ىػ ق حخ أ ضطؼح ع غ أ ج طف ١ جش جغ ١ ف ل جءجش 5.2 5.3 ) ال ٠ م ي جيج ض ف ج ؼى ٠ ى ج إش جش جء ج ر ١ ( ضم ١ ج مؼح ٠ ح ذط ٠ مس حغ س و ح ف ج شحؽ ج حذك: 1. رد ج طط ١ 2. ى ج طط ١ 3. و ج ؿط غ. حن ج طػ حء جقى ور ١ : ج م ج هحص خ "و طح ١ فم و. ج أ ال ٠ ؾى ش ء ف ج ج مططف ج ط ٠ ى أ ض حػى ح ػ ج طأوى و طح ١. ف ضؿى ٠ ىحو ٠ ى ج إوى أ ج ف ١ ى ج ؾ ع ئ ج حلشس ف ج شحؽ ج حذك. Discussion: 13
The reason for the purges رد ج طط ١ Scott cannot present any direct evidence that sheds light on the reason for the purges, but he assumes that Stalin must have been closely involved in them note at the end of the extract that he attributes to Stalin a role in halting the purge. Clearly, though, his evidence suggests that the purges were essentially about the control of management and administration across the country. If one accepts Scott s account and one must accept that Scott was far from being in a position to know what the deliberations of NKVD or of politicians in Moscow were then it seems unlikely that the purges were directed in detail by Stalin, as Conquest suggests, but nor is there sufficient evidence to back Suny s contention that they escaped his control (though this does not seem unlikely from his chaotic description of what happened in Magnitogorsk). ى ش ال ٠ ى ضمى ٠ أ و ١ رحش ػ أ ٠ م ج ؼ ء ػ رد ج طط ١ ى ٠ فط ع أ طح ١ ال ذى ج ٠ ى ػ وػد ج شح و ١ ف ١ ح - القع ف ح ٠ س ج طه جؼ أ حش ي طح ١ و ج ف لف 'ضط ١ '. ذشى جػف ػ ج غ ش حوض ٠ ش ١ ئ أ ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ وح ص أ ح ح ق ي ج ١ ط ز ػ ئوج ز جإلوج ز ف ؾ ١ غ أ كحء ج رالو. ئيج وح أقى ٠ مر ق حخ ى ش - ٠ ؿد ػ ج ء أ ٠ مر أ ى ش وح ذؼ ١ ىج ػ ٠ ؿ ف ػغ ٠ ى ح ؼ ف ح ىج الش NKVD أ ج ح س ف ى وح ص - غ ٠ رى غ ١ ج كط أ ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ وح ص ؾ س ذح طفظ ١ لر طح ١ و ح ٠ مط ج فطف ى ١ حن ح ٠ ىف جألو س ىػ نالف ف ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ ن أ ذ ج ١ ط ض ) غ أ ج ال ٠ رى ج ؾف طف ج ف ػ ح قىظ ف ح ح ٠ طحغ ه.( The extent of the purges ى ج طط ١ ج ز While Scott alludes to the climate of fear that gripped Magnitogorsk (and the rest of the Soviet Union) during the peak years of the purges, his account suggests that Suny s account is more likely to be correct than Conquest s. He argues that those in management and administration were more likely to be targeted than manual workers, and hints that workers were able to use the climate of the purges as a weapon against management in the factories, while many gained opportunities for promotion as their superiors were locked up. ذ ح ى ش ٠ ف ئ حل ج ه ف ج ٠ ؿطح ح ح ٠ طحغ ه ) ذم ١ س و ي جالضكحو ج ف ١ ط ( نالي جش ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ ضش ١ ج ٠ ط ج ط ضم ي ج ج ؾف أ ٠ ى طك ١ كح ق حخ ف ج غ. ٠ م ي ئ ض ه ف ج ط ظ ١ جإلوج ز وح ج أوػ ػ ػس ال ط ىجف ج ؼ حي ج ١ ى ١٠ ٠ ف أ وح ج ؼ حي لحو ج ػ ج طهىج حل ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ و ال ػى جإلوج ز ف ج ظح غ ف ق ١ ط ٠ ؽ و ح ض ضأ ١ ؤ حت ج رح جز. جوط رص ج ؼى ٠ ى ج ف ص 14
The role of society و ج ؿط غ To some extent both Conquest s and Suny s accounts of the purges are supported by Scott s account of life in Magnitogorsk. He records the climate of disorientation and fear brought about by the purges; he underlines that some arrests created opportunities for social mobility, as identified by Suny. More significantly, Scott shows how the extent of the arrests not only created fear, but could lead to explosive protests, which might in turn destabilise the regime. ئ قى ح ٠ ط وػ و ج فطف ق حذحش ش ػ ١ حش ج طط ١ ذ ج طس ق حخ ى ش ج ك ١ حز ف ح ح ٠ طحغ ه. ج ٠ ؿ حل جال ضرحن ج ه ف ج حؾ ػ ػ ١ حش ج طط ١. ج ٠ إوى أ ذؼغ جالػطمحالش ن ك ف ص ج ك جن جالؾط حػ ػ ج ك ج كىو لر ؾح ؼس ال ٠ س ٠ ١ ن. جأل ي ه ى ش ٠ ىي ػ ى قؿ جالػطمحالش ٠ ه ك ج ه ف ى لى ٠ إو ئ جقطؿحؾحش ج طفؿ ز ج ط لى ذى ػ ػس ج ظح. 15